IMVA\MO V@ODMBPIPMO

E@V@\M^MTMO E\HTHW VMDM TO. V D@ONMO

DHMNOAWHW K@DHW POWTMLI@ MONHOM V@GTA\HW  (PMV)

 (PMV)

DH \PMON
\PM ON HN
HNDD \WPD Dr
Dr.. KA
KA@^
@^M\DH
M\DH WP\MEM\T
WP\MEM\TM
M

Ai`b :

GBM\HWKM B@WM \HZEHWXMCHT\H

WO=2<6<<

V\AN\MK WTPDH V\AC@WH O@\W

WTHE@W EPWPKM BPWMDM WP\MEM\T

WP\MEM\TM
M

<6=8
 

  IMVA\MO V@ODMBPIPMO
E@V@\M^MTMO E\HTHW VMDM TO. V D@ONMO DHMNOAWHW K@DHW POWTMLI@ 

 MONHOM
 MONHOM V@GTA\HW  (PMV)
 (PMV)
V@GTA\HW 

DH \PMON HND \WPD Dr. KA@^M\DH WP\MEM\TM

H. EAOW@V
EAO W@V V@OXMEHT
V@OXMEHT
M. D`choh
D`chohsh
sh
Hocmre
Hocmre khaemr
khaemrd
d k`onmg
k`onmgu
u pmdm
pmdm rusmeo
rusmeoym
ym atat-a
atat-atat
tat jmotuo
jmotuon
n s`gmrm
s`gmrm p`rkmo
p`rkmo`o.
`o.
Eaodhsh hoh dmpmt k`rupmemo eakpihemsh monhom p`gtarhs ymon thdme t`rtmonmoh d`onmo
 lmhe. W`p`rth pmdm monhom thdme stmlhi, hocmre khaemrd lhmsmoym dhs`lmlemo ai`b
 p`ouruomo mihrmo dmrmb dh mrt`rh earao`r.
earao`r. Hse`khm ymon l`rimonsuon 76-40 k`oht dmpmt
k`khgu
k`khgu e`rusm
e`rusmemo
emo s`iui`r
s`iui`r ymon
ymon hr`v`r
hr`v`rshl
shl`i
`i dmo e`kmthm
e`kmthmo
o atat
atat mtmu o`eras
o`erashs
hs s`i
 jmotuon. Lmnhmo khaemrdhuk ymon t`re`om hocmre mtmu o`erashs memo l`rb`oth
 l`reaotrmesh s`gmrm p`rkmo`o (^hjmym, <6=0).
Monhom
Monhom V`gt
V`gtar
arhs
hs md
mdmim
mimb
b p`
p`rm
rmsmm
smmo
o t`rg`
t`rg`eh
ehe
e dh dm
dmdm
dm.. Monh
Monhom
om p`
p`gt
gtar
arhs
hs ju
junm
nm
k`rupmemo hsthimb ymon ukuk dhnuomemo dmimk e`s`bmtmo uotue k`onnmklmremo rmsm
dmrh oy`rh dmdm ymon dhs`lmlemo ai`b hse`khm khaemrd (V`rrho, <6=7). Hsthimb monhom
 l`rmsmi dmrh lmbmsm imtho ymon mrthoym t`rsuklmt. Monhom p`gtarhs mdmimb hsthimb ymon
dhnuomemo uotue k`onnmklmremo oy`rh dmdm mtmu e`thdmeoymkmomo mehlmt p`oymeht
mrt`rh earaomrh (Kartao, <6=>).
Monhom
Mon hom p`gtar
p`gtarhs
hs k`khih
k`khiheh
eh mrth oy`rh
oy`rh dmdm
dmdm hot`rkh
hot`rkht`o
t`o ymon
ymon dhs`lm
dhs`lmlem
lemo
o ai`b
ai`b
hse`khm khaemrdhuk ymon r`c`rshl`i dmo s`k`otmrm (\allhos, <6=>). Monhom p`gtarhs
mdmimb oy`rh b`lmt l`rmsmi dmrh jmotuon dmo t`rjmdh s`lmnmh r`spao t`rbmdmp supimh
aeshn`o ymon thdme md`eumt e` s`i-s`i khaemrdhuk. Oy`rh lhsm k`oy`lmr dhi`onmo ehrh
e` puonnuon, e` rmbmon mtmu e` dm`rmb mldak`o (Garwho, <668). Jmdh l`rdmsmremo
 p`on`rthmo dh mtms, dmpmt dhshkpuiemo monhom p`gtarhs mdmimb oy`rh b`lmt ymon
k`oy`lmr e` i`onmo ehrh, e` puonnuon, e` rmbmon, mtmu e` dm`rmb mldak`o dmo t`rjmdh
s`lmnmh mehlmt supimh aeshn`o ymon thdme md`eumt e` s`i-s`i khaemrdhuk.

L. @t
@tha
haia
ianh
nh
Monhom
Monhom p`gtarh
p`gtarhss dhs`lm
dhs`lmlem
lemo
o ai`b
ai`b lmoyme
lmoyme bmi s`p`rth
s`p`rth e`r
e`rusme
usmemo
mo mrt`rh
mrt`rh earao`
earao`rr,
hosuchsh`osh emtup martm, bhonnm mo`khm l`rmt.
=. V`o
V`oymeh
ymehtt mrt`
mrt`rh
rh ea
earao`
rao`r 
r 
m. Mt`rasei`rashs k`klumt dhodhon mrt`
rt`rh k`onmimkh
mkh p`oy`kp
`kphtm
tmo
o
s`bhonnm k`onnmonnu supimh dmrmb e` jmotuon. W`imho htu mt`rasei`rashs junm
 

k`oy`
`oy`lm
lml
lemo
emo e`eme
`emeu
umo pmd
pmdm dho
hod
dho
hon
n p`
p`kl
klu
uiu
iub
b dmr
mrmb
mb sb
sbho
honn
nnmm
k`ohonemtemo r`shst`osh p`kluiub dmrmb. V`ohonemtmo r`shst`osh p`kluiub
dmrmb hoh k`oy`lmlemo mihrmo dmrmb k`ojmdh t`rbmklmt s`bhonnm supimh dmrmb
k`ojmdh eurmon dmo k`khgu monhom p`gtarhs.
 l. Wpmsk` mrt`rh earao`r dmpmt dhs`lmlemo ai`b methvhtms smrmc
smr mc shkpmthe 
kmupuo p`oymimbnuommo zmt t`rt`otu khsmioym eaemho. V`oy`kphtmo mrt`rh
earao`r dmpmt k`onbmklmt mihrmo dmrmb s`bhonnm k`onurmonh supimh dmrmb
e` atat jmotuon.
<. Hosuc
suchsh
sh``osh ma
mart
rtmm
Wumtu
Wumtu ea
eaod
odhsh
hsh dhkm
dhkmomom em
emtu
tup
p ma
mart
rtmm thdm
thdme
e k`ou
k`outu
tup
p s`
s`gmr
gmrmm `chsh`
`chsh`os
os`b
`bho
honn
nnmm
k`kuonehoemo dmrmb lagar e`klmih e` rumon jmotuon v`otrhe`i ehrh. Bmi hoh
k`oy`lmlemo p`ouruomo vaiuk` s`euogup dmo gurmb jmotuon. V`ouruomo gurmb
 jmotuon hoh dmpmt k`ouruoemo mihrmo dmrmb e` mrt`rh earao`r s`bhonnm k`khgu
t`rjmdhoym monhom p`gtarhs.
7. Mo`khm l`rmt
Eaodhsh hoh k`rupmemo smimb smtu p`khgu hse`khm pmdm l`rlmnmh jmrhonmo dmo
arnmo
arnmo tulub
tulub kmoush
kmoushm,
m, t`rkmsue
t`rkmsue jmotuon
jmotuon.. Wmmt
Wmmt t`rjmdh
t`rjmdh p`ohon
p`ohonemt
emtmo
mo methvht
methvhtms
ms
 jmotuon s`dmonemo dmrmb thdme kmkpu k`kl`rhemo aeshn`o ymon md`eumt,
m d`eumt, kmem
dmpmt k`khgu t`rjmdhoym monhom p`gtarhs.
W`imho htu t`rdmpmt l`l`rmpm cmetar r`shea ymon k`o`kpmtemo s`s`armon t`rkmsue 
e` dmimk emt`narh r`shea thonnh mtmu r`odmb. Pshm dmo j`ohs e`imkho k`rupmemo cmetar 
r`shea ymon thdme dmpmt dh ulmb. E`kudhmo paim bhdup ymon thdme s`bmt junm k`ojmdh
cmetar r`shea t`rjmdhoym s`rmonmo monhom p`gtarhs. K`raeae dmo eaosuksh khoukmk
 l`rmieabai k`rupmemo p`khgu mt`rasei`rashs
mt` rasei`rashs p`oy`lml monhom p`gtarhs. W`k`otmrm htu

