Comsats university Islamabad campus

Academic year 2022

Department: psychology

Name of assignment: importance of protein and carbohydrates.

Group members Registration no

Sara khan sp22-bpy-088
Rida Ramzan sp22-bpy-081
Section: “B”

Subject: bioscience submission date: 10/11/2022

Submitted to: Dr. Syed Muhammad Nurulain

Importance of protein
Introduction:
Proteins are necessary for both life and a variety of biological processes. The vast majority of chemical
processes that take place in cells are catalysed by protein enzymes. Many of the structural components of a
cell are provided by proteins, which also aid in the fusion of cells into tissues. Polypeptides, an organic
substance made up of C, H, O, and N, are what make up protein. Amino acids are the monomer or protein's
basic building block. Each amino acid has a carbon atom (referred to as the carbon) that is joined to a
carboxyl group (COO-), an amino group (NH3+), a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain.

Importance Roles
The form and internal organisation of cells, the production of products and the removal of waste, as well as
normal maintenance, are all carried out by proteins.
Additionally, proteins take in external signals and activate cellular responses.
The cell's workhorse macromolecules, they are as varied as the roles they play.

Enzymes:
Enzymes are proteins that interact with substrate molecules to stabilise the transition state and lower the
activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. As a result of this stability, reaction rates
accelerate and reach physiologically meaningful rates.
Examples
Trypsin: These enzymes break proteins down into amino acids in the small intestine.
Lactase: Lactase breaks lactose, the sugar in milk, into glucose and galactose.

Hormones:
Any of a group of compounds that are released into the bloodstream and are made of a long-chain polymer
of amino acids that govern processes in distant target organs and tissues.
Example
The brain releases a hormones called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which makes the kidneys release less
water and reduces the volume of urine generated. The body makes less pee when its ADH level is high. A
low level causes more urine to be produced.

Antibodies:
Proteins called antibodies defend you when your body comes into contact with an unwelcome chemical.
Antibodies, which are made by your immune system, bind to these foreign chemicals and drive them out of
your body. Immunoglobulin is another name for an antibody.
Example
IgG is located in the mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, whereas IgG,
the most prevalent antibody, is primarily present in the blood and tissue fluids.

Transport:
Proteins known as transport proteins move materials across cellular membranes. The membrane itself
contains transport proteins that act as a channel or carrying mechanism to let their substrate travel from one
side to the other.These proteins can transport ions like sodium and potassium, carbohydrates like glucose,
proteins and messenger molecules, among many other items.
Example
Transport proteins, also known as transmembrane proteins, are membrane proteins that aid in the facilitated
diffusion or active transport of ions across the hydrophobic lipid bilayer. Such proteins include channel
proteins, carrier proteins, sodium-potassium pumps, GLUT1, proton pump, calcium ATPase, and
others.

Establishes Structure
Some proteins are fibrous, giving tissues and cells their rigidity and stiffness. These proteins, aid in creating
the connective framework of specific bodily structures   Your skin, hair, and nails all include the structural
protein keratin.
Example
Which include keratin, collagen, and elastin, Keratin is a structural protein that is found in your skin, hair
and nails.

Storage:
Storage proteins act as biological reservoirs for the amino acids and metal ions needed by living things.
They can be found in milk, egg whites, and plant seeds.
Example
An example of a protein that stores iron is ferritin. Heme, which is found in the transport protein
haemoglobin and in cytochromes, contains iron as one of its constituent parts.
Without proteins, what would happen?
Additionally, a lack of protein over time might cause you to lose muscle mass, which will reduce your
strength, make it more difficult for you to maintain your balance, and slow down your metabolism. When
your cells don't receive enough oxygen, it can also cause anaemia, which makes you exhausted. These are
the essential functions of protein in all organism, without protein body cannot function.