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Bio Q2 Notes
Bio Q2 Notes
PARTS 1. Kidney
- Bean – shaped structure lying against
1. Lymph the posterior abdominal wall at the level of the
- Fluid in lymphatic originating from the last thoracic and first three lumbar vertebrae
interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic (right kidney slightly lower than the left per
capillaries kidney)
2. Lymph Vessels - Function: Formation f urine by
3. Lymph Nodes filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
- Lymphatic tissue usually in clusters - Composition of Urine:
separated into compartment by fibrous 1. Water – 1.5 liters per day
partitions which help defend the body against average
injurious substances and are the sites of 2. Urea – waste product of protein
hemopoiesis (T and B lymphocytes) and amino acid metabolism
4. Spleen 3. Uric Acid – waste product of
- Mass of lymphatic tissue found above muscle metabolism or purines
and behind the cardiac portion of the stomach by liver
- Functions: 4. Creatine – waste product of
Defense muscle metabolism
By phagocytosis of particle 5. Electrolytes – K, Na, Ca Cl
such as microbes, red cell 6. Hormones and their
fragments, and platelets; breakdown products
antibody formation 7. Vitamins – particularly the
Hemopoiesis waste-soluble Vitamin B and C
Lymphatic tissue of spleen 8. Drugs like aspirin, penicillin,
forms lymphocytes and and sulfa
possible monocytes Abnormal constituents:
Blood Reservoir glucose, albumin, red blood
Capable of squeezing out cells, kidney stones
approximately 200 ml. of
blood into the general
circulation within one 2. Ureters
minute. - A pair of tubes extending from the
kidneys to the urinary bladder for the passage
of urine
3. Ureters
- Musculo – membranous tube lined with
EXCRETORY SYSTEM mucosa with an opening to the exterior called
urinary meatus
- In males, it is longer and functions as
FUNCTION passage of both urine and semen
- In females, shorter and function as d. Urethra – refer to the excretory system
passage of urine only
3. Accessory Glands
a. Seminal Vesicle – convoluted pouches
with mucous lining located on the
REPRODUCTION SYSTEM posterior surface of the bladder which
secrete nutrient-rich fluid (constitute
about 60% of the semen)
FUNCTIONS
b. Prostate Gland – walnut-size glands
1. Production and maturation of gametes
with ducts opening into the urethra
2. Secretion of sex hormones
secreting an alkaline substance which
increase sperm motility (constitute 30%
of semen)
PARTS
3. Uterus
- pear-shaped organ (approximately) the size
of a clenched fist) located in the pelvic cavity
between the bladder and rectum; function is
associated with menstruation, pregnancy, and labor.
4. Vagina
- collapsible, Musculo- membranous tube
located between rectum and urethra with an outlet to
the exterior protected by a fold of mucosa membrane
called hymen whose functions are to receive semen
from the male; acts as duct for uterine secretions and
menstrual flow and constitutes the lower part of the NERVOUS SYSTEM
birth canal.
5. Vulva
- collective term for external genitalia FUNCTION
composed of:
a. Mons veneris – hairy skin-covered pad 1. Reception of stimulus
of fat over the symphysis pubis 2. Transmission of impulses
3. Coordination of body activities
b. Labia mojara – hairy skin-covered lips
DIVISIONS
c. Clitoris – small mound of erectile tissue
below junction of two minora 1. Central Nervous System
- Composed of brain and spinal cord
d. Urinary meatus – opening into the
urethra just below the clitoris 2. Peripheral Nervous System
- Composed of cranial nerves from the
e. Vaginal orifice – opening into the brain and spinal nerves from the spinal cord
vagina below the urinary meatus
3. Autonomic Nervous System
6. Accessory Glands - Composed of sympathetic and
a. Skene's glands – small mucous glands parasympathetic chains of ganglia
whose ducts open on each side of the
urinary meatus
BRAIN
b. Bartholin’s glands – a pair of small,
bean-shaped glands whose ducts open Embryonic Division
on the side of the vaginal orifice
1. Prosencephalon or forebrain
7. Breasts or Mammary Glands – lobulated 2. Mesencephalon or midbrain
gland located under the skim over the
- found between the forebrain and the - Unpaired division of the forebrain
hindbrain contains four nuclear masses - Cavity inside is the third ventricle
collectively known as the corpora quadrigemina - Consists of:
HEARING
SPINAL NERVES
- external ear consisting of the pinna, ear opening
- nerves originating from the spinal cord (31 pairs and external auditory canal
in man) - middle ear separated from the external ear by the
- each nerve is attached to the cord by short roots tympanic membrane; contains the ear ossicles
- branches of spinal nerves form plexus or intricate and opening from the eustachian tubes.
network of fibers from which the nerves - inner ear (or labyrinth) composed of body
supplying various parts of the skin, mucosa, and vestibule, semicircular canals and cochlea
skeletal muscles emerge (containing the organ of Corti), the hearing sense
- all spinal nerves are mixed nerves organ innervated by the cranial neve VIII.
b. Tubers
Short, swollen, terminal portions of an FUNCTIONS
underground stems with the stored food
Example: potato A. PRINCIPAL OR MAIN FUNCTIONS:
c. Bulb 1. Provides mechanical support for leaves and
Very small piece of the stem tissue other plant organs
surrounded by numerous fleshly leaves 2. Conducts water, mineral salts, and
Examples: onion, garlic manufactured food
d. Corm 3. Produces new living tissues
Globose underground stem with thin, papery
leaves on its surface
Example: gladioluses, gabi B. MODIFIED OR SPECIALIZED
FUNCTIONS:
1. Unusual method of support
STEM STRUCTURE a. Tendrils
Examples: Cadena de
A. EXTERNAL STRUCTURES amor, ampalaya, squash
1. Nodes b. Photosynthesis
2. Internodes Example: balloon vine
3. Leaf scar c. Root climbers
4. Bundle scars Example: creeping ivy
5. Lenticels
6. Buds 2. Photosynthesis
a. Green stems
Example: stick plant
B. INTERNAL STRUCTURES: b. Phyllodes (dadophylls)
Like in roots, sections through the Example: cacti
apical meristem show three distinct regions
of meristematic activity: the protoderm, the 3. Absorption of water and mineral salts
ground meristem and the procambium. From a. Uncutinized epidermis
these meristematic tissues, will arise the Example: digman
primary tissues of the stem.
4. Reproduction
1. Epidermis a. Development of buds in some parts of
o One cell layer derived from the protoderm the stem
composed of cells with thick walls and Examples: gingers, potato, gabi
covered by a layer of cutin
5. Storage
2. Cortex a. Fleshy, underground stems
o A middle region composed of an outer zone Examples: ginger, potato, gabi
of collenchyma, an inner zone of
6. Protection
parenchyma and a layer of endodermis
a. Stems are modified into thorns and
consisting of thick-walled cells
spines
Example: bougainvillea, rose, pomelo, b. b. Dentate
calamansi c. Lobed
d. Scalloped
e. Cleft
B. MIDRIB
1. Upper and lower Epidermis c. Leaves reduced to spines
– Example: cactus
7. Storage
a. Fleshy, thickened blades
– Example: sabila
b. Bulbs
– Example: Onion, garlic
8. Additional Photosynthesis
a. Expanded leaflike petiole
– Example: pomelo
b. Expanded leaflike stipule
– Example: rose