AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Introduction:
Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air to more favorable
conditions.
The control of these conditions may be desirable to maintain the health and
comfort of the occupants. Human being feels comfortable when the air is 21°C
with 56% relative humidity.
In 1902, the first modern electrical air conditioning unit was invented by Willis
Carrier in Buffalo, New york. The first Air conditioner, designed and built in
Buffalo by Carrier, began working on 17 July 1902.
Definition of Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning is defined as conditioning of air by altering the properties of
air temperature and humidity to more favorable condition for human comfort.
Air conditioning is also deals for conditioning the air for maintain the health
and comfort of the occupant, to meet the requirements of the industrial
processes, storage of food, medicines and other materials irrespective of the
external climatic conditions. Hence, Air conditioning can be used in both
domestic and commercial environment.

Factors Affecting Comfort Air Conditioning

1. Temperature of Air:
In Air Conditioning, the control of temperature means the maintenance of
any desired temperature within an enclosed space even through the
temperature of the outside air is above or below the desired room
temperature. This can be achieved either by the addition or removal of
heat from the enclosed space as and when demanded.
It is noted that for human being feels comfortable when the air is at 21°C
with 56% relative humidity.
2. Humidity of Air:
The control of humidity of air means the increasing or decreasing of
moisture contents of air during summer or winter to produce comfortable
and healthy conditions. Control humidity is necessary for human comfort
and it increases the efficiency of the workers.
For summer air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be less than
60% whereas for winter air conditioning it should not be more than 40%.
 3. Purity of air:
Even if there is under control humidity, if the air is not pure, then people
do not feel comfortable when breathing contaminated air. Thus, the air
can be made pure by proper filtration, cleaning and purification of air to
keep it free from dust and other impurities.
4. Motion of air:
Circulation of air should be controlled to keep constant temperature in
conditioned space.

Air Conditioning System:

A system which is used for controlling the temperature, humidity, and purity of
air to produce the desired effects upon the occupants of the space is known as
Air Conditioning System.

Classification of Air Conditioning System:

1. According to the purpose
a)Comfort air conditioning system.
b)Industrial air conditioning system.

2. According to season of the year.

a)Winter air conditioning system.
b)Summer air conditioning system.
c)Year round air conditioning system.

3. According to the arrangement of equipment.

a) Unitary air conditioning system.
b) Central air conditioning system.

Types of Air-Conditioning System

1. Window Air-Conditioning system.
2. Split- Air-Conditioning system.
3. Centralized Air-Conditioning system.
4. Package Air-Conditioning system.
1. Window Air-Conditioning system.
Window Air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest
types of air conditioning system.
To install this window air conditioning unit, we need the space to make a slot in
the wall, or to the window, and there should also be open space behind the wall.
Window air-conditioning unit are reliable and simple to install. Images of
Window Air conditioner are shown the fig.

2. Split- Air-Conditioning system.

The Split Air conditioning system consists of two parts. The out-door unit and
the indoor unit. Therefore it is called Split air conditioning system.
The outdoor unit fitted outside the room which has components like the
compressor, condenser and Fan.
The indoor unit consists of evaporator or cooling coil, Expansion valve, filter
and the cooling fan (Long blower). In present day, The Split Air conditioning
system is popularly used because it has very good aesthetic looks and it add
beauty to the room.
Image of split-Air Conditioner shown below.
3. Centralized Air-Conditioning System.
The Central Air conditioning system is widely used for large Buildings, Hotels,
Theaters, Airports, Shopping malls. Etc., are to be air conditioned completely.
The Window and Split Air conditioning system are suitable for single rooms or
small office spaces only. When, If the whole building is to be cooled, then it is
more economical to used Centralized air conditioning system.

5. Packaged Air-Conditioning System.

Packaged Air-Conditioner is a bigger version of the window air conditioner.
It is used to cool the entire house or a commercial building.
The capacity of the window and split air conditioning system is usually 5tons.
And capacity of the central air conditioning system is 25tons.
The packaged air conditioning system is used for the cooling capacities in
between these two extremes.
These Air conditioning systems are most commonly in used in places like
Restaurants, Telephone Exchanges, Homes, Small halls. Etc.,
Refrigerant:
It is a working fluid used in the air conditioning systems where it undergoes a
repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and gas to liquid and absorb the
heat and gives cool air, when it goes through evaporator.

