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Rankine Cycle 4
Rankine Cycle 4
Principle
Objective
Ba c k g r o u n d
I)
11
11
14
Experimental Setup
15
Pr o c e d u r e
18
18
22
Discussion
24
R e fe r e n c e s
24
University of Puerto Rico Mayagez Campus Department of Mechanical Engineering INME 4032 - LABORATORY II Spring 2004
Instructor: Guillermo Araya
Objective
The objective of this lab is to acquire experience on the basic Rankine cycle and to
understand the factors and parameters affecting the efficiency and cost of generating
f) Boiler efficiency
Background
The Rankine cycle is the most common of all power generation cycles and is
diagrammatically depicted via Figures 1 and 2. The Rankine cycle was devised to make
use of the characteristics of water as the working fluid. The cycle begins in a boiler
(State 4 in figure 1), where the water is heated until it reaches saturation- in a constant-
pressure process. Once saturation is reached, further heat transfer takes place at a
constant temperature, until the working fluid reaches a quality of 100% (State 1). At this
turbine stage to produce shaft work. The steam then exits the turbine at State 2.
The working fluid, at State 2, is at a low-pressure, but has a fairly high quality, so it is
routed through a condenser, where the steam is condensed into liquid (State 3). Finally,
the cycle is completed via the return of the liquid to the boiler, which is normally
Figure 1: Diagrams for a simple ideal Rankine cycle: a) P-V diagram, b) T-S diagram
difference is that there is not a pump to complete the cycle. This is not exactly a cycle.
Instead, it is an open system. The water crossing the condenser is stored in a tank as
show in Figure 3, but the principle of Rankine cycle studied in Thermodynamic is still
valid.
The boiler will be filled with water before the experiment and the experiment will be
ended when the water is reaches the minimum level of correct operation, given by the
manufacturer.
Another important difference is that between the boiler and turbine there is a valve that
process. This phenomenon will be analyzed more in detail. Also, the boiler generates a
superheated vapor.
Evaluating the time of operation and volume of consumed water, the mass flow rate can
be measured as:
Here, time is measured with a chronometer for a known volume of water water in the
boiler.
For this analysis, it is assumed that the process is ideal and there are not pressure
losses occurring in the piping, but as has been said previously the boiler generates
superheated vapor and there is a throttling process in the valve. Figure 4 shows the
The evaporator, in this case a fire-tube boiler, produces a superheated vapor (Stage1d ).
Taking a control volume enclosing the boiler tubes and drums, the energy rate balance
gives:
neglecting kinetic and potential energy, the energy equation reduce to:
valve, the mass and energy rate balance reduces under steady state to:
h1d! h1d d
which means that there is an isenthalpic expansion in the valve.
Making a similar analysis for the pump and condenser, the work and heat transfer are:
W p ! m water h4 h3
The energy balance for a control volume around the turbine under steady state condition
is:
adiabatic and reversible, so isentropic ( S 2d ! S1d and the energy equation reduces to: ) d d
pressure and temperature at outlet of the turbine, the quality of the vapor can be
calculated as:
x2 !
S g 2 S1d d Sg 2 S f 2
h2 ! h g 2 x 2 h g 2 h f 2
d emphasize that the valve generates entropy from state 1dto the state1d Without the .
expansion valve the cycle would be close to an isentropic expansion 1d 2 din the
The net work of the cycle is defined by the difference between the turbine work and the
pump work:
Then the thermal efficiency of this system is defined by the rate between the net work
h d h d Wt L! ! 1d 2 d Qin h1 h4
ACO 2
CO C NO DO2 F NO2 G N 2 M water H 2 O
M air ?O 2 3 .76 N 2 A M
fuel
?C 4 H 10 A
CO CNO DO2 F NO2 GN 2 M water H 2O
so,
fuel
B 4
M air !
C F 2G 3.76
M water !
M fuel 5
Where the coefficients (A, B, C, D, F, G and Mi) are the molar mass necessary to
E air !
the M air (ideal ) is the molar mass of air when the chemical reaction is complete, and
AF !
Where Pair and Pfuel are the atomic weight of air and combustible, respectively. The
air
fuel
!4
10
Wt ! VI
so, the mass flow rate in the turbine is:
m!
VI L t h1d h2d d d
Where L t is the efficiency of the turbine. Here, we will assume this efficiency equal to
one.
the first law of thermodynamics for a volume enclosing the boiler is:
! 58.12 kg/Kmol.
mh
Q
R
comb
! mh
P
where
and
molar mass of the i-th component. Last equation is written in the form:
nMh
Q
R
comb
! nMh
P
Here, h is the enthalpy of reactants and products at the temperature of inlet and outlet
nM ? h
R
0 f
(h Qcomb ! nM h 0 (h f
P
where h 0 is the enthalpy of reactants and products, respectively, at the standard f temperature and pressure. Rearranging:
Qcomb ! nM h 0 (h nM h 0 (h f f
P R 0 f 0 f P R P
?
A ?
A nM h A nM h A ! ?
?
?nM (h
A ?nM (h
A
R
0 The first two terms are the enthalpy of combustion ( hPR ) at standard temperature and
p re ssu re .
The enthalpy of combustion also is called heating value (HV), and this is number
indicative to the useful energy content of different fuels. There are two types of heating
value: higher heating value (HHV) and the lower heating value (LHV). The HHV is
obtained when all the water formed by combustion is a liquid. The LHV is obtained when
all the water formed by the combustion is a vapor. For that HHV is more than LHV (see
Table 1). For calculations, we will assume that water formed is in the liquid state and the
0 HHV will be used for hPR . Now, we can calculate the efficiency of the boiler as:
L boiler !
Qin Qcomb
VII.
The mass flow of fuel is the product between the density and fuel flow mass and the
time of operation:
where V fuel is the density of butane gas at atmospheric pressure. Then the cost of
STEAM cos t !
where Pr ice fuel is the price of the fuel. Also it is possible to determine the cost of
ENERGY cos t !
Experimental Setup
The equipment has a data acquisition system to collect the information. Also, it will be
necessary a chronometer for estimating the time operation. A view of the real equipment
The mini-power plant has a boiler (see Figure 7), which is a dual-pass, flame through
tube type unit. A burner fan speed is electronically adjustable to operate whit a
minimum of excess of air. A vortex disc, located downstream of the boiler unit, mixes
fuel and air and sets up a rotary gas flow that results in efficient heat transfer from the
Figure 7: Boiler
Electromechanical and electronic burner and boiler controls are located within the front
operator panel enclosure. An A.G.A. certified electronic ignition gas valve and
microprocessor based gas ignition module automate and supervise flame control. A
transducer assists in regulating boiler pressure by cycling the burner on and off. A
poppet valve, located on top of the boiler, serves as a safety valve. In the event of
control malfunction, the poppet valve will open and relieve boiler pressure.
The other component is the turbine and generator, (see Figure 9). The turbine consists of the following major components:
1. A precision machined, stainless steel front and rear housing. 2. A nozzle ring and a single stage shrouded impulse turbine wheel
The generator is a 4-pole, permanent magnet, brushless unit. The rotor is supported by
pre-loaded precision ball bearings. The generator includes a full wave, integral rectifier
bridge that delivers direct current to the generators D.C. terminals. The generator
terminal board also carries a set of AC output terminals for experimental procedures
that may entail the use of a transformer, or deal with frequency related topics, rpm
Finally, the condenser towers outer mantle is formed from a single piece of aluminum,
(see Figure 10). The towers large surface area affects heat transfer to ambient air and
provides a realistic appearance. Turbine exhaust steam is piped into the bottom of the
tower. The steam is kept in close contact with the outside mantle by means of 4 baffles.
Procedure
1. At the moment of making the experiment, the steam turbine will be operational in the no load condition. So, the first step is to set the of the maximum load applied on the turbine by the generator. 2. Allow the system to reach steady state, and take readings. They are: a) Boiler temperature. b) Boiler pressure. c) Turbine inlet temperature. d) Turbine exit temperature. e) Turbine inlet pressure. f) Turbine exit pressure. g) Water flow. h) Generator amperage. i) Generator voltage. j) Time operation. k) Repeat the step 2) for and of the maximum load applied.
Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine
at 8.0MPa and saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008MPa (see
Figure 11). The net power of cycle is 100MW. Determine for the cycle:
a) The thermal efficiency. b) The mass flow rate of steam. c) The rate of heat transfer, into the working fluid as it passes through the boiler. d) The rate of heat transfer, from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser. e) The mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, if cooling water enters the condenser at 15C and exits at 35C.
Solution
Assumption: 1. Each component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. 2. All processes of the working fluid are internally reversible. 3. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically. 4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. 5. Saturated vapor enters the turbine. Condensate exits the condenser saturated liquid. Analysis: To begin the analysis, let us fix each of the principal states located on the accompanying as
schematic and T-s diagram. Starting at the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 8.0MPa
and the steam is a saturated vapor, so from Table A-3 of Moran and Shapiro,
Stage 2 is fixed by p 2 ! 0.008 MPa and the fact that specific entropy is constant for the
adiabatic, internally reversible expansion through the turbine. Using liquid and saturated
vapor data from Table A-3 of Moran and Shapiro, we find that the quality at stage 2 is:
x2 !
S2 S f Sg S f
Stage 3 is saturated liquid at 0.008MPa, so h3 ! 173 .88 kJ/kg . Stage 4 is fixed by the
boiler pressure p 4 and the specific entropy S 4 ! S 3 . The specific enthalpy h4 can be
found by interpolation in the compressed liquid tables. However, because liquid data are
Wp m
! h4 h3
fo r
h4 , using
Wp m
h4 ! h3
Wp m
! h3 Y 3 ( p 4 p3 )
Wnet ! Wt W p
Energy balance for a control volume around the turbine and pump gives,
respectively
Wt ! h1 h2 m
and
Wp m
! h4 h3
where m is the mass flow rate of the steam. The rate of heat transfer to the working
fluid as it passes through the boiler is determined using an energy rate balance as:
Qin ! h1 h4 m
the thermal efficiency is then:
b) The mass flow rate of steam can be obtained from the expression for the net power
m!
c) With the expression for Qin from part a) and previously determined specific enthalpy
va l u e s:
d) Mass and energy rate balances applied to a control volume enclosing the steam side
Alternatively, Qout can be determined from an energy rate balance on the overall
vapor power plant. At steady state, the net power developed equals the net rate of
th e n ,
e) Taking a control volume around the condenser, the energy rate balance gives at
steady state:
0 y
0 y
where mcw is the mass flow rate of the cooling water. Solving for mcw :
mcw !
mh2 h3 hcw,in hcw,out
the numerator in this expression is evaluated in part d). For the cooling water,
h } h f (T ) , so with saturated liquid enthalpy value from Table A-2 Moran and Shapiro
percent deficient air if the reactants are at 25 0 C and the products at 1500K. Assume
that hydrogen, being more reactive than carbon, satisfies itself first with the oxygen it
needs and burns completely to H 2 O . Five percent of the heat of combustion is lost to
Solution
The stoichiometric equation for ethane in air is:
percent deficient air multiply the O 2 and N 2 mol by 0.8. H 2 will burn completely to
ab ! 2
oxygen balance:
a
b 3 ! 2. 8 2 2
As here is no work done in a furnace, the first law of thermodynamics for steady states
written as:
(Q ! nMh f
P
1500 K
nMh f
R
25 C
nMh
P
f 1500 K
! 0.6 v 44.011 v 3243.4 1.4 v 28.011 v 1100.9 3 v 18.016 v 4626.2 10.528 v 28.016 v 590.8 ! 204598.4 Btu/(lb mol C 2 H 6 )
nMh
f R
25 C
th u s ,
(Q ! 204598.4 36424
! 168174.6 Btu/(lb mol C 2 H 6 ) 168174.6 ! 5592.8 Btu/(lb C 2 H 6 ) 30.070 ! -5592.8 v 3.32584 ! -13007.9 kj/kg C 2 H 6 !
The useful heat generated by the combustion is:
Discussion
References
Moran, M. J. and Shapiro, H. N., 1995, Fundamental of Engineering Thermodynamics,