Perpetuatio

n of Life
SUBMITTED BY:
Bhea Clarisse S. Ferrer
ABM 11-A

SUBMITTED TO:
Sir Haggai O. Reyes
I. A. ANIMALS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH FISSION.

•Subphylum mastigophora - Flagellate

CLASSIFICATION: Protozoa
LOCATION: Flagellatesvare found in ail marine biotopes from the oligotrophic open
oceans to eutrophic inshore waters, mud flats, and marshland ditches.
DESCRIPTION: A flagellate is a cell or more whip-like appendages called flagella. The
word flagellate also describes a particular construction (or level of organization)
characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their means of motion.

•Escherichia coli - E. coli

CLASSIFICATION: Bacteria
LOCATION: E. coli are bacteria found in the intestines of
people and animals and in the environment; they can also be
found in food and untreated water.
DESCRIPTION: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacteria that is
commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms. Most E.coli strains
are harmless, but some can cause serious food poisoning. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
(STEC) is a bacterium that can cause severe foodborne disease.

B. ANIMALS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH FRAGMENTATION.

•Echinoidea - Sea urchins

CLASSIFICATION: Echinoidea
LOCATION: Sea urchins mainly congregate in colder, offshore
waters, but sometimes travel into shallower waters looking for
food.
DESCRIPTION: Sea urchins are animals that are typically small,
spiny and round. They live in all the earth's oceans, at depths ranging from the tide line
to 15,000 feet. Because they cannot swim, they live on the sea floor. Their main defense
against more agile predators like eels and otters is their hard, spiny test, or shell.

•Lacertilia - Lizards
CLASSIFICATION: Reptilia
LOCATION: Lizards can be found in every continent except
Antarctica, and they live in all habitats except extremely cold
areas and deep oceans. Most lizards live on the ground, but
others can be found making their home in a tree, in a burrow,
or in the water.
DESCRIPTION: Lizards are scaly-skinned reptiles that are usually distinguished from
snakes by the possession of legs, movable eyelids, and external ear openings. However,
some traditional (that is, non-snake) lizards lack one or more of these features.

B. ANIMALS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH BUDDING.

•Scyphozoa - Jellyfish
CLASSIFICATION: phylum Cnidaria
LOCATION: Jellyfish are found all over the world, from surface
waters to the deep sea. Scyphozoans (the "true jellyfish") are
exclusively marine, but some hydrozoans with a similar
appearance live in freshwater. Large, often colorful, jellyfish
are common in coastal zones worldwide.
DESCRIPTION: Jellyfish have no brain, heart, bones or eyes. They are made up of a
smooth, bag-like body and tentacles armed with tiny, stinging cells. These incredible
invertebrates use their stinging tentacles to stun or paralyse prey before gobbling it up.
The jellyfish's mouth is found in the centre of its body.

•Porifera - Sponge
CLASSIFICATION: phylum Porifera
LOCATION: Sponges are simple invertebrate animals that live
in aquatic habitats. Although the majority of sponges are
marine, some species live in freshwater lakes and streams.
They are found in shallow ocean environments to depths as
great as five kilometers.
DESCRIPTION: Sponges are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and
channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl
sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.

C. ANIMALS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH PARTHENOGENESIS.

•Formicidae - Ants
CLASSIFICATION: Insecta
LOCATION: Ants are found almost everywhere on the planet. The only areas that don't
boast populations of ants are Antarctica, Greenland, Iceland, and some island nations.
Most species live in soil, leaf litter, or decaying plants.
DESCRIPTION: They range in size from about 2 to 25 mm (about 0.08 to 1 inch). Their
colour is usually yellow, brown, red, or black. Typically, an ant has a large head and a
slender, oval abdomen joined to the thorax, or midsection, by a small waist.

•Selachimorpha - Sharks
CLASSIFICATION: Chondrichthyes
LOCATION: Sharks live in most ocean habitats. They can be
found in beautiful, tropical coral reefs, to the deep sea, and
even under the Arctic sea ice.
DESCRIPTION: Though there are exceptions, sharks typically
have a tough skin that is dull gray in colour and is roughened by toothlike scales. They
also usually have a muscular, asymmetrical, upturned tail; pointed fins; and a pointed
snout extending forward and over a crescentic mouth set with sharp triangular teeth.

II. E. ANIMALS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION.

•Anura - Frogs
CLASSIFICATION: Amphibia
LOCATION: Frogs live in the most varied of our country
environments, from rainforests and mountains to deserts.
However, they are sensitive to change in their environment.
Most common frogs live in or around fresh water.
DESCRIPTION: In general, frogs have protruding eyes, no tail, and strong, webbed hind
feet that are adapted for leaping and swimming. They also possess smooth, moist skins.
•Actiniaria - Anemone
CLASSIFICATION: Phylum Cnidaria
LOCATION: Sea anemones are found throughout the world's
oceans. Although the most abundant and diverse populations
are found in shallow tropical waters, some species of
anemones can live at depths more than 10,000 meters below
sea level.
DESCRIPTION: Sea anemones are named after and resemble flowers, but they're
actually invertebrates related to corals and jellies. Their bodies consist of a soft,
cylindrical stalk topped by an oral disc surrounded with venomous tentacles.

F. ANIMALS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH OVIPARITY.

•Anatidae - Ducks
CLASSIFICATION: phylum Chordata
LOCATION: Ducks are also called 'waterfowl' because they are
normally found in places where there is water like ponds,
streams, and rivers.
DESCRIPTION: A duck is a small type of swimming bird with a
short neck and legs. They have webbed feet to help them swim and broad and flat bills,
which they use to feed.

•Testudines - Turtles
CLASSIFICATION: Reptilia
LOCATION: Turtles have adapted to a remarkable variety of
environments, but the greatest number of species occur in
southeastern North America and South Asia. In both areas,
most species are aquatic, living in bodies of water ranging from
small ponds and bogs to large lakes and rivers.
DESCRIPTION: Turtles in particular (as opposed to tortoises) are aquatic reptiles with
webbed feet and hard shells. Their jaws are equipped with hard beaks that help them
capture and cut apart food. Some species of turtles have eyes and nostrils situated on
the tops of their heads, so that they can hide easily in shallow water.

G. ANIMALS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH OVOVIVIPARITY.

•Serpentes - Snakes
CLASSIFICATION: Reptilia
LOCATION: Snakes live in a wide variety of habitats including forests, swamps,
grasslands, deserts and in both fresh and salt water.
DESCRIPTION: Snakes range in size from the size of a worm to many feet long. Their skin
contains scales that may be smooth or ridged. The scales on the belly (called scutes) are
thicker than those on the sides and back of a snake to provide protection as it moves.

•Myliobatoidei - Stingray
CLASSIFICATION: Chondrichthyes
LOCATION: Stingrays are commonly found in the shallow
coastal waters of temperate seas. They spend the majority of
their time inactive, partially buried in sand, often moving only
with the sway of the tide.
DESCRIPTION: Stingrays are disk-shaped and have flexible, tapering tails armed, in most
species, with one or more saw-edged, venomous spines. The dasyatid stingrays, also
called whip-tailed rays and stingarees, inhabit all oceans and certain South American
rivers. They have slim, often very long, whiplike tails.

H. ANIMALS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH VIVIPARITY.

•Cercopithecidae - Monkeys
CLASSIFICATION: Mammalia
LOCATION: Most monkeys live in the tropical rainforests of
Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, or the savannas of
Africa.
DESCRIPTION: Monkeys use all four limbs—two arms and two
legs—to walk and run. Their hands and feet are good for grasping tree branches.
Monkeys have a coat of hair on most of their bodies. Many types have bare areas of skin
on the face and buttocks.

•Macropus - Kangaroos
CLASSIFICATION: Macropodidae
LOCATION: Kangaroos are only found mostly in the open
forests of eastern Australia and Tasmania.
DESCRIPTION: All kangaroos have short hair, powerful hind
legs, small forelimbs, big feet and a long tail. They have
excellent hearing and keen eyesight. Depending on the species, their fur coat can be
red, grey or light to dark brown. Their muscular tail is used for balance when hopping,
and as another limb when moving about.

III. I. PLANTS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH APOMIXIS.

•Rubus - Blackberry
CLASSIFICATION: Rosaceae
LOCATION: You will find blackberries in woods, hedges,
heaths, roadside verges, and possibly even your garden.
DESCRIPTION: Blackberries do not have a hollow center,
instead they have a solid, edible core. When ripe, Blackberries
have a deep inky sheen with purple highlights. They are succulent, soft, and juicy. Their
flavor is sweet, slightly tart, with earthy undertones.

•Hieracium - Hawkweeds
CLASSIFICATION: Magnoliopsida
LOCATION: Common hawkweed is found mostly in open fields,
mountain meadows, forest clearings, permanent pastures,
cleared timber units, abandoned farmland, roadsides and
other disturbed areas.
DESCRIPTION: Common hawkweed is a fibrous-rooted perennial with upright stems and
small, dandelion-like flower heads in loose clusters.

J. PLANTS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION.

•Saccharum officinarum - Sugarcane

CLASSIFICATION: Magnoliopsida
LOCATION: Sugarcane is grown primarily in the tropics and
subtropics.
DESCRIPTION: Sugarcane is a tall-growing monocotyledonous crop that is cultivated in
the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, primarily for its ability to store high
concentrations of sucrose, or sugar, in the stem.

•Allium cepa - Onion

CLASSIFICATION: Liliopsida
LOCATION: The onion is likely native to southwestern Asia but
is now grown throughout the world, chiefly in the temperate
zones.
DESCRIPTION: An onion is a round vegetable with a brown skin
that grows underground. It has many white layers on its inside which have a strong,
sharp smell and taste.

IV. K. PLANTS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (ANGIOSPERM).

•Rosa - Rose
CLASSIFICATION: Magnoliopsida
LOCATION: Most rose species are native to Asia, with smaller
numbers being native to North America and a few to Europe
and northwest Africa.
DESCRIPTION: Roses are erect, climbing, or trailing shrubs, the
stems of which are usually copiously armed with prickles of various shapes and sizes,
commonly called thorns. The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound (i.e., feather-
formed), usually with oval leaflets that are sharply toothed.

•Solanum lycopersicum - Tomato

CLASSIFICATION: Magnoliopsida
LOCATION: Tomato plants grow best in areas that receive
direct sun throughout the day.
DESCRIPTION: They are usually red, scarlet, or yellow, though
green and purple varieties do exist, and they vary in shape
from almost spherical to oval and elongate to pear-shaped.
 L. PLANTS THAT REPRODUCE THROUGH SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (GYMNOSPERM).

•Cycadophyta - Cycads
CLASSIFICATION: Cycadopsida
LOCATION: Living cycads are found in the tropical, subtropical
and warm temperate regions of both the north and south
hemispheres.
DESCRIPTION: Cycads are gymnosperms distinguished by
crowns of large pinnately compound leaves and by cones, which are typically borne at
the end of the trunk in the centre of whorled branches. Some cycads have tall
unbranched trunks with an armourlike appearance; others have partially buried stems
with swollen (tuberous) trunks.

•Ginkgo biloba - Ginkgo

CLASSIFICATION: Ginkgoopsida
LOCATION: The Ginkgo biloba tree, a large ornamental tree, is
common everywhere in North America and Europe in yards,
gardens and parks.
DESCRIPTION: It features distinctive two-lobed, somewhat
leathery, fan-shaped, rich green leaves with diverging (almost parallel) veins. Leaves
turn bright yellow in fall. Ginkgo trees are commonly called maidenhair trees in
reference to the resemblance of their fan-shaped leaves to maidenhair fern leaflets
(pinnae).