THE MOST COMMONLY USED REFRIGERANTS

1. CFC
Code named R-12 and commonly known as Freon, but it harm the ozone layer,
therefore it is not used completely by 2000.
2. HCFC
CFCs were later replaced by hydro-chlorofluorocarbons. Code named R-22,
HCFCs were less harmful than CFCs.
3. HFC
Hydro fluorocarbons do not contain chlorine, making them the popular choice
for modern-day AC units. They are classified under R-410A, R32 and R-134A.
R32 has better characteristics than R-410A. R-134A finds use in refrigerators
and automobile air conditioners.
4. Halogen-free refrigerants
Currently seeing use in refrigerators, halogen-free refrigerants are essentially
hydrocarbons and present virtually no threat to the environment. With
advancements in material sciences, it is possible to contain them safely, as they
are highly flammable. Iso-butane, code named R-600A, is one such popular
refrigerant.

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM.

An air conditioner continuously draws the air from an indoor space to be
cooled, cools it by the refrigeration principles, and discharges back into the
same indoor space that needs to be cooled.

Parts or components of Air Conditioning System:

a)Evaporator(Kept Inside the room)
b)Compressor(Kept outside the room)
c)Condenser (Kept outside the room)
d)Expansion valve(Kept inside the room)
f)Refrigerants
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM.

MICRO
CONTROLLER
Low pressure, cool gaseous
refrigerant High pressure, hot gaseous refrigerant
COMPRESSOR

Ambient air
Ambient air
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR AIR
to refrigerant
Heat transfer

Heat transfer
to Air
COOL AIR TO
TO OUTSIDE
INSIDE ROOM
FAN FAN
EVAPORATOR CONDENSER

ROOM
CONDENSATION
DRAINS OUTSIDE

EXPANSION
VALVE
Low pessure, cold gaseous High pressure, warm liquid refrigerant
refrigerant

Working Principle
The temperature sensor, sense the temperature of the room, if the temperature of
the room is above or below the pre-set value. Then the signal is sent to the
micro-controller. Deepening upon the input to the micro-controller. The micro-
controller sends the output signal to the compressor to start or stop.
If the temperature of the room is above the pre-set value, then compressor start.
The low pressure, low temperature refrigerant in gaseous form is compressed by
the compressor. Then the high pressure, high temperature refrigerant in gaseous
state goes to the condenser where the refrigerant condenses to liquid state by
losing its temperature to the air.
Now the High pressure, medium temperature liquid refrigerant goes to the
expansion valve where it undergoes expansion by allowing liquid refrigerant to
pass through a very small opening, which causes the refrigerant to expand to a
low-pressure, low-temperature gas. This "cold" refrigerant flows to the
evaporator.
Then the low pressure, low temperature gaseous refrigerant goes to the
evaporator coil where the refrigerant gas absorbs the heat from the air which
given by the fan. Thus cooled air delivered to the room by fan. Then the low
pressure, low temperature gaseous refrigerant then flows back to the
compressor, where the cycle starts over again until required temperature reached
in the room.
Note that the evaporator coil not only absorbs heat, but also removes moisture
out of the incoming air, which helps to dehumidify the room.
The whole process repeats itself again and again until the desired temperature is
reached room.

Advantages of Air-conditioning System:

1. Increased comfort level of the occupant.
2. In extreme heat, Air Conditioning can be a life saver.
3.it also reduce the humidity level, which helps both comfort, and reduces mold
growth.
4. Less noise as the windows will be closed.
5. Prevents the dust entering the room as the windows will be closed.
6. It gives constant temperature.
7. Simple Control and easy maintenance.
8. Easy installation.

Disadvantages of Air-conditioning System:

1. It consumes more energy.
2. High cost money.
3. If the chemical used in the air-conditioning system leaks, it leads to pollution
in the environment.
4. Too cool temperatures will lead to improper blood circulation.
5. Habitants have less contact with nature.
6. Effects the environment by releasing the CFC.
AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER
Automatic water level controllers are a product that was created to
automatically control a motor, which helps to ensure a constant reserve of water
in a storage tank. These automatic water level controllers are used to
automatically fill the over-head tank when it starts or has become empty as well
as monitor the water level in it.
Automatic water level controllers switch the motor ON whenever the water
level drops below a certain level and shuts the motor OFF when the water
rises well above a fixed level in the overhead tank.
The sensor used in the overhead tank to sense the level of the water. There are
three sensors are used, one sensor fixed in the upper level, another sensor is
used in the middle level, and another sensor is used in the lower level which is
the connected to the common terminal.
Whenever the water level comes below the middle level sensor, then this input
signal goes to the micro-controller, which sends signal to start the motor.
Once, the level of the reaches the required height, then the upper sensor sense
the level of the water, and this input signal goes to the micro-controller. The
micro-controller send the signal to OFF the motor.
Similarly, three sensor are connected to the sump. The motor will switch OFF,
when the sump water is exhausted before it fills the over-head tank, or if the
pump is running dry as well as maintains voltage fluctuations. These are state of
the art advanced, digital technology micro-controller based products. This
system is quite versatile.

. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WATER LEVEL CONTROLLE

WASHING MACHINE
In 1858, Hamilton Smith patented the rotary washing machine.
In 1874, William Blackstone of Indiana built a machine that removed dirt and
stains from laundry as a birthday present for his wife. This thoughtful gift would
come to be the first example of washing machines designed for convenient use
in the home.

Parts of Washing Machine:

1. Water pump
2. Agitator/Paddles
3. Control panel
4. Drain pipe
5. Motor
6. Heating element
7. Water inlet valve
8. Circuit board
9. Tub/Drum
10. Timer

WASHING MACHINE
A washing machine is a machine that washes dirty clothes. It contains a barrel
into which the clothes are placed. This barrel is filled with water automatically,
and then rotated very quickly with the detergent by the use of a motor to make
the water remove dirt from the clothes.
In 1858, Hamilton Smith patented the rotary washing machine.
In 1874, William Blackstone of Indiana built a machine that removed dirt and
stains from laundry as a birthday present for his wife. This thoughtful gift would
come to be the first example of washing machines designed for convenient use
in the home.
DOMESTIC WASHING MACHINE
Fig shows block diagram of Domestic washing machine. For the domestic
washing machine, a microcontroller is used having number Motorola
M68HC05B6.
The inputs from the sensors for water temperature and motor speed are given
through the analogue to digital (ADC) input port. Port A provides the outputs
for the various actuators used to control the washing machine. And also the
input for the water level switch. Port B gives outputs to the display. Port C
gives outputs to the display and also receives inputs from the keyboard used to
input to the machine the various program selections. The PWM section of the
timer provides a pulse width modulated signal to control the motor speed. The
entire machine program is interrupted and stopped if the door of the washing
machine is opened.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DOMESTIC WASHING MACHINE
Types of washing Machine
1. Semi-automatic
2. Fully-automatic
3. Front loading
4. Top loading

ELAVATOR
Introduction
The first electric elevator was built by the German inventor Wener Von
Siemens in 1880.
In 1889, the first commercially successful electric elevator was installed.
In 1887 an electric elevator with automatic doors that would close off the
elevator shaft was patented. This invention made elevators safer.
Later many changes in elevator design and installation was made by the great
advancement in electronic systems.

Definition of Elevator
Elevator is electronic lifting device usually made up of cables and compartment
that moves people or items up and down along a shaft from one level to another
level inside the building. Or
Elevator is a vertical transport system that carries people or goods between the
floors of a building safely and efficiently.

Types of Elevator
Mainly there three types of Elevators as follows.
1. Traction with a machine room.
2. Machine Room less traction.
3. Hydraulic.

1.Traction with a machine room

Fig shows traction elevator with a machine room and its different parts.
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an
electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for medium and high-rise
buildings and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A
counter weight used which makes the elevators more efficient. The
counterweight makes it easier for the motor to raise and lower the car (Cabin)
the motor takes less force to move the car either up or down.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ELEVATOR WITH PLC

Motor Elevator Cabin

Power Supply Motor Drive

Sensors PLC CONTROLLER

Floor selection buttons 7 Segment Display

Indicator
The above fig shows the block diagram of the Elevator. Power supply, Sensor
(Limit switch), Floor selection buttons, Elevator floor position are the inputs to
the PLC controller.
Motor drive, Display, Indicator, are the output from the PLC.
Depending upon input given to the PLC Controller by pressing the push-button
from the different floor, the cabin (CAR) moves to the respective floor and
stops at the set time and then moves. The complete logic operation of the
elevator depends on the given inputs.

