Sistemi Orientati Ad Internet - 01 Internet

UNIVERSITÀ DI PARMA
Sistemi Orientati ad Internet A.A. 2021-2022
Sistemi Orientati ad
Internet
A.A. 2021-2022
Daniele Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it

Fabio Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it
D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it
● What is internet?
● A short history of internet
● Network edge
Internet ● Network core
● Delay, Loss, Throughput
An introduction ● Security
● Protocol layers
D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 2

What’s internet

Definition
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that
uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks
and devices.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet
It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and

government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a
vast range of information resources and services, such as the interlinked hypertext
documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail,
telephony, and file sharing.

The Internet: basic concepts

Billions of connected computing
devices:
▪ hosts = end systems
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”
Packet switches: forward packets

(chunks of data)
▪ routers, switches
Communication links
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite
▪ transmission rate: bandwidth
Networks
▪ collection of devices, routers,
links: managed by an
organization
The Internet: basic concepts

▪ Internet: “network of networks”
• Interconnected ISPs
▪ protocols are everywhere

• control sending, receiving of messages
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet
▪ Internet standards
• RFC: Request for Comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

Examples of Internet-connected devices
Pacemaker & Monitor

Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Smart speakers
IP picture frame Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote
Security Camera control cable TV
AR devices
sensorized,
bed
Internet phones mattress
Others?
Fitness
trackers 7
A short history of Internet

1962 1980
Kleinrock submits Tim Berners-Lee
his MIT Ph.D. writes ENQUIRE,
dissertation, a program
proposing a documenting links
1936 mathematical
theory for what
1969 between people,
computers, and
were later called projects at CERN.
Herbert George The U.S. Department
Wells first predicts packet-switched of Defense awarded
the World Brain. networks. contracts in 1969 for
the development of
the ARPANET project.
It adopted the packet
switching technology.

1989 1993
Tim Berners-Lee CERN declares
begins writing the Web protocol
World Wide Web, and code free to
the first web all users
1982 browser after two
years of lobbying
1993
The Internet Protocol
CERN
Marc Andreessen
Suite (TCP/IP) was management
announces
standardized, which
version 0.5 of
permitted worldwide
proliferation of NCSA X Mosaic
interconnected networks. web browser
1998
The first Google
index has 26
million Web
pages.
1996 2014
Nokia releases the The number of
Nokia 9000 Internet users
Communicator, worldwide reaches
the first cellphone 3 billion.
with a web
browser.

Protocols
Network protocols:
Human protocols:
▪ computers (devices) rather than humans
▪ “what’s the time?”
▪ all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols
▪ “I have a question”
▪ introductions
… specific messages sent Protocols define the format, order of

… specific actions taken when messages sent and received among
message received, or other network entities, and actions taken on
events message transmission, receipt

A human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time?
GET
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
13
time
Other human protocols?

Network edge

A closer look at Internet structure

Network edge:
▪ hosts: clients and servers
▪ servers often in data centers


Network edge:
Access networks, physical media:

▪wired, wireless communication links


Network edge:
Access networks, physical media:

▪wired, wireless communication links
Network core:
▪ interconnected routers
▪ network of networks

Hosts
End systems are also referred to as hosts:
● host application programs (Web browser, Web server, email client/server, …)

● is a computer or other device connected to a network
● assigned at least one network address
Hosts are divided into two categories:
● clients (desktops, laptops, smartphