INSTITUTE FOR

EXCELLENCE IN
HIGHER EDUCATION
2020-21
TOPIC- DNA REPAIR
SUBMITTED BY –
AMIT KUMAR
419155

SUBMITTED TO-
DR –AJAY BHARDWAJ
 1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. DNA DAMAGE
4. DNA REPAIR

content 5.
6.
7.
MAJOR TYPE OF DNA REPAIR
ISSUED IN THE CONCEPT
USE IN BIOINFORMATICS
8. SOURCES
9. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION (परिचय)
Q. WHY DO WE NEED THIS CONCEPT

 we need this concept because of following reasons

1. when the cell damage it unable to perform cell function and these cause
High damage to individual
2. to maintain the genetic stability - to perform the central doma process
- proper express the mandelian character
- to preform the semi conservative
 and to maintained the proper structure of the DNA STRAND after and
before the DNA replication
DNA REPAIR DEPENDS UPON FOLLOWING
FACTORS

 cell age
 shape of the cell
 size of the cell
 type of cell
 condition in which cell grow
HISTORY(इतिहास)

 Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and A

 ziz
Sancar
 have awarded nobel price in 2015
 for mapped how cell get repair by itself
DNA DAMAGE

 DNA damage are distinctly different from mutation

 in mutation there is the change in sequence of
standard base pair or sudden change in DNA
 while in DNA DAMAG E change the structure of the
dna by affecting the template strand
 the damage cause stop the replication of the cell
which cause no information carried out from the cell
which leads the no protein synthesis
 1. DEFINITION- DNA REPAIR IS THE
PROCESS BY WHICH CELL CAN
IDENTIFY THE DNA DAMAGE IN THE
DNA REPAIR

CELL AND REPAIRE BY PROPER

MECHANISM
2. DNA REPAIR ALSO HELP IN
MAINTAIN THE “ CELL FUNCTION ”
3. LIKE – METABOLIC PROCESSES ,
transcription , translation,or etc
MAJOR TYPE OF DNA

1. there are several type of DNA REPAIR

mechanism
REPAIR

 DIRECT REPAIR
 EXSISON REPAIR
MISMATCH REPAIR
 RECOMBINATION REPAIR
( LIGHT REACTION )
DIRECT REPAIR

1. THE DIRECT REPAIR MECHANISM IS THE SIMPLE TYPE OF MECHANISM

MECHANISM

2. it can directly acts the damage nucleotides in dna strand and

replaced with correct nucleotides on the damage area
3. these type of MECHANISM is generally shown in prokaryotic cell
4. it can mainly applied 2 main damage caused by

 DAMAGE DUE TO UV RADIATION

 BY ALKLATING AGENTS
 • THE FORMATION OF
PYRIMIDINE DIMER DUE TO UV
RADIATION

which leads to damage in DNA

then the enzyme DNA
PHOTOLYASED - break the
dond btween the pyrimidine
dimer
and with the help of ligase it
can join the nick between the
correct nucleotides
  the alkylating agents can transfer the alkyl group by deamination
process and these cause damage in the dna strand
 due to damage the bonding paprameter can reverse example G
DAMAGE CAUSED BY
ALKYTATING AGENTS
can bond with c with triple H -bond due to alkylating agent it can
transfer the methyl group from G TO C and create double bond
between them
 due to waston crick pairing G can automatically form the bond
with T and these caused damage
 ENZYME WHICH CAN REPAIR THESE DAMAGE IS –MGMT(METHYL
GUANINE METHYL TRANSFERASE – “ which prevents the transfer of
methyl group ”
 some ALKYLATING AGENTS NAME – Altretamine.
 Bendamustine.
 Busulfan.
 Carboplati
•

 Cyclophosphamide.
 • Excision repair
(DARK REACTION)