 paim kmemo ymon thdme s`bmt junm l`reaotrhlush t`rbmdmp r`shea monhom p`gtarhs
(^hjmym, <6=0).
Eimshchemsh
Eimshc hemsh Monhom V`gtarhs (Ourmrhc,
(Ourmrhc , <6=3) :
=. Monhom Wtmlhi
Monhom stmlhi mdmimb oy`rh dmdm ymon e`kuonehomo t`rjmdh emr`om methchtms. N`jmim
dmrhh monhom
dmr monhom stmlhi
stmlhi lhmsmo
lhmsmoym
ym t`rjmdh
t`rjmdh emr`om
emr`om l`reur
l`reurmon
monoym
oym aeshn`
aeshn`o
o khaemr
khaemrdhu
dhuk,
k,
 p`kmemhmo aeshn`o dmo subu ymon `estrhk. V`omonmomo pmdm monhom stmlhi ymhtu
d`on
d`onmo
mo p`kl
p`kl`r
`rhm
hmo
o ohtr
ohtran
anih
ihs`
s`rh
rho
o dmo
dmo hsth
hsthrm
rmbm
bmt.
t. Vm
Vmdm
dm l`
l`l`
l`rm
rmpm
pm pm
pmsh
sh`o
`o ju
junm
nm
k`onnuomemo emishuk gbmo`i liae`r dmo l`tm mdr`o`rnhg liage`rs.
<. Monhom Vrhozk`tmi (vmrhmo)

Emrmet`rhst
Emrmet` rhsthe
he dmrh
dmrh oy`rh
oy`rh dmdm
dmdm pmdm
pmdm monhom
monhom prhzk`t
prhzk`tmi
mi (Smrh
(Smrhmo)
mo) t`rjmdh
t`rjmdh pmdm
pmdm smmt
hsthrmb
hsthrmbmt
mt mtmu thdme
thdme l`rmet
l`rmethvh
hvhtms.
tms. V`oy`l
V`oy`lml
ml monhom
monhom vmrhmo
vmrhmott ymhtu
ymhtu emr`om
emr`om mdmoym
mdmoym
 

vmsaspmsk`
vmsaspmsk` mrt`rh earao`r,
earao`r, dhkmom dmpmt k`oy`lmlemo
k`oy`lmlemo p`ohonemtmo
p`ohonemtmo e`lutubmo
aeshn`
aeshn`o
o o`aemr
o`aemrdhu
dhuk
k dmo mdmoym
mdmoym s`nk`o
s`nk`o WT `i`vms
`i`vmsh.
h. J`ohs
J`ohs hoh p`omon
p`omonmomo
momooym
oym
d`onmo emishuk gbmo`i liage`rs.
7. Monhom Thdme Wtmlhi
Monhom thdme stmlhi t`rjmdh pmdm pmsh`o pmdm smmt hsthrmbmt dmo lhsm junm t`rjmdh pmdm

 pmsh`o d`onmo methchtms t`rlmtms.

G. Kmohc`st
Kmohc`stmsh
msh Eihohe 
Eihohe 
Tmodm dmo n`jmim dmrh monhom p`gtarhs motmrm imho (Ourmrhc, <6=3) :
=. Monhom Wtmlhi
m. Kuogui e e``them k`
k`imeuemo me methvhtms l`
l`rmt
 l. Oy`rh s`rhon k`oy`lmr e` i`onmo, i`b`r, i`b`r, lmbu dmo puonnuon.
puonnuon.
g. W`sme pm
pmdm sm smmt l
l``rmethchtms, e`
e`i`imbmo
d. K`rms
msmm th
thdme oyoymkmo pmdm st st`ro
rou
uk s`s`p`rth rm
rmsm t`r
`rtt`emo
<. Monhom th
thdme st
stmlhi
m. Ghrh eb
ebms e`
e`thdmeoymkmomo dh
dh dmd
dmdmm pmd
pmdmm mo
monhom ho
hoh l`
l`rupm: oy`rh
dmdm r`trast`romi mtmu p`rgardhmi ymon t`rt`emo, s`rhon k`oy`lmr e` i`b`r,
i`onmo ehrh, dmo lmbu.
 l. Thklui wmetu hsthrmbmt mtmu e`rjm rhonmo
g. @EN : d`vhmsh ss``nk`ot WT d`pr`sh mmttmu `i`vmsh
d. Kumi, kukuotmb, pmpmiphtmsh ddmmo s`
s`sme om
ompms
`. N`jm
N`jmimim t`r
t`rjm
jmdh
dh pmdm
pmdm sm
smmt
mt hs
hsth
thrm
rmb
bmt mtm
mtmu
u pmd
pmdmm smmm
smmmtt l
l`r
`rme
meth
thch
chtm
tmss rho
rhonm
nmo
o
7. Monhom Smrhmos
m. E`th
E`thd
dmeoy
meoymk
mkmo
momo
mo r`
r`tr
tra
ast
st`r
`ro
omi kuon
kuoneh
eho
o k`o
k`oy`
y`l
lmr e`
e` i`o
i`on
nmo
mo,, ii`b
`b`r 
`r 
mtmu rmbmon lhmsmoym t`rjmdh pmdm smmt hsthrmbmt, s`rhon t`rjmdh pmdm wmetu pmnh
bmrh
 l. @EN : d`vhmsh s`nk`ot WT d`pr`sh mtmu `i`vmsh ymon thklui pmdm
wmetu s`rmonmo ymon e`kudhmo oarkmi s`t`imb s`rmonmo s`i`smh.

D. Vmtachsha
Vmtachshaianh
ianh dmo Vmtbwmy
Vmtbwmy
 K`emohsk` thkluioym monhom p`gtarhs dhdmsmremo pmdm e`thdmemd`eumtmo supimy
ae
aeshn
shn`o
`o e` s`
s`i-s
i-s`i
`i khae
khaemrd
mrdhu
huk
k ym
ymon
on dhme
dhmehl
hlmte
mtemo
mo em
emr`o
r`omm e`
e`em
emeu
eumo
mo mrt`rh
mrt`rh dm
dmo
o
 p`oy`kphtmo iuk`o mrt`rh garao`r (mt`rhasei`rashs garao`r). Thdme dhe`tmbuh s`gmrm
 pmsth mpm p`oy`lml mt`rhasei`rashs, omkuo j`ims lmbwm thdme mdm cmetar tuonnmi ymon
 l`rtmonnuonjmwml mtms p`re`klmonmo mt`rhasei`rashs. Mt`rhasei`rashs k`rupmemo
 p`oymeht mrt`rh garao`r ymon pmihon s`rhon dht`kuemo. W`wmetu l`lmo e`rjm sumtu
 jmrhonmo k`ohonemt, kmem e`lutubmo aeshn`o junm k`ohonemt. Mpmlhim e`lutubmo
 

k`ohonemt pmdm jmotuon ymon s`bmt kmem mrt`rh garao`r l`rdhimtmsh dmo k`onmihremo
i`lh
i`lhb
b lm
lmoy
oyme
me dm
dmrm
rmb
b dm
dmo
o ae
aeshn
shn`o
`o e` atat
atat jm
jmot
otuo
uon.
n. Omkuo
Omkuo mp
mpml
mlhi
himm mr
mrt`r
t`rhh ga
gara
rao`
o`r 
r 
k`onmimkh e`emeumo mtmu k`oy`kpht mehlmt mt`rhasei`rashs dmo thdme dmpmt l`rdhimtmsh
s`lmnmh r`spao t`rbmdmp p`ohonemtmo e`lutubmo memo aeshn`o, kmem t`rjmdh hse`khe 
(e`eurmonmo supimh dmrmb) khaemrdhuk.
Mdmoym `odat`i ymon g`d`rm k`onmehlmtemo bhimonoym praduesh Ohtrmt aeshda ymon
 l`rcuonsh uotue k`onbmklmt l`rlmnmh zmt ymon r`methc. D`onmo thdme mdmoym cuonsh
hoh dmpmt k`oy`lmlemo atat paias l`reaotrmesh dmo thklui spmskus garao`r ymon
k`kp`r
k`kp`rl`rm
l`rmtt p`oy`k
p`oy`kpht
phtmo
mo iuk`o
iuk`o emr`om
emr`om supimh
supimh ae
aeshn`
shn`o
o e` khaemr
khaemrd
d l`reur
l`reurmon
mon..
V`oy`kphtmo mtmu liae hoh l`iuk k`ohkluiemo n`jmim ymon l`nhtu Omkpme lhim l`iuk
k`og
k`ogmp
mpmh
mh >0
>0%.
%. Lh
Lhim
im p`
p`oy
oy`k
`kph
phtm
tmo
o i`lh
i`lhb
b dm
dmrh
rh >0
>0%
% s`rtm
s`rtm dh
dhph
phgu
gu d`
d`on
onmo
mo me
meth
thcht
chtms
ms
 l`ri`lhbmo kmem supimh dmrmb e` garao`r memo l`reurmon. W`i-s`i khaemrdhuk
k`on
k`onnu
nuom
omem
emo
o nihe
nihean
an`o
`o mo
mom`
m`ra
ral
l uo
uotu
tue
e k`
k`k`o
k`oub
ubhh e`
e`lu
lutu
tubm
bmo
o `o
`o`r
`rnh
nh k`r`e
k`r`em.
m.
K`tmlaihsk` hoh k`onbmshiemo msmk imetmt ymon k`ouruoemo pB khaemrdhuk dmo
k`ohkluiemo oy`rh. Mpmlhim e`lutubmo `o`rnh s`i-s`i jmotuon l`reurmon, kmem supimh
ae
aeshn
shn`o
`o k`oj
k`ojmdh
mdh md
md`e
`eum
umtt dm
dmo
o s`i-s`
s`i-s`ii atat
atat e`
e`kl
klmih
mih ca
casc
scar
arhi
himsh
msh ae
aesh
shdm
dmthc
thc uo
uotu
tue 
e 
k`kl`otue `o`rnh. Vras`s hoh thdme k`onbmshiemo msmk imetmt. D`onmo bhimonoym msmk
imetmt oy`rh memo r`dm (Vrhg` & ^hisao, <668).
 

@. V`omtmim
V`omtmimesmo
esmommo
mmo
 

Mdm dum tujumo utmkm p`omtmimesmommo monhom p`gtarhs :

=. K`og
K`og`n`nmb
mb t`rj
t`rjmd
mdho
hoym
ym hocm
hocmre
re kha
hae
emr
mrd
d dmo o`e `era
rash
shs,
s, d`o
d`onm
nmo
o d`
d`kh
kheh
ehmo
mo
k`ohonemtemo eumothtms bhdup
<. K`on
K`onur
urmo
mon
nh sy
sykp
kptatak
k dmo
dmo cr
cr`e
`ew
w`o
`osh
sh s`
s`rt
rtmm l`r
`rmt
mtoy
oymm hsgb
hsgb`k
`khm
hm,, d`on
d`onmo
mo
d`khehmo k`ohonemtemo eumihtms bhdup

Vrhoshp p`omtmimesmommo monhom p`gtarhs mdmimb: k`ohonemtemo p`kl`rhmo aeshn`o

(d`onmo
(d`on mo k`ohonemte
k`ohonemtemomo mihrmo dmrmb earao`r)
earao`r) dmo k`ouruoemo e`lutubmo
e`lutubmo aeshn`o
aeshn`o
(d`onmo k`onurmonh e`rjm jmotuon).
=. T`rmph Cmrkmeaianhs uotue moth monhom
m onhom dmo moth hsgb`khm
m. V`oy
V`oy`e
`emt
mt L`tm
L`tm : al
almt
mt ho
hohh k`ru
k`rupm
pmem
emo
o t`t`rmp
rmphh ut
utmk
mkmm pm
pmdm
dm mo
monh
nhom
om..
V`oy`emt l`tm dmpmt k`ouruoemo e`lutubmo aeshn`o khaemrd d`onmo gmrm
k`ouruoemo cr`ew`osh d`oyut jmotuon, eaotrmethihtms, t`emomo dh mrt`rh dmo
 p`r`nmonmo pmdm dhodhon v`otrhe`i ehrh. @c`e smkphon lhmsmoym kuogui
 lrmdhemrdh dmo thklui liae mtrhav`otrheui`r. Almt p`oy`emt l`tm motmrm imho:
mt`oaiai, k`tapraiai, praprmoaiai, omdaiai.
l.  Ohtrmt dmo Ohtrht : K`rupmemo vmsadhimtar `odatb`ihuk ymon smonmt
 l`rkmocmmt uotue k`onurmonh sykptak monhom p`gtarhs, dhsmkphon junm
k`kpuoymh `c`e mothtraklathe dmo mothpimt`i`t. Ohtrmt k`ouruoemo e`lutubmo
aeshn`o khaemrd k`imiuh p`onurmonmo pr`iamd s`bhonnm t`rjmdh p`onurmonmo
vaiuk` v`otrhe`i dmo t`emomo mrt`rhmi. Wmimb smtu kmsmimb p`onnuommo ohtrmt
 jmonem pmojmon mdmimb t`rjmdhoym tai`rmosh t`rbmdmp ohtrmt. Potue k`og`nmb
t`rjmdhoym tai`rmosh dhmojuremo k`kmemh ohtrmt d`onmo p`rhad` l`lms ohtrmt
ymon gueup ymhtu 2 ‗ =< jmk. Almt naiaonmo ohtrmt dmo ohtrht mdmimb : mkhi
ohtrht, HWDO, hsasarlhd kaoaohtrmt, ohtranihs`rho.
g. Emishu
Emishukk Motmna
Motmnaohs
ohs : almt
almt hoh l`e`rjm
l`e`rjm d`onmo
d`onmo gmrm k`onbm
k`onbmklm
klmtt
kmsu
km sueo
eoym
ym em
emish
ishuk
uk k`imi
k`imiuh
uh smiur
smiurmo
mo em
emis
ishu
huk,
k, ym
ymon
on me
memo
mo k`oy
k`oy`l
`lml
mlem
emo
o
r`ime
r`imesms
smshh atat
atat pa
paia
iass p`
p`kl
klui
uiu
u dm
dmrm
rmb
b s`bho
s`bhonn
nnmm t`
t`rjm
rjmdh
dh vm
vmsa
sadh
dhimt
imtmsh
msh pm
pmdm
dm
 p`kluiub dmrmb `phemrdhmi dmo shst`khe. Emishuk motmnaohs junm k`ouruoemo
emlutu
emlutubmo
bmo ae
aeshn
shn`o
`o khaemr
khaemrd
d d`onmo
d`onmo gmrm k`ouru
k`ouruoem
oemo
o r`shst`
r`shst`osh
osh vmseui
vmseui`r 
`r 
shst`kh
shst`khe.
e. Naiaon
Naiaonmo
mo almt
almt emishu
emishuk
k motmna
motmnaohs
ohs mdmimb
mdmimb mkiadh
mkiadhpho
pho,, l`prhdh
l`prhdhi,
i,
dhithmz`k, c`iadhpho, hsrmdhpho, ohemrdhpho, ohc`dhpho, ohkadhpho, v`rmpmkhi.

