M E S’s

Abasaheb Garware College Pune 4

Junior wing
FYJC
Vocational Electronics (Paper I)
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 PAPER I: BASIC ELECTRICITY AND COMPONENTS

S.NO TITLE OF THE CHAPTER % MARKS

1 STUDY OF COMPONENTS 45

2 SOURCES OFPOWER AND NETWORK THEOREMS 25

3 INSTRUMENTS 15

4 AC FUNDAMENTALS 15

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 Chapter I
Study of components
Introduction: What is electronics?
Electronics is the study of how to control the flow of electrons. It
deals with circuits made up of components that control the flow
of electricity. Electronics is a part of physics and electrical
engineering.
The word electronics is derived from electron mechanics, which
means to study the behavior of an electron under different
conditions of applied electric field.
The motion of electrons through a conductor gives us electric
current. This electric current can be produced with the help of
batteries and generators.
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 What is an electric circuit?
• The electric circuit is a closed
loop in which electrical
components form a network
that provides a closed path
for the electrons.
• The path or closed loop is a
complete path for the
current flow, beginning from
one side of the voltage
source, through the external
circuit, and returning back to
the other end of the voltage
source. pm.agc@mespune.in
 What is an electric circuit?
• A simple circuit consists of the power
source, conductors, switch and load.
• 1.Cell or Battery : It is the voltage
source/power source.
• 2.Load : A bulb that lights when the circuit is
closed.
• 3.Conductors (Wire): Wires used to connect
Battery to the switch, switch to bulb and
bulb back to Battery.
• 4.Switch: A switch can be used to open or
close a circuit.

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 Similarities and Differences between Electrical circuits
and Electronic circuits
• SIMILARITIES:
• Both involve movement of electrons or flow of electric current around a
circuit.
• DIFFERENCES:
• Electrical circuits do not have the capability of decision making but electronic
circuits interpret an instruction, perform certain tasks to suit certain
circumstances.
• Electrical circuits usually work with Alternating Current(AC) and operate with
higher current values, whereas Electronic circuits usually operate with lesser
currents, usually Direct Current(DC).
• Most of the modern appliances use a combination of both electrical and
electronics circuitry.
• Example – Washing machines, Computers,
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Mobile phones etc.,
 Important Concepts
• Electricity – It is the force that can produce heat, light, motion or can
produce other physical effects. It can be defined in terms of charge, current,
voltage and resistance.
• Electric charge – It is the measure of quantity of electricity. It is measured in
Coulomb(C). The separation of charge gives rise to an electric field and the
movement of charge is called an electric current. Usually we use the symbol
‘Q’ to denote charge and the unit is the Coulomb (C).
• Electric charge exists in discrete quantities which are integral multiples of
the charge on an electron:
• Negative charge on an electron = −1.6 × 10−19 C
• Positive charge on a proton = +1.6 × 10−19 C
• Movement of charge (electrons) gives rise to an electric current for which
we use the symbol ‘I’ and the unit Ampère (A).
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 CONCEPT OF POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE

• Potential is the ability to do work. The electrical potential is defined

as the capability of the charged body to do work.
• Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other.
• Charges either attract or repel one another, which means they have
the potential to do work.
• One charge is different from other, hence there is a potential
difference between them.
• Unit of potential difference is volt (V).

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 CONCEPT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

• Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of negative charges in

the conductor. In other words, the continuous flow of electrons in an
electric circuit is called an electric current. The conducting material
consists a large number of free electrons which move from one atom
to the other at random.
• When an electrical potential difference is applied across the metallic
wire, the loosely attached free electrons start moving towards the
positive terminal of the cell. This continuous flow of electrons
constitutes the electrical current. The flow of currents in the wire is
from the negative terminal of the cell to the positive terminal through
the external circuit.
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 CONCEPT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Unit of Current(I)
• Since the charge is measured in coulombs and time in
seconds, so the unit of electric current is coulomb/Second
(C/s) or amperes (A). The amperes is the SI unit of the
conductor.
• Thus, a wire or conductor is said to carry a current of one
ampere when charge flows through it at the rate of one
coulomb per second.
Conventional Direction of Flow of Current
• According to the electron theory, when the potential
difference is applied across the conductor some charges
flow through the circuit which constitutes the electric
current. It was considered that charges flows from higher
potential to lower potential, i.e. positive terminal to the
negative terminal of the cell through pm.agc@mespune.in
the external circuit.
 Ohm’s Law
• Statement: Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a
conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing
through it, provided all physical conditions and temperature,
remain constant.
• Equation: V = IR, where V is the voltage across the
conductor, I is the current flowing through the conductor and
R is the resistance provided by the conductor to the flow of
current.
• Analogy for Voltage, Current and Resistance:
• https://youtu.be/oFTj9LWkmm8

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 CONCEPT OF RESISTANCE
• Essentially the flow of current in a material consists of a movement of
electrons in one direction. In many materials there are free electrons
moving about randomly within the structure. While these move
randomly there is no current flow, because the number moving in one
direction will be equal to the number moving in the other. Only when
a potential causes a drift in a particular direction can a current be said
to flow.
• Resistance is the hindrance to the flow of electrons in material.
• While a potential difference across the conductor encourages the
flow of electrons, resistance discourages it.

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 Concept of Electric Power
• An important aspect of any electrical or electronic circuit is the power
associated with it. It is found that when a current flows through a
resistor, electrical energy is converted into heat.
• Power is the rate of doing work.
• In terms of an electric circuit, electrical power is the rate, per unit
time, at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
• W = V I or I2R or V2/R
• Where:
W = power in watts
V = potential in volts
I = current in amps
Electrical definition of the watt: one watt is the rate at which work
is done when a current of one ampere flows through a network which
has an electrical potential difference of one volt.

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 Classification of electronic Components
Electronic circuits are composed of electronic components which
are the elements of circuit which help in the functioning of the
circuit. They can be classified into two types
➢ACTIVE COMPONENTS

➢PASSIVE COMPONENTS

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 Classification of Electronic Components
• Active Components : Active elements are those which possess
gain. They are capable of performing rectification and amplification
and/or can convert one form of energy to other.
• Examples: semiconductor devices like diodes, transistors and solid
state devices like Light emitting device (LED) and Liquid crystal display
(LCD).
• Passive Components: Passive elements do not possess gain and
they cannot be used for amplification and rectification.
• Examples: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors etc.,

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 Resistors
What are resistors?
•Resistors are electronic components
that oppose the flow of electrons.
The resistance of a resistor limits the
flow of electrons through a circuit
(electric current).
•They are passive components.

Need for resistors in a circuit:

•They are used to limit the flow of
electric current to a specific value or
to provide a desired voltage drop.
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 Specifications of a resistor

• Resistance (R) in Ohm (Ω) – Higher the value of resistance,

lesser the current.
• Power rating in Watt (W) – Resistors with higher values of
resistance carry less current, hence smaller power ratings
(Wattage).
Note:Actual physical size indicates the power rating of a
resistor. Larger the size , more is the power rating.
• Type of construction used in making the resistor.

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 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
• Along with SI units , multiple (higher) units or sub multiple (fractional)
units are used.
• Multiple units are Kilo(k) 103, Mega(M) 106, Giga(G)109, Tera(T)1012
• Sub multiple units are milli (m) 10-3 , micro(µ)10-6, pico (p)10-12

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Types of Resistors

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 FIXED VALUE RESISTORS

• The value of resistance is fixed in these resistors.

• Symbol :

• TYPES OF FIXED RESISTORS :

1. WIRE WOUND RESISTOR: TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS
(specifications are printed in the
resistor)
•Resistance :Less than1Ω to several
kΩ.
•Wattage: 5W to few hundred
Watts.
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 FIXED TYPE WIRE WOUND RESISTOR:

CONSTRUCTION:
• The wire wound resistor is made by winding the metal wire around a metal core. In wire
wound resistors, metal wire is used as the resistance element and metal core is used as the
non-conductive material.
• Nichrome or Manganin is commonly used as the material for the metal wires, because they
provide high resistance to the electric current and operates at high temperature. Most
commonly used core materials include Bakelite, fiberglass or ceramic.
• Once wound, end caps are pressed onto the core and the resistance wire is welded to them
to make proper contact. Finally the assembly is encapsulated to protect it from moisture
and physical damage.
• The construction of the wire wound resistors means that they can tolerate high
temperatures and as a result they are used as high power resistors in many applications.
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 FIXED TYPE WIRE WOUND RESISTOR:
Resistance of the wire wound resistor is depends on three factors:
• resistivity of the metal wire
• length of the metal wire
• cross sectional area of the metal wire

• Applications:
➢Used in applications requiring stable and accurate values of resistance like
measuring instruments..
➢Used in high current applications with low resistance like circuit breakers
and fuses.
➢Used in applications requiring high temperature stability.
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 CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTORS

CONSTRUCTION:
• The carbon composition resistors are made from a solid cylindrical resistive
element with embedded wire leads or metal end caps. The cylindrical resistive
element of the carbon composition resistor is made from the mixture of
carbon or graphite powder and ceramic (made of clay). The carbon powder
acts as the good conductor of electric current.
• It is covered with plastic to provide the resistor mechanical strength and
insulation. The axial leads made of copper are joined at two ends of the
resistive element.
• Resistance of the carbon composition resistor is depends on three factors.
They are amount of carbon added, length of solid cylindrical rod and cross
sectional area of the solid cylindrical rod.
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CARBON COMPOSITION RESISTORS

• TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS
(value of resistance is color coded
on the resistor)
• Resistance values : From 1Ω to 20
MΩ.
• Power rating / Wattage:
• 1/10W, 1/8W,1/4W ,1/2W ,1W or
2W.
• Tolerance: The amount by which the
actual resistance can be different
from the color coded value
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Colour coding of carbon composition resistors

Tolerance is the percentage of error in the

resistor's resistance, or how much more or less you
can expect a resistor's actual measured resistance
to be from its stated resistance.
A Precision resistor is a resistor that has a very low
tolerance value, so it is very precise (closely near its
nominal value).
REMEMBER:
1. BBROY of Great Britain Very Good Wife
2. Black Bears Raid Our Yellow Green Bins Violently
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How to read the color bands of a resistor?

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How to read the color bands of a resistor?

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How to read the color bands of a resistor?

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 Carbon Film Resistor
Construction:
• The carbon film resistor is made by placing
the carbon film or carbon layer on a
ceramic substrate. The carbon film acts as
the resistive material to the electric
current. Hence, the carbon film blocks
some amount of electric current.
• They are covered with insulation coating
material like epoxy (for protection).
• An end cap is connected to the lead wire
for closing the carbon film.
• These type of resistors is not used today as
superior resistor technologies are
available at lower cost.
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 Carbon Film Resistor
How does the carbon film layer help in
restricting the electron flow?
• It actually depends on the width of the
carbon film layer. For a high resistance
value, a thin layer is chosen. As the
width is less, there is less space for the
free electrons to move. Similarly for a
low resistance value, a thick layer is
chosen. Since the width is more, there
is more space for free electrons to
flow; hence the restriction to the
current flow is lesser than that with
thin layer.
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• TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS
• Resistance values : From 1Ω to
1MΩ.
• Power rating / Wattage: upto few
watts.
• Applications
• These resistors can withstand high
temperature and high voltage,
Hence used in high power supplies,
X-rays, RADAR systems and laser.
 Metal film resistor
•Construction:
•Metal film resistor is made by depositing a thin
layer of metal like nickel onto a ceramic former.
The metal film acts in the same way as
resistance wire, and as the thickness, width and
length can be accurately controlled, the metal
film resistor can be produced to a high
tolerance.
•Once the film has been deposited, a metal end
cap is pressed over the deposited metal. This
makes contact with the resistive film and has
the leads incorporated.
•The next stage in the manufacture is trim the
value of the resistance to the required figure.
This is normally achieved by using lasers to cut
a helix into the metal film.
•The final stage in the manufacture of the metal
film resistor is to add the protective coating and
the markings.
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 Metal Film Resistor
• TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS
• Resistance values : From 10Ω to 1MΩ.
• Power rating / Wattage: 1/2W to 5 W.
• Tolerance : 2 to 5%
• Applications
•Metal film resistors have good characteristics for tolerance and stability.
Therefore, in circuits where tight tolerance, low temperature coefficient and
low noise properties are important, metal film resistors are used.
•Examples of applications are active filters or bridge circuits.

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 Variable Resistors
Variable resistors are those resistors which values can be changed through a
dial, knob, and screw or manually by a proper method. In these types of
resistors, there is a sliding arm, which is connected to the shaft and the value
of resistance can be changed by rotating the arm. They are used in the radio
receiver for volume control and tone control resistance.
They are of three main types
•Potentiometers

•Rheostats

Symbol of
variable resistor
•Trimmers

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 Potentiometers

Construction
Potentiometer is a three terminal
device which is used for controlling
the level of voltage in the circuit.
The resistance between two
external terminals is constant while
the third terminal is connected with
moving contact (Wiper) which is
variable. The value of resistance can
be changed by rotating the wiper
which is connected to the control
shaft.

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