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1. QUESTION
On assumption of duty as the 22 COAS in 22 May 21, the COAS Lt Gen Faruk Yahaya
released his vision statement for the NA he envisages, discuss the cardinal principles of the
COAS vision and efforts put in place so far to release the COAS Vision.
Answer
 The NA exist to win all land battles in Defence of the territorial integrity of
Nigerian, protect her interest and accomplish other tasks in aid of civil Authority.
 To achieve the NA mission, the COAS developed a vision statement for the NA.
The COAS vision is to have a professional Nigerian Army ready to accomplish
assigned mission within a Joint Environment in defence of Nigerian”.
 Accordingly, the COAS envisions the NA to be a;
a. FFACC; (Flexible Force with Adequate Capacity and Capability).
b. FRAHA; (Force which is robust Agile & High Adaptable).
c. FCDACAHT (Force which is Capable of Defending the Nation against
Asymmetric Conventional and Hybrid Treat).

 In this wise, the Cardinal Principles of the COAS vision is PRAC.

a. Professionalism; To achieve the vision, the COAS expect pers to:
 Execute all ops/activities in line with mil national & intl GBP.
 Display skills and competence, high ethical standard and reasonable
motivation.
 Revive the basics of soldiering,

b. Readiness
 Ability to properly maintain and operate available equipment by NA
troops.
 Enhancing cbt readiness through improved trg, optimal resourcing
maintaining firm leadership and pro-activeness
 Procurement of adequate platform & equipment locally and oversees
would engender effective performance of roles.
 Maintain system to be improved to ensure Ops effectiveness and
efficiency.

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 Propagation of R&D at all times.

c. Administration: The need for sound admin which is essential for optimal
effectiveness and high morale. Sound admin will:
 Engenders right attitude & frame of mind necessary for mission
accomplishment
 Good admin of troops to be emplaced in order to improve morale.
 Pri to be placed on Welfare of Personnel, Promotion of Merit, Celebration
of Gallantry, Honouring our Heroes & Support our Families.

d. Cooperation: in working relationship with all stakeholders as an essential factor

for success. Cooperation would cover:
 Covering inter-operability integration & synergy among Svcs and with
other security agencies & MDAs
 Require clanges in TTP, flexible mind set & acquisition of mil hardware
and software to operate in a joint environment.
 Gaps in inter-Agency svc relationship to be bridged through robust,
interagency and intergovernmental frame work.

3. Changes COAS has Initiated. In pursuant of attaining his vision for the NA, the
COAS has initiated several changes some of which are:
a. Transition effects
(1) Force Structure
(2) Doctrine
(3) Log Sp
b. Repositioning of reorientation of the NA personnel to be able to conduct
independent / Jt Ops as well as employ diverse capabilities response.
c. Adoption of offensive concept of a robust and highly Mobile Force.
d. Reorg in different Theatres to JTF.
e. Merging of OPHD and OPSH with 8 and 3 Div Ops respectively.
f. Massive acquisition of new platform & equipment to replace obsolete ones.
g. Improvement in Capabilities of enablers such as – ISR, Drones, C-IED, HCD.

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4. Welfare/Admin Institute of the COAS

 COAS welfare flights
 Celebrating retiring/discharging personnel
 RSM House
 Hilux for AWO
 Massive Infrastructure development
 Effective and realistic training
 Introduction of new platforms
 Troops rotation in Theatres
 Adequate kitting

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NON KINETIC WARFARE

 NKW – Use of Psychological Informational Diplomatic Economic Social and
Telegraphically (PIDEST) tools of statecraft to achieve national interest and objective
by either acquiescing or impairing the national will of the adversary.

6. PRINCIPAL FIELDS OF NKW

P/DIC3E2S
 Psy Ops
 Deception
 Int Ops
 Cyber Warfare
 Cryptographic Warfare
 C2 Warfare
 EW
 Economic Warfare
 Spiritual Warfare
a. Psy Ops: (1) Aimed at underlining en confidence, morale and decision-making
capabilities (2) employed to influence opinion, emotions, attitudes and behaviors of
adversaries.
b. Deception: Aimed at deceiving en intelligence so as to get into/inside his
decision-making loop. Done via Physical means (camo/dummies) or non-physical
means (bogus comms)
c. Int Ops: Aimed at uncovering en secret capabilities/wpns. Composed of
HUMINT and SIGINT
d. Cyber Ops: destroy, degrade, deny, disrupt enemy IT dependent infrastructure.
e. Cryptographic Warfare: Code breaking and enemy intercepts while
defending attempts to do same to own codes/comm.
f. C2W: destroying its C2 warfare systems, separate en C2 system from forces
while denying en same

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g. EW: aimed at disrupting the adversary C2 capabilities by either employing

direct energy wpns, radio frequency jamming to deny disrupt or deceive an
adversary’s electromagnetic capabilities.
e. Economic Warfare: aimed at degrading en productivity and prosperity to
prevent resources from falling into the lands of the en while aiding friendly forces to
acquire as much resources as possible.
i. Spiritual Warfare:
NKW MEASURES IN NE OPS
 Media Ops (Info)
 Psypos (leaflets)
 Ops Safe Corridor
 Cyber Ops
 Estb of AFN Radio – media/psyops
 Intercepts - crypto
 QIP – Psyops
 Economic Strangulation – Economy
 Blocking Terrorist Financing (Economy)

Russian and Ukraine NKW Efforts

Russian Ukraine
Deception : Mass up for Ex at Belarus Economic Sanctions: Fin, Trade and
others
Cyber: Hacking Informational: Aggressive Media ops
Economic: Blockade Psychological:
Psyops: Inflexing attitude and Behavior Cryptographic: Early intercept
Informational: Propaganda Media/Info Ops
C2: Separation of Command and Control
from forces.

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INSTABILITY IN THE SAHEL REGION OF AFRICAN AND THE MIDDLE EAST

AND IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA
 The Sahel Region is a semi-Arid region of western & North-Central African extending
from Senegal eastward to Sudan. The Sahel stretches from the Atlantic Ocean eastward
through northern Senegal, Southern Mauritania, the great bank of River Niger in Mali,
Burkina Faso, Southern Niger, North Eastern Nigeria, North Central Chad and into Sudan.
 It is a 500km belt of land below the Sahara Dessert, the Sahel stretches from Africa’s
Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.
 Countries in the Sahel include the Lake Chad countries of Chad, Cameroun, Niger and
Nigeria + Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Sudan.
 Main threat is climate change proportion and the population growth of the region is
about 3% .
 Sahel is characterized by Persistent Expanding and Escalating instability.

UNIQUENESS OF THE SAHEL REGION. The geographical location is unique in

several ways:
a. The belt of area where the Sahara Desert meets the Savannah vegetation.
b. The area is where the Nomadic Pastoralist meet with the Agrarian Population.
c. Predominantly Muslim North meets the Christian and Animist South.
d. Arabs, Tuaregs and Berbers meet Black Africans.

3 MAJOR CHALLENGES PERPETRATING INSTABILITY IN THE SAHEL

REGION
a. Climate Change
b. Armed Conflict
c. Rapid Population Growth
d. Others including Bad Governance, Unsecured Borders and Twisted Religious
ideologies.

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A. Rapid Population Growth. Countries in the Sahel maintain some of the fastest
growing population in the world.
 Burkinafaso, Nigeria, Chad and Mali are among the top 20 countries with the
fastest projective population growth.

 For Eg Niger with 24.2 M population rank no 1 in population growth in the

world and by 2050, ie 28 yrs from now, Niger population is projected to be over 65m
that is 175% growth.
 The level of growth drastically outpaces in region’s economic development
hence decline a standard of living and greater competition for resources. This places
further strength and environment.

B. Effect of Climate Change.

 The Sahel is characterized by extreme temperature with fluctuating period of
rain fall and intense drought.
 Area is particular vulnerable to climate change with temperature increasing at
1.5 times the rate of the global average.
 Drought, has devastated the region increasingly posing serious challenge for
crop production
 Desertification due to poor farming practices and land clearing as well as
extreme soil erosion has degraded the land to the point of unproductivity.
 Being that agriculture is one of the main sources of income and employment in
the region, these effects of climate change make lives and livelihood difficult.
 For eg Tumultuous flood and drought in Niger caused 12% decline in cereal
production in 2019 and 2020leadind to 83% of population ie 17.8m suffering from
food insecurity.
 Hence, climate induced conflicts, food insecurity, forced migration are all
common in the Sahel.
C. Armed Conflict

 The most prominent cause of insecurity in the region the recent years is
significant rise in conflict exacerbated by other drivers.

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 The geographical location, vastness and lack of state authority makes Sahel
attractive to organized crimes.
 Drugs trafficking, human trafficking, proliferation of small arms and light
weapons as well as migrant smuggling contribute to the complications of insecurity.
 Terrorist threats and attacks, deteriorating environmental challenges in
exacerbate the competition for resources thereby creating further stress in the region.
 Following CT effort in the middle East, terrorist and extremist have moved to
the ungoverned spaces in the Sahel leveraging the vastness underdeveloped areas in
the region.
 Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam Muslima, an Al-Qaeda affiliate as well as Islamic State
for Greater Sahel are the 2 prominent groups operating along Burkina Faso Mali
border.
 Boko Harram terrorist operates in Lake Chad region
 Violence remains the highest in Burkina Faso while reported fatalities is rising
in Mali and falling in Niger.

IMPLICATION OF INSURGENCIES IN THE SAHEL REGION FOR NATIONAL

SECURITY IN NIGERIA
(a) Socio – Economic implications
(b) Humanitarian implications
(c ) Environmental implications
(d) Socurity implications.
a. Socio – Economic Implications
 The Sahel produces huge social economic contradictions.
 BHT has been major obstacle to educational development in the NE
since 2009.
 Attacks and destruction of health and educational facilities.
 Several health workers have either been killed or have relocated.
 Likewise, over 600 teachers lost their lives, 19,000 teachers displaced
 Girl child education in particular suffered huge set back due to abduction
of female students by insurgent groups.
 Insecurity has scared away investors.

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 Insecurity has diverted FDI away from Nigeria, destroy infrastructure and
redirect public.
 Expenditure largely to security.
b. Humanitarian Implications
 BHT has generated an unprecedented humanitarian crisis in the NE
 Over 2.5 million IDPs & over 300,000 refugees
 10 million people remain at risk of food insecurity
c. Security Implications
 BHT has precipitated huge insecurity in the region.
 Insecurity has undermined human security including personal and
communities’ security.
 Herders/Farmers crisis has destroyed farmlands, properties and several
lives.
 Promotion of cross-national crimes such as human and drug trafficking
etc.
d. Environmental Implications
 Worsen climate change in Nigeria.
 Reduction in farmlands due to soil erosion
 Destruction of crops and animals due to droughts.

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