 in these type of repair mechanism some

enzyme cut the damage nucleotide or base in
the DNA and repair it
 there are baically two (2) type of excision
repair mechanism
 BASE EXCISION REPAIR (BER)
NUCLEOTIDES EXCISION REPAIR (NER)
1. BASE EXCISION REPAIR
(BER)
 BASE EXCISION repair generally used in minor damage in
nucleotide “CAUSED BY ALKYLATING AGENT ”.
 which caused difficulty during transcription.
 ENZYME INVOLVED IN THESE MECHANISM
 GLYCOLYASED – these enzyme remove the damage base
pair without cut the backbone of ds DNA
 DNA POLYMERASE 1 - which added small correct base in
template
 LIAGASE- FILL the nick.
 AP ENDONUCLEASE - which cut thw back bone of DNA strand
at AP site
 AP SITE - THE AP SITE IS KNOWN AS APURINIC OR
APYRIMIDINIC
MECHANISM OF BER
NUCLEOTIDES EXCISION REPAIR ( NER)
 NER ( NUCLEOTIDES EXCISION REPAIR IS THE MOST
IMPORTANT AND EFFICIENT REPAIR MECHANISM
 DAMAGE – CAUSED BY UV RADIATION
 WHICH LEADS THE FORMATION OF DIMER
 THESE MECHANISMS USED HUGE AMOUNT OF
ENERGY
 NER CAN DIVIDED INTO 2 MAJOR PATHWAY
- GLOBAL GENOMICS (GG-NER)
- TRANSCRIPTION-COUPLED (TC –NER)
 THESE MECHANISMS APPLIED BOTH PROKARYOTIC
CELL AND EUKARYOTIC CELL
Disease caused NER DAMAGE

 IN SERIOUS DAMAGE CAUSED SOME TYPE OF

DISEASE LIKE
1. XERODERMA PIGMENTASUM - gentic
disorder
2.
3. due to decrease the ability of DNA repair
leads to this
4. it is autosomal recessive- . Autosomal means
the gene is found on one of the numbered
chromosomes found in both sexes. Recessive
means that both copies of the responsible
gene must be altered to have the condition.
Cross of XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM
ENZYME INVOLVED AND FUNCTION

 UVRA and UVRB - these enzyme are

combined and breaks down backbone
of strand
 DNA POLYMERASE 1 - added a samll
fragments of correct complimentary
nucleotides
 LIAGASE- fill the nick between the
correct nucleotides
MECHANISM OF NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION
REPAIR
 METHYL MISMATCH REPAIR (MMR)
 DNA methyl mismatch repair -is a repair for
recognise and repair enormous damages like
insertion, deletion. of nucleotide
 sometime damage caused by DNA replication
 This type of repair mechanism generally shown by
prokaryotic cell like- bacteria e coli
 This mechanism is fully conserve- means it cannot
act on parents strand IT act on daughters strand or
newly synthesized strand
 ENZYME INVOLVED AND FUNCTION
 there are are generally 3 type of mut protein
 MUT PROTEIN – MUTATED GENE CONDUCTIVE PROTEIN
 MUTS- attach to the the damage base of daughter strand
 MUTL –help to recognise between daughters and parents
strand and create surface area between them
 MUTH – cleave the unwanted base or damage base
associated with muts and mutL
 DNA POLYMERASE1- ADD SHORT DNA FRAGMENT WITH
CORRECT BASE
 LIAGASE- FEEL THE NICK BETWEEN THE FRAGMENT
WITHOUT REQUIRED ENERGY
MECHANISM OF MMR
 RECOMBINATION REPAIR

 recombination repair-IT IS THE MECHANISM OF

PREPARIR GAP IN ONE STAND OF ds DNA BY
RETRIEVING A HOMOGENEOUS SINGLE STAND FROM
ANOTHER dsDNA
 this type of mechanism generally shown by e coli
 it is an important mechanism to recover
replication error
 Enzyme involved AND function

 helicase – break the hydrogen bond

between double stranded DNA
 resolvase – release the tension in double
stranded DNA
 DNA POLYMERASE- add a fragment of DNA
 LIAGASE- fill the neck between nucleotides
MECHANISM
 1. ISSUED IN DNA REPAIR

 OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE
 PH OF THE CELL
 CONDITION OF METABOLIC ACTIVITY
 DO NOT PRODUCE EFFICIENT AMOUNT
OF ENZYME
 USE IN BIOINFORMATICS

to analyse the sequence of double

strand DNA daughter or parent
 using the sequence alignment we have
to calculate the similarity
 we can predict the Protein synthesis and
metabolic activity
 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

 www. Wikipedia.org
 www.brenda-enzyme.org
 youtube app
 www.slideshare.net
 www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov
 conclusion

 DNA repair is the mechanism in which

cell can conserve the information to
synthesise the protein and other
function of the cell
 it can also help in repairing the
damage caused by environmental and
by itself because do not affect the
progeny