n

a
Classification of Organic compounds (Hydrocarbons)
Straight chains
of carbon
atoms):
C-2-2;<-c-2-C,
2-c-c-c-c;c-c-2-c-2-2
Branched chains:

5 25
C4: c-2-c-
j 2-c-2-2
-

↳ d
=>branch
Y
2 -
2-C

C
↳
co:
-><-a-2-5-c c-p-c-a I
&

C-C-2-2
I
C
 Hydrocarbons (Cetty): Binary compos of
c an
only

saturated un-saturated
Where all carbon atoms are Where we will observe presence

sp"hybridised (all <- atoms

of cratoms which
may be

form single covalent bonds) sp or

spa hybridised
allcratoms forms a
pair of
only -<-c-r-bonds a
pair of
-
2z2

jc zc
-

Alkanes

Allcenes Ackynes
 Why to
study Hydrocarbons First?

Visualise follows:
organic compound as -
an

Derived from a G Functional

Group
hydrocarbons
N
part having c-atoms
(F, c1, B291)
8

Gretty Cretty-2
-

·
Determine the characterize
=
24
↓ of a
homologues series
Basic Carbon chain
can organic compl
(parent carbon
atom)
4: -Br, CI

:-On; -o-; -C40, cook

Cxty-2- G ·M2 ;-CN etc....

To understand more:
G
Chloride
CH6: <Uy <U3 any <nz any C12-CI
Alkane: Ethane
Ethyl alcohol
<nz Ch-on
Amine
any C12-N12
CH4: CH4 CH3 -

Methane
Metty/ <n -coon Acid

C3-cho aldehyde

Chy -CN cyanide

Nitoo
<Uz -
NOz
 ALKanes 1. F
Cattent2:
·

CH4; [2Hs; CyHs

(Homologous (General) 24Ho; 25412 & so on.....

series)
Structural formula (E.F): representation of an o.c on a
plane of paper

·
Ch4:
n-n ·Methane -
I
a- Skelton formula
I
↳
U U
I
<zHo:ne! a -
<+1:
I
Ethane --d- I
H 2

condensed
Chy -Chy ·

formula
H
C3 18: U U
-cc-d-
·

I I I-
n-4-c-24: Propane
S 1 I I
H H *
CUzCUzCUy
·

C4H10;
C4H10: -In i -

acc-d-
↳ is is in I

Chycrecnaly -
isomer-2: Butane?"

Isomers U
I
U U
II
H-4-2-2-1 "c-c-c
I
↳ d I
↓e
2,- T

ans-c-43-isoner-z::
? Name:
Isomers:
structures
different
of same

Naming of Organic Compound: org compel (same

M. FS

Trivial System
IUPAC
system
IUPAC names Note: We also have
Irivial
↓

Names (TN) DN) sometimes an

(common names) Industrial Name

How to &
approach Naming? Trivial IUPAC

G Functional has a
G group
↳ characteric
name!!!
Parent Carbon
↑

Chaen
Consider Allanes
e.g.
WORD ROOT
ALK-ANE
= No. of Carbon atoms
in an
organic carpls: word root
amily name

C1: Meth 27: Hept Methane

e.g.
Eth 28: Oct
C2: Ethane
23: Prop 29: Non
Propane
C4: But C10: Dec
But are
C5: Pent
& so on....
C6: Hex
e.g
A LK ENE Ethere
CH4:
↓ b
word root family C3Hy: Propene
name

A CK
C2H2: Etleyre
YNE
C3 H4: Propyne

PORTANT Features of Trivial System:

·
Types of C-atoms /U-atoms:

12°, 33, 40 -U
10:
Primary 2-4
20:
Secondary (sec) 30-4
30: Tertiary (Tert.) 4-1-?
40:
Quaternary
Visualise a
hypothetical compl

Lo 2
o

C C
O

<-c-c-st-s
I

k
40
28

cc-c-c-c-c-4
C

10
40
I I

:
o
2
· 32
H
30
·

Types of Groups: ·

Iso-group
·

Neo-group Drivial systems

so
group:
Us C
C4-
eg. CU-C4-C43
4C
dry Iso-butane

Neo-group: CUy

My d C

Chy Itp:
concept of
'Neo' starts

ions
e.g. I
an a from 5-2

atoms &
New-pentane above
 straight chain

Recall: C4H10: Chy CH2 912 Chy n -

Butane

(someric) Chz-<1- Chy

butanes iso-butane
dns
ralise all
·
possible
Isomeric
pentances: (5H12
.
<hyCUzCUzCM2CH): n-Pentane
Is0
pentineo
cns-cy-cuzchs:
·

CU3
any' :new-pentane
-i-c
s
·

·
Try to draw Isomeric
Hexanes (C6H714)
& Try to write their Trivial names 11.).
Drawing (visualismg) Basic Carbon Chains
from Allanes

CrHen +2 ChHzn +1- Chtznt1 -G

-

1(4)
(Alkane)
↳ Parent/basic
Alky)): Radical
-
~
org. compe
Carbon chain
Parent
Fructional
carbon
·
CH4 Cy -Methyl group (radical) chain group
-

clychy C43 C4 Ethyl group (radical)

-
·

Chy <4z-Ch3 any CM2 CH2-

-U
C3H =
CHg
-

U Chy-ch-chy Propyl Propane

· Isomeric Propyl
 Clancye:
·

n-Propyl: Crcuscuzon=n-Propylakohol

(20)
Chy C42CUy

Chy-qu-chy: sec-propyl but

isopropyl
·

none:

Is propel

-C-oy:
120 an
C3- 42-Chy
<
a lot of
Note: of Radicals 20 20; 30
Types ;

Methyl ·

CUz -: No
type
10
·

Ettyl. <7>cUz-: 1'

type
so
l-Propyl aascuzenz: I'type
·
·

Iso-propyl
c
· &

:28
type
Chs-4-
·
· Visualise (all) possible alkyl radical (parent chains) groups:
C4H10
-n
<4H9 -(butyl radicals)
1 Jo
Isomeric
butyl radicals

Ch> CUz CUzCUy -

Chycnz<nzc4-:n-butyl
n -
Bulane
~

U ancuzcncly: sec-butyl
or
<usven- isobutye: Please!!
=>

anyone ↓

any Isofuly
e
dns
&>
any-cy-cnz-:
Isobutane
-H <-<nz :Tert-butyl
das new budge
=
 Lo
Note: 1.
Chy C4zC4an-Br:n-butylbromide =Ch> (12)5-B2 (1%)
20

Isobutyl bromide
=(Us), ChCUpr
C3-ch-ch2-BV:
2.

(20)
o
2

see-butye(pe
3
cas-in+B2:
o Che
-ch-Br
=
Chy 44 <42C43
Br CCH5

By
I
4. Chy-c rcny: Test-butyl bromide (3%
any
of

anus-Br E(<hs),-<->
 Visualise all
possible radicals from Pentane:
(alkyl)
C5412-4 25411-: draw all possible isomers

20080
·
Chy CU, CUzCH2CUy Chy CU C42 CHC4-: H-pentyl
(n-pentane 28

Chy CU2 CH2-C4-Gre 2

penty, 1 * Can't name them
20

Chy [U2CUCUzx Trivially??

3-Pentyl
e
eoson-enzing cus-on-chzC4 t
Isopent
-:

e
#150 peny
Do Pentase) Cus-44-qu -<Uz

Che
-docuzCU E Test-pentyl
<Uz-C-CUzU
No Trivial
#

name
 in iM2cnx-NewPent
Neo-pentane: on
any the an
-

Note: Visualise (standard) imp penye radicals:

1
O Tpe 12730)
2. Chy Che C42-cycle-G:n-Pent1 (8)
10

Chyten-ChzC42-G:Iso-Penty)
2. (i

3.
Cry-TY-G >O
Test
·

Pentyl (5%
diffs
Chs 20

any-a-Cz
4 New-pentyl
·

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