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LOGIC GATES
Logic Gates is an electronic circuit, which operates one or more input signal and
it performs logical functions and gives only one output.
It is mainly used in digital electronic circuit for an Automatic control system.
There are different types of Basic Logic Gates as follows.
1. AND Gate.
2. OR Gate.
3. NAND Gate.
4. NOR Gate.
5. NOT Gate.
6. EX-OR Gate.
The above gates can studies by the following experiments.
LOGIC GATES
1. AND GATE:
Introduction:
Here both switches are connected in series. Hence when both switches made
ON, then the motor get ON. When any one of the switch made OFF, then
motor get OFF. When the both switches made OFF, then motor get OFF.
The Boolean Expression for a two input of I0 and I1 of AND gate is
given by Q0 = I 1 * I 2

I0
Q0
A

AND GATE
I1
B

Ladder diagram for AND operation

Q0
I0 I1

switch switch motor

TRUTH TABLE
AND Operation
Sl IN PUTS OUT PUT
No I0 I1 Q0 = I 0 * I 1
1 0 0 0
2 1 0 0
3 0 1 0
4 1 1 1
 2. OR GATE
Here the switches are connected parallel. Hence when any one of the switch is
made ON, then the motor get ON. When both the switches made ON, then also
the motor gets ON. When both the switch made OFF, then motor get OFF.
The ladder diagram is designed and it can be verified with the truth table by
OR operation.
The Boolean Expression for a two input of I0 and I1 of OR gate is
given by Q0 = I 1 + I 2

I0
Q0= I0 + I1

OR GATE
I1

Ladder diagram for OR operation

Q0
I0

switch motor
I1

switch

TRUTH TABLE
OR Operation
Sl IN PUTS OUT PUT
No I0 I1 Q0 = I 0 + I 1
1 0 0 0
2 1 0 1
3 0 1 1
4 1 1 1
 3. NAND GATE
An NAND Gate is the basic logic Gates which consists of two inputs, I0 and I1
and followed by single output Q0.
NAND Gate is an inversion of AND Gate in which the output is a compliment
of AND Gate, which is shown in the truth table.
The Boolean Expression for a two inputs of I0 and I1 of NAND gate is
given by
_____
Y = I0 * I1
I0
Q0=I0*I1
A

NAND GATE
I1
B

Ladder diagram for NAND operation

Q0 = I0 * I1
I0

I1

TRUTH TABLE
NAND Operation
Sl IN PUTS OUT PUTS
No ______
I0 I1 Q0 = I0 * I1
1 0 0 1
2 1 0 1
3 0 1 1
4 1 1 0
4.NOR Gate:
An NOR Gate is the basic logic Gates which consists of two inputs, I0 and I1 and
followed by single output Q0.
NOR Gate is an inversion of OR Gate in which the output is a compliment of
OR Gate, which is shown in the truth table.
The Boolean Expression for a two inputs of A and B of NOR gate is
given by
_____
Y = I0 + I1
NOR GATE

I0
Q0
A

NOR GATE
I1
B

Ladder diagram for NOR operation

Q0 = I0+I1
I0 I1

TRUTH TABLE
NOR Operation
Sl IN PUTS OUT PUTS
No _____
I0 I1 Q0 = I0 +I1
1 0 0 1
2 1 0 0
3 0 1 0
4 1 1 0
5.NOT GATE
An NOT Gate is the basic logic Gates which consists of one inputs, I0 and
followed by single output Y.
In NOT Gate, we get inversion of the given input. That is, we get the output
compliment of the input, which is shown in the truth table. NOT Gate is also
called as Inverter. When I0 HIGH (1) is applied to an inverter, a LOW (0) will
appear on its output. Similarly, when a LOW (0) is applied to its input a
HIGH (1) will appear on its output.
The Boolean Expression for a input of I0 of NOT gate is
given by
__
Q0 = I0
NOT Gate

Q0

I0

NOT GATE

Ladder diagram for NOT operation

Q0 = I0
I0

TRUTH TABLE
NOT Operation
Sl INPUT OUT
No PUTS PUTS
__
I0 Q0 = I0
1 0 1
2 1 0
6.EX-OR GATE or Exclusive- OR Gate:
An EX-OR Gate is the basic logic Gates of combinational circuit which
consists of two or more inputs, followed by single output Y.
In EX-OR Gate, when both the input are equal, then the output will be LOW ie
0. And, when both the input are not equal, then the output will be HIGH ie 1,
which is shown in the truth table
I0
Q0

I1 EX-OR GATE

TRUTH TABLE
Ex-OR Gate Operation
Sl IN PUTS OUT PUTS
No I0 I1 Q0
1 0 0 0
2 1 0 1
3 0 1 1
4 1 1 0

Ladder diagram for EX-OR Gate operation

Q0
I0 I1

I0 I1

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