<. T`rmph Cmrkmeaianhs uotue k`og`nmb Hocmre khaemrd meut

m. T`rmph mothpimt`i`t, almtoym mdmimb msphrho dhl`rhemo pmdm p`od`rhtm

VJE lmhe meut mtmu eraohe, e`gumih mdm eaotrm hodhemsh, kmem p`od`rhtm dmpmt
dhl`rhemo thhgiaphdho mtmu giaphdanr`i
 

l. T`rmph
`rmph Moth
Mothtr
trak
akla
laih
ihthe
the,, al
almt
mtoy
oymm md
mdmim
mimb
b b`
b`pm
pmrho
rho dm
dmo
o wmrc
wmrcmrh
mrho.
o.
V`onnuommo mothtraklaihthe dashs r`odmb memo k`ouruoemo r`shea t`rjmdhoym
hsgb`khm pmdm p`od`rhtm d`onmo cmgtar r`shea
g. T`rmph p`ouruomo
p`ouruomo eai`st`rai,
eai`st`rai, shkvmstmtho
shkvmstmtho memo k`ouruoem
k`ouruoemo
o IDI
(iaw d`oshty ihpaprat`ho) s`bhonnm k`kp`rlmheh cuonsh `odat`i pmdm dm`rmb
mtb`rase`i`rashs kmem mihrmo dmrmb dh mrt`rhm earaomrhm i`lhb lmhe.
7. \`vmseuimrhsmsh Khaemrd
Monhom
Monhom p`gtarhs
p`gtarhs dmpmt k`o`tmp smkpmh l`rtmbuo-tmbuo
l`rtmbuo-tmbuo dmimk l`otue
l`otue s`rmonmo
s`rmonmo
rhonmo ymon stmlhi. Omkuo lhim k`ojmdh thdme stmlhi kmem dhmonnmp s`rhus, `phsad`
oy`rh dmdm k`ojmdh i`lhb s`rhon dmo l`rmt, t`rjmdh tmopm p`oy`lml
p`oy`lml ymon j`ims. Lhim
n`jmim
n`jmim thdme
thdme dmpmt
dmpmt dheaot
dheaotrai
rai d`onmo
d`onmo t`rmph
t`rmph cmrkmea
cmrkmeaian
ianhs
hs ymon
ymon k`kmdm
k`kmdmh,
h, kmem
kmem
thodmemo hovmshv` s`p`rth VTGM (monhapimsty garao`r trmosiukhomi p`rgutmo) bmrus
dhphehremo uotue k`kp`rlmheh shreuimsh earaomrhm.
4. T`rmph Oao Cmrkmeaianhs
Mdm l`rlmnmh gmrm imho ymon dhp`riuemo uotue k`ouruoemo e`lutubmo aeshn`o

 jmotuon motmrm imho : pmsh`o bmrus l`rb`oth k`raeae, emr`om k`raeae 

k`onmehlmtemo tmehemrdhm dmo omheoym t`emomo dmrmb, s`bhonnm k`kmesm jmotuon
 l`e`rjm e`rms. Armon al`shtms dhmojuremo k`ouruoemo l`rmt lmdmo uotue 
k`onurmonh
k`onurmonh e`rjm jmotuon.
jmotuon. K`onurmonh str`ss uotu
uotue
e k`ouruoem
k`ouruoemo
o emdmr mdr`omiho
ymon dmpmt k`ohkluiemo vmsaeaotrhesh p`kluiu dmrmb. V`onaotraimo nuim dmrmb.
V`onnuommo eaotrms`psh dmo e`prhlmdhmo s`p`rth smonmt eakp`ththc, mnr`shc mtmu
mklhshus.

C. V`k`rhesm
V`k`rhesmmo
mo V`ouoj
V`ouojmon
mon
=. V`k`rhesmmo Dhmnoasthe  
 l. @EN : @EN k`r`emk mdmoym oy`rh kuoneho dhs`lmlemo hse`khm
d`onmo
d`onmo k`onnm
k`onnmklm
klmrem
remo
o tmodm
tmodm WT `i`vmsh
`i`vmsh mtmu d`pr`sh
d`pr`sh.. \`emkmo
\`emkmo @EN
s`imkm `phsad` oy`rh k`kl`rh e`smo mdmoym e`emeumo mrt`rh earao`r dmo
k`iumsoym atat jmotuon k`omodmemo mdmoym mtmu t`rjmdhoym hse`khm.
g. Imthb
thbmo @EN
@EN : W`i
W`imkm
mkm str
str`s
`sss t`s,
t`s, pm
pmsh`
sh`o l`ri
l`rimmthb
thb d`o
d`onmo tr`
tr`mdkhii
mtmu s`p`dm ymon thdme l`rjmimo smkpmh k`ogmpmh 20% dmrh cr`eu`osh jmotuon.
@EN mtmu vhtmi shno
s hno kuoneho k`onhodhemshemo mdmoym hse`khm
d. @LGT (@ (@i`gtrao L`
L`mk Gak
Gakput`d T`kanrmpby) : Th Thodmemo oa
oao
hovmshv
hovmshv`` hoh k`kuon
k`kuoneho
ehoemo
emo k`od`t
k`od`t`esh
`esh jukimb
jukimb dmrh emishu
emishuk
k dmimk
dmimk mrt`rh
mrt`rh

earao`r. Emr`om eimshchemsh t`rjmdh d`onmo mdmoym p`kl`otuemo dmrh pime 

 

mt`rase
mt`rasei`ra
i`rashs
shs dheara
dhearao`r
o`r.. Thonnho
honnhoym
ym ohimh
ohimh emishu
emishuk
k earao`
earao`rr k`kpuo
k`kpuoymh
ymh
buluonmo d`onmo p`oymeht suklmtmo earao`r.
`. Earao`r Monhanrmpby : Monhanrmpby k`rupmemo t`s mtmu
 p`k`rhesmmo dhmnoasthg ymon pmihon meurmt dmimk k`o`nmeemo dhmnoas`
mdmoym suklmtmo pmdm mrt`rh earao`r emr`om mdmoym mt`rasei`rashs.
c.Cata Tbarmes : Cata tbarme mdmimb t`eohe ymon kudmb uotue k`ihbmt mtmu
k`od`t`esh mdmoym gmrdhak`nmiy dmo p`oy`lml oy`rh dmdm ymon luemo pmdm
 lmnhmo jmotuon (khsmioym5 pi`urhths mtmu po`ukaohm).
<. V`k`rhesmmo Imlarmtarhuk
E`them s`i khaemrdhuk k`onmimkh e`rusmemo emr`om mdmoym
mdmoym hocmre, lhaehkhm
lhaehkhm
dmimk mihrmo dmrmb dmpmt dhd`t`esh d`onmo t`s imlarmtarhuk.
m. Er`mthoho Ehoms`
Er`mthoho ehoms` mdmimb `ozhk ymon dht`kuemo dh jmotuon dmo atat se`i`tmi.
E`them atat jmotuon k`onmimkh e`rusmemo, er`mthoho ehoms` l`r`dmr dmimk
dmrmb. Thonemt er`mthoho ehoms` k`ojmdh thdme oarkmi e`them 3-2 jmk s`t`imb
aos`t hocmre, k`kuogme pmdm =<-<2 jmk, dmo l`reurmon mtmu k`ouruo mtmu
e`klm
`klmih
ih oark
oarkmi
mi dmim
dmimk
k <4-7
<4-73
3 jm
jmk.
k. Hsa
sa`o
`ozh
zhk
k dm
dmrh
rh er
er`m
`mth
tho
oho eho
homs
ms``
mdmimb
mdmimbtth
tthodm
odmemo
emo ymon
ymon k`o`ot
k`o`otuem
uemo
o mpmemb
mpmemb er`mth
er`mthoho
oho ehoms`
ehoms` l`rmsmi
l`rmsmi dmrh
dmrh
 jmotuon (KL) mtmu dmrh atat se`i`tmi. Thonnhoym
Thonnhoym GE-KL k`omodmemo mdmoym
hodhemsh dmrh e`rusmemo khaemrdhuk. Potue pmsh`o HK, GE-KL t`rihbmt dmimk
s`ruk, dmimk 7-=< jmk, k`kuogme pmdm <4 jmk, dmo e`klmih oarkmi dmimk
42->< jmk. GE-KL pashthc e`them i`lhb l`smr 7% dmrh tatmi er`mthoho ehoms`.
 Ohimh oarkmi :
Tatmi er`mthoho ehoms` Vrhm : 36 ‗ 466 u/I
Tatmi er`mthoho ehoms` wmohtm : 46 ‗ =06 u/I
GE-KL : 9 7% mtmu 6 ‗ >,0 on/ki

 l. Trapaoho
Trapaoho
Trapaoh
rapaoho
o mdmimb
mdmimb eakpao
eakpao`o
`o dmsmr
dmsmr dmrh
dmrh atat
atat jmotuo
jmotuon
n ymon
ymon k`oy`l
k`oy`lmle
mlemo
mo
eaotrmesh dmrh atat jmotuon. Trapaoho thdme dht`kuemo pmdm armon ymon s`bmt.
Trapaoho
Trapaoho dhlmnh k`ojmdh < ymhtu trapaoho
tr apaoho H dmo trapaoho T.
=) Tra
rapa
paoh
oho
o H dm
dmo
o trapao
trapaoho
ho T smonmt
smonmt lmnus
lmnus uotue
uotue dhnuo
dhnuome
memo
mo dmimk
dmimk
dhmnoas` HKM. Trapaoho H5 k`ohonemt dmimk 7-=< jmk, k`kuogme <4
 jmk, dmo t`tmp k`ohonemt dmimk 0-=6 bmrh. Trapaoho H smonmt sp`shche dmo
 

s`osht
s`oshthv`
hv` hodhem
hodhemsh
sh dmrh
dmrh HKM dmo thdme
thdme k``kp`
k``kp`onm
onmrub
rubhh dmrh
dmrh p`oyme
p`oymeht
ht
imhooym mtmu hojurh dmrh atat imho e`gumih atat jmotuon.
<) Trarapa
paoh
oho
o T : khrh
khrhpp d`on
d`onmomo GE-
GE-KLKL,, k`oh
k`ohon
onem
emtt dmim
dmimk
k 7 ‗ 3 jmk
jmk
s`t`imb oy`rh, dmo t`tmp k`ohonemt dmimk =4 ‗ <= bmrh. Trapaoho dmpmt
dht`kuemo smkpmh 3 jmk s`t`imb n`jmim dhkuimh. Ai`b emr`om htu, MBM
k`r`eak`odmshemo lmbwm pmsh`o ymon k``kpuoymh trapaoho o`nmthv`
 pmdm 3 jmk dmrh n`jmim aos`t bhonnm 2 ‗ =< jmk s`t`imb aos`t.
 Ohimh \ujue :
Trapaoho
Trapao ho H : 9 6,3 on/ki
on/ki
?=,0 on/ki eaoshst`o d`onmo HK
Trapaoho
Trapaoho T : ? 6,=-6,< on/ki eaoshst`o d`onmo HK
HK
Dmpmt dhd`t`esh pmdm lmtms r`odmb 6,62 on/ki
g. Kyanialho
Kyanialho mdmimb prat`ho ymon k`onhemt aeshnro ymon dht`kuemo pmdm tuion
dmo atat jmotuon.
jmotuon. V`on`iumrmo kyanialho
kyanialho dmrh atat ymon k`onmimkh
k`onmimkh hse`khm
hse`khm
i`lhb duiu dmrrh pmdm p`on`iumrmo er`mthoho ehoms`. W`bhonnm p`ohonemtmo
s`ruk kyanialho
kyanialho dmpmt dhe`tmbuh
dhe`tmbuh s`n`rm s`t`imb n`jmim aos`t. Kyanialho
Kyanialho
k`ohonemt dmimk =-4 jmk dmrh HKM dmo k`kuogme dmimk 3 ‗ > jmk. Emr`om
kyania
kyanialho
lho junm
junm l`rmdm
l`rmdm dmimk
dmimk atat
atat se`i`tmi
se`i`tmi kmem
kmem p`ohon
p`ohonemtm
emtmo
o kyania
kyanialho
lho
thdme dmpmt k`odhmnoasm HK s`gmrm sp`shche. Ohimh rujue : Kyanialho06 ‗ =<6
un/ki
 

HH. MWPBM
M WPBMOO E@V@\M
E@V@ \M^
^MTMO
MTMO
M. Eaos`p Ms
Msubmo E`
E`p`rmwmtmo Er
Erhths
=. V`onemjhmo
m. Momko`sm
=) Hd
Hd`o
`oth
thtm
tmss pms
pmsh`
h`o
o dmo
dmo p`o
`omo
mon
nnu
nuon
on jm
jmwm
wml
l pms
pmsh`
h`o
o
<) E`iu
E`iubm
bmo
o utmk
utmkmm ymo
ymon
n pmi
pmiho
hon
n dhr
dhrms
msme
memo
mo pms
msh`
h`o
o
7) \h
\hw
wmymt
mymt p`o
p`oymeh
ymehtt s`e`r
s`e`rmo
mon
n dhku
dhkuim
imhh dmrh
dmrh mwmi
mwmi kmsu
kmsue
e ruk
rukmb sme
smeht
smkpmh s`emrmon
4) \hwm
\hwmym
ymtt e
e`s
`s`b
`bmt
mtmo
mo kmsm
kmsm imiu
imiu ym
ymon
on p`
p`ro
romb
mb dh mi
mimk
mkhh p
pms
msh`
h`o
o
0) \h
\hw
wmymt
mymt e`s`
e`s`b
bmtmo
mtmo e`iu
e`iumr
mrn
nm, mpme
mpmemb
mb e`iu
e`iumr
mrnm
nm k`kh
k`khih iheh
eh rhwm
rhwmym
ymtt
 p`oymeht ymon s`rhus mtmu p`oymeht k`ouimr 
3) \hwmymt psheasashmi
V`onuk
V`onukpu
puimo
imo hocark
hocarkmsh
msh dhp`riu
dhp`riuemo
emo uotue
uotue k`on`t
k`on`tmbu
mbuhh s`iurub
s`iurub methvh
methvhtms
tms
 pmsh`o, t`rutmkm ymon l`r`shea k`onmimkh s`rmonmo jmotuon mtmu monhom
 p`gtarhs. Tmoymemo
Tmoymemo k`on`omh :
m) Empmo lhmsmoym t`rjmdh s`rmonmo1 W`t`imb k`imeuemo
methvhtms t`rt`otu1
 l) Lmnmhkmom nmklmrmo oy`rh ymon dhrmsmemo1
g) Mpmemb
memb mwht
mwhtmo
mo oy
oy`r
`rhh k`o
`odm
dmdm
dme
e mt
mtmu
mu l`
l`rt
rtmb
mbmp
mp11
d) L`r
`rmmpm imkm oy`rh t`r `rss`l
`lu
ut l`rimo
mon
nsuon dmimk l`l
l`l`r
`rmmpm
d`the1 K`oht1 Jmk1
`) Mpmemb
memb eu
eumi
miht
htms
ms oy`
y`rh
rh k`o`
k`o`tm
tmp
p dmo
dmo t`t`ru
rus-
s-k`
k`o`
o`ru
rus1
s1
c) Mpmemb
memb rms
rmsmm thdm
thdmee oym
oymkkmo dhs
dhs`r
`rtm
tmhh rmsm
rmsm ku
kumi
mi,, sme
smeht e`p
e`pmi
mim,
m,
 pmiphtmsh dmo ompms p`od`e1
n) Lmnmhkmom oy`rh l`reurmon1
 l. V`k`rhesmmo Chshe 
=) L= (Lr`mtb) : Dyspo`m
<) L< (Liaad) : Vmiphtmsh
7) L7 (Lrmho) : oarkmi, lhmsmoym dht`kuemo pushon
4) L4 (Limdd`r) : oarkmi
0) L0 (L
(Law`i)
`i) : Al
Al`sh
shttms, l
lhhmsm dht`ku
`kuemo kumi dmo ku
kuotmb
3) L3 (Lao`) : oarkmi

<. Dhmn
Dhmnoa
oasm
sm E`p`
E`p`rm rmwm
wmtm
tmo
o (T
(Thk Vaej
Vaejmm WDE
WDEHH DVV
DVV VVOH
VVOH,, <6=
<6=3)
3)
=) Oy`rh meut l`rbuluo
l`rbuluonmo
nmo d`onmo
d`onmo mt`rase`iarashs
mt`rase`iarashs mtmu spmsk`
spmsk` earao`r 
<) Hotai`
Hotai`rmo
rmo methcht
methchtms
ms l`rbul
l`rbuluon
uonmo
mo d`onmo
d`onmo e`thdm
e`thdmes`
es`hkl
hklmon
monmo
mo motmrm
motmrm supimh
supimh
aeshn`o dmo e`lutubmo
7) Eurmon
Eurmon p`on`t
p`on`tmbu
mbumo
mo l`rbul
l`rbuluon
uonmo
mo d`onmo
d`onmo e`thdme
e`thdmepmb
pmbmkmo
mkmo pras`s
pras`s dmo
 p`onalmtmo p`oymeht
4) V`ouruomo gurmb jmotuon
jmotuon l`rbuluonmo
l`rbuluonmo d`onmo dhscuonsh eaoduesh
eaoduesh ihstrhe 
0) Mosh`tms
Mosh`tms l`rbuluonmo
l`rbuluonmo d`onmo
d`onmo mogmkmo
mogmkmo e`kmthmo
e`kmthmo
 

7. Hot`
ot`rv`os
v`oshh E`p`r
p`rmwm
mwmtmo (Ou
(Ourm
rmrh
rhcc, <6=
6=3)
3)
Oa Dhmnoasm Tujumo dmo Hot`rv`osh \mshaomi
E`p`rmwmtmo Erht`rhm bmshi  (OHG)
(OAG)
=.  Oy`rh meut W`
W`t`
t`im
imb
b dh
dhim
imeu
euem
emo
o =. Hostrueshemo pm
pmsh`o =. OTN k`kpuoymh `c`e  
 l`rbuluonmo thodmemo uotu
uotue
e p`kl
p`kl`r
`rhm
hmo
o OTN
OTN s`
s`lm
lmn
nmh vm
vmsa
sadh
dhim
imta
tarr, ym
ymo
on
d`onmo e`p`rmwmtmo
e`p`r mwmtmo s`imkm su
suli
liho
honu
numimi.. VmVmd
dm sm smmmt k`oy`l
k`o y`lmle
mlemo
mo mih
mihrmo
rmo dmrmb
dmrmb e`
mt`rase`iarashs ….x <4 jm
….x jmk
k oy`
y`rh
rh  p`kl`rhmo OTN khotm khae
khaemrmrdh
dhuk
uk i`lhb
i`lhb t`rp
t`rp`o
`oub
ubh,
h,
mtmu spmsk` t`
t`re
reao
aotr
trai
ai,, d`
d`on
onmo
mo  pmsh`o uotue dudue dmo s`bhonnm oy`rh dmdm puo
earao`r  erht`rhm bmshi :  l`rlmrhon.  l`reurmon.
=. Vmsh`o <. Kaohtar   <. E`thdmeoymkmomo dmrh
k`imparemo emrmet`rhsthe oy`rh5 monhom s`rhon susmb dhj`imsemo
dhj`imsemo
e`thdmeoymkmomo eu
eumi
mihtm
htms,
s, iaemiaemsh
sh,, sem
semim
im,, ai`b pmsh`o.
kuimh l`reurmon. dmo durmsh oy`rh. 7. K`ouruoemo e`lutubmo
<. Vmsh`o 7. Hostrueshemo pm pmsh`o ae
aesh
shn
n`o kya
yagm
gmrd
rd s`
s`b
bhonn
honnmm
tmkpme rhi`es dmo uotue rhi`es dmo hsthrmbmt. k`on`klmihe
k`on` klmihemo
mo e`s`hklmon
e`s`hklmonmo mo
oymkmo. 4. Eaimlarmsh motmr
tmrm sup
supimh aeshn` hn`o dmo
 p`kl`rhmo aeshn`o e`lutubmo.
0. Kaohtar tmodm- 4. K`ohonemtemo smturmsh

tmodm
tmodm vht
vhtmi
mi s`imkm
s`imkm oy`rh
oy`rh aeshn`o s`bhonnm mrt`rh
dmdm. k`klmwm i`lhb lmoyme aeshn`o
3. K`ohimh nmklmrmo e` atat jmotuon dmo k`onurmonh
@E N uotue k`ihbmt supimh
sup imh aeshn`
aeshn`o
o dmo e`lutu
e`lutubmo
bmo
 p`rulmbmo s`nk`o WT ymon thdme s`hklmon.
dmo n`iaklmon T. 0. T`emomo dmrmb dmo omdh
 lhmsmoym k`ohonemt s`t`imb
rmon
rmonsm
smon
onmo
mo shkpm
shkpmthe
the s`imkm
s`imkm
oy
oy`r
`rh.
h. LmLmnm
nmhk
hkmo
momp
mpuo
uo khtr
khtrmi
mi
k`oy`lmlemo
k`oy`l mlemo vmsadhimtmsh
vmsadhimtmsh dmo
bmshi t`emomo dmrmb dmpmt turuo
mtmu drap.
3. V`rl`dmmo motmrm monhom

<. dm
dmoo HK smon
smonmt
mt p`
p`ot
otho
hon
n dm
dmimk
imk
Hotai`rmo k`klumt hkpi`k`otmsh
methchtms W`
W`t`
t`im
imb
b dh
dhim
imeu
euem
emo
o hot`rv`osh ymon t`pmt.
 l`rbuluonmo thodmemo
d`onmo e`p`rmwmtmo
e`p`r mwmtmo s`imkm =. K`onmojuremo
e`thdmes`hklmo ….x <4 jmk hsthrmbmt dhmotmrm methchtms. =. Hsthrmbmt methchtms
nmo motmrm dhbhbmmrm
rmpe
pemo
mo dmp
mpmt
mt <. Honmtemo pmsh`o k`o
k` oy`
y`ddhmem
hmemoo wmet
wmetuu uotue 
tue 
supi
supimh
mh ae aeshn`o  l`rmethchtms
shn`o s`gmrm uotue thdme l`e`rjm k`oyhkpmo `o`rny dmo
dmo e`lutubmo  l`rtmbmp, d`onmo d`on
d`onmomo k`on
k`onnu
nuom
omem
emoo  p`kuihbmo.
erht`rhm bmshi : i`onm
i`o nmoo dm
dmo
o lm
lmbu
bu dm
dmim
imk
k <. L`rmethchtms d`onmo
=. Vmsh`o dmpmt  jmonem wmetu ymon imkm. i`onmo dmo lmbu dmpmt
 l`rmethchtms 7. Honmtemo pmsh`o k`ohon
k`o honemt
emtemo
emo e`lutu
e`lutubmo
bmo atat
atat
d`onmo tmopm uo
uotu
tuee l`r `ral
almmt s`
s`gm
gmrm
rm  jmotuon.
7. Lhmsmoym ttu
ulub k`k`onmtur 
mdmoymm nmonnumo
mdmoy nmonnumo  l`rimojut (s`p`rth l`tm  p`onalmtmo s`t`imb l`l`rmpm
hse`khe.  liage`rs).
khonnu.
 

<. Vmsh`o 4. K`ohimh t`emomo 4. K`oy`dhmemo hocarkmsh

k`onmtmemo dmrmb dmo omdh s`l`iuk, dmsmr uotue k`o`otuemo
me
meth
thcht
chtms
ms d`
d`on
onmo
mo s`i
s`imkm, dmo s`sud
sudmb  p`klmtmsmo methchtms dmo
 p`klmtmsmo methchtms. imkmoym t`rmph.
7.
`o`rny dmo 0. K`onmojuremo 0. Imthbmo y mmo
on r ut
utho d mmp
pmt
hsthrmbmt. uotue k`imeuemo
k`imeuemo imthbmo
imthbmo k`ohonemtemo
k`ohon emtemo cuonsh
cuonsh empm
empmshtms
shtms
Eurmon
m`ralhg s`gmrm l`rtmbmp.  jmotuon i`lhb `chsh`o.
 p`on`tmbumo
 l`rbuluonmo
W`
W`t`
t`im
imbb dh
dhim
imeu
euem
emo
o
d`onmo
thodmemo
e`thdmepmbmkmo
e`p`rmwmtmo
e`p`r mwmtmo s`imkm
 pras`s dmo =. K`ohimh
….x<4 jmk
 p`onalmtmo  p`on`tmbumo s`l`iukoym
dh
dhbm
bmrm
rmpe
pemo
mo pmsh
pmsh`o
`o =. V`k
V`kl`rhmohmo hocarkmsh mwmi
 p`oymeht t`otmon p`oy`lml monhom,
dmp
mpmt
mt k`o
k`on` n`tm
tmbu
buhh k`rupmemo tmbmp p`kl`imjmrmo.
 prsas`dur dhmnoasm,
t`otmon pras`s <. Dmpmt k`ouruoemo
r`ogmo
r`ogmomm p`onal
p`onalmtmo
mtmo dmo
 p`oymeht dmo hoshd`o `phsad` hse`khe.
cmetar
cmetar r`shea
r`shea t`r
t`rjmd
jmdhoy
hoymm
 p`onalmtmo, d`onmo 7. K`oyhmpemo pm pmsh`o uo
uotue 
 p`oymeht mrt`rh earao`r.
earao`r.
erht`rhm bmshi : k`onbhimonemo rmsm tmeut pmdm
<. Daraon uotue  
=. Vmsh`o  pmsh`o e`them thdme tmbu mpm
k`onbhodmrh cmgtar r`shea
k`oymtmemo ym
ymon
on bm bmru
russ dhi
dhime
meue
uemo
mo lhim
lhim
 p`kmbmkmo s`rmonmo
s`rmon mo monhom
monhom,, s`p
s`p`rt
`rthh t`rjmdh s`rmonmo.
e`rjm chshe, str`ss
t`
t`ot
otmomon
n ea eaod
odhsh
hsh 4. K`klhmremo pm pmsh`o uo
uotue 
`kashaomi.
dmo pras`s k`onhd`othche
k`onhd `othchemsh
msh methvh
methvhtms
tms ymon
7. Dhseushemo imonemb
 p`oymeht, s`rtm dmpmt dhkadhche
hchemmsh uotue 
ymon dhmklhi jhem t`rjmdh
 p`onalmtmo. k`onbhodmrh str`ss jmotuon.
s`rmonmo monhom.
<. Vmsh`o dmpmt 4. Daraon pmsh`o
 l`rpmrthshpmsh uo
uotu
tue
e k`on
k`onbh bhtu
tuon
on omomdh
dh
dmim
dmimk k pran
pr anrm
rmkk s`odhrh s`imkm
4.
 p`onalmtmo.  l`rmethvhtms.
7. Vmsh`o dmpmt
V`ouruomo gurmb k`imeuemo
 jmotuon  p`rulmbmo paim
bhdup.
 l`rbuluonmo
d`onmo
dhscuonsh
W`
W`t`
t`im
imbb dh
dhim
imeu
euem
emo
o
eaoduesh ihstrhe 
thodmemo
e`p`rmwmtmo
e`p`r mwmtmo s`imkm =. Emjh t`emomo dmrmb, =. Tmehemrdh dmpmt t`rjmdh
….x <4 jmk mdmoym shmoashs dmo emr`om oy`rh, g`kms,
dhbmrmpemo
stmtus p`rompmsmo. bhpaes
bhp aes`kh
`khm,
m, dmo k`ouru
k`ouruooy
ooymm
 p`ohonemtmo gurmb <. K`kp`rtmbmoemo gurmb jmotuon.
 jmotuon, d`onmo thr
thrmb
mb lmrhon
lmrhon pmdm
pmdm pashsh
pashsh <. K`ouruoemo e`lutubmo
erht`rhm bmshi : oymkmo
oym kmo s`imkm
s`imkm `phsad
`phsad`` aeshn`o dmo k`ouruoemo e`rjm
=. K`ouojueem meut  jmotuon.
o p`ouruomo 7. L`rhemo 7. V`onb`kmtmo `o`rny dmo
gurmb jmotuon e`s`kpmtmo e`pmdm k`ouruoemo e`rjm jmotuon.
t`rmtmsh  pmsh`o uotue hsthrmbmt 4. OTN k`kpuoymh `c`e  
dhluethemo ymon
ymo n md`eum
md`eumtt dmo lmotu
lmotu s`
s`lm
lmn
nmh vm
vmsa
sadh
dhim
imta
tarr, ym
ymo
on
 

d`onmo dmimk k`imeuemo MDI k`oy`lmle

k`oy`l mlemo
mo mih
mihrmo
rmo dmrmb
dmrmb e`
e``c`ethcmo 4. Eaimlarmsh d`d`onmo khae
khaemr
mrdh
dhuk
uk i`lhb
i`lhb t`rp
t`rp`o
`oub
ubh,
h,
 pakpm jmotuon, daet`r
dae t`r uotue
uotue p`k
p`kl`r
l`rhmo
hmo s`bhonnm oy`rh dmdm puo
stmt
stmtus
us shre
shreui
uims
mshh almt moth mrhtkhm,  l`reurmon.
dmo p`rcush ohtranihs`rho dmo
 jmrhonmo. cmsadhimtar uotue  
<. K`ouojueem k`kp`rtmbmoemo
 0. o stmtus
stmtus shreuim
shreuimsh
sh eaotrmethih
eaotr methihtms
tms pr`ia
pr`iad
d dmo
dhluethemo mct`riad.
d`
d`on
onmo
mo t`t`em
emom
omoo
Mosh`tms dmrmb dmimk lmtms
 l`rbuluonmo oarkmi, luoyh
d`onmo mogmkmo om
ompm
pmss tm
tmkl
klmb
mbmo
mo
e`kmthmo thdme mdm, dhst`osh
v`
v`oom ju
jun
nui
uimr
mrhs
hs
thdme mdm.

W`
W`t`
t`im
imb
b dh
dhim
imeu
euememoo
thodmemo =. Vmotmu tmodm dmo
e`p`rmwmtmo
e`p`r mwmtmo s`imkm n`jmim dmrh mosh`tms. =. V`rmsmmo ymon thdme  
<. L`rhemo hocarkmsh
…. x <4 jmk dh`espr`shemo dmpmt
t`
t`o
otm
tmon
on p`o `oy
yme
meht
ht dm dmo
o
dhb
hbmmrmpemo eih`
h`o
o k`ohkluiemo e`emgmumo
 pranoashs pmsh`o.
dmimk e`mdmmo rhi`es hot`romi.
7. Daraon pmsh`o
dmo thdme g`kms <. K`ouruoemo g`kms dmo
uotue
uot ue k`on`e
k`on`esprspr`sh
`shemo
emo
d`onmo erht`rhm bmshi: tmeut
tmeut t`rb
t`rbmd
mdmp
mp dhmn
dhmnoa
oas`
s` dmdmo
o
 p`rmsmmo pmdm armon ymon
=. Vmsh`o dm dmimk  pranoashs p`oymeht.
 p`othon pmdm pmsh`o. 7. K`klmotu pmsh`o dmimk
t`omon, thdme   4. Eaimlarmsh d`d`onmo
dht`kuemo k`onurmonh thonemt e`g`kmsmo.
da
daet
et`r
`r p`
p`kl
kl`r
`rhm
hmo
o al almt
mt 4. K`klmotu pmsh`o uotue  
mdmoym pmiphtmsh. (khsmioym, s`dmthv`)
<. Vmsh`o dmpmt rhi`es.
k`on`espr`shemo
 p`rmsmmo ymon
 pashthc.
7. Vmsh`o dmpmt
k`ouojueemo
eaphon dmimk
k`k`gmbemo
kmsmimb.
4. Vmsh`o
k`imparemo
g`kms l`reurmon
l`reurmon
mtmu t`rmtmsh.
 

4. @vmiumsh
Oa. Dx ^metu @vmiumsh Tt
d
Bmrh
Bmrh,, tm
tmon
onnm
nmi,
i, tm
tmbu
buo,
o, jm
jmk
k W : mp
mpmm ym
ymon
on dh rmsmem
rmsmemo
o / dh emt
emtme
memo
mo

 pmsh`o
A : als`rvmsh e`mdmmo ukuk pmsh`o
M : dhmnoasm t`rmtmsh / l`iuk t`rmtmsh
V : pimoohon / r`ogmom s`imojutoym

DMCTM\ VPWTMEM

Lui`g
Lui`gb`
b`ge
ge,, N.
N.K.
K.,, Lutgb
Lutgb`r
`r,, B.
B.E.
E.,, Dagb
Dagbt`
t`rk
rkmo
mo,, J.K.
J.K.,, & ^mn
mno`r
o`r,, G. <6
<6=7
=7..  Ourshon
 Hot`rv`othaos Gimsshchgmthao (OHG). Whxtb @dhthao. Khssaurh : @is`vh`r Kasly
Garwho, @ihzml`tb J. <668. Vmtachshaianh.
<668. Vmtachshaianh. Jmemrtm:
 Jmemrtm: @NG
B`rd
B`rdkm
kmo,
o, T. B`mt
B`mtb`
b`rr., <6=2
<6=2,, OMOD
OMODM-
M-=
= Dh
Dhmn
mnoa
oash
shss E`p`
E`p`rm
rmwm
wmtm
tmo
o : D`ch
D`choh
ohsh
sh dm
dmo
o
Eimshchemsh <6=2 ‗ <6<6, @dhsh ==. Jmemrtm : @NG
Bauo, B. Nrmy, E`htb D. Dmwehos, Hmho M. Whkpsao & Jbao K. Karnmo. <6=0.  I`gtur`
oat`s emrdhaianh. Jmemrtm : @rimonnm.
Emtbi``o,
Emtbi``o, Auhk`t V`rrho.
V`rrho. <6=7. Pod`rstmodhon tb` `ss`othmis ac grhthgmi gmr` oursbhon.
Iaodao : V@M\WAO
Kaar
Kaarb`
b`md
md,, W.
W.,, Ja
Jabo
bosa
sao,
o, K.,
K., Kmms,
Kmms, K.I.
K.I.,, & Wwmo
Wwmosa
sao,
o, @. <6
<6=7
=7..  Ourshon Autgak`s
Gimsshchgmthao (OAG). Chctb @dhthao. Khssaurh : @is`vh`r Kasly
Kartao
Kartao,, Vmtrhgh
Vmtrhghmm naog`
naog` & Caotmh
Caotmho`,
o`, Darrh`
Darrh` E. <6=>.
<6=>. Grhthgmi gmr` oursbhon m baihsthg
mppramgb. PWM:
mppramgb.  PWM: ^ait`rs
^ait`rs Eiuw`r B`mitb
 Ourmrhc, Mkho Budm. <6=3. Mpihemsh
<6=3.  Mpihemsh Msubmo E`p`rmwmtmo L`rdmsmremo Omodm OHG-OAG.
Janjmemrtm : K`dhmgthao
\ubymo
\ubymoudh
udho,
o, cmqhb. <6=6.
<6=6.  Msubmo e`p`rmwmtmo pmdm eih`o d`onmo nmonnumo syst`k
emrdhavmseui`r. Kmimon
emrdhavmseui`r.  Kmimon : PKK Vr`ss
Thk Vaejm
Vaejm WDEH DVV VVOH. <6=3. Wtmodmr Dhmnoasm E`p`rmwmtmo Hodao`shm.
Hodao`shm. Jmemrtm:
D`wmo V`onurus Vusmt V`rsmtumo V`rmwmt Omshaomi Hodao`shm.
^hjmym. <6=0. E`p`rmwmtmo
<6=0. E`p`rmwmtmo K`dhemi L`dmb (EKL)
(EKL) =.
=. Xanymemrtm: Oubm K`dhem
 

^hiehosao, Judhtb K. <6=3. Lueu

<6=3. Lueu smeu dhmnoashs e`p`rmwmtmo d`onmo hot`rv`osh OHG dmo
erht`rhm bmshi OAG. Jmemrtm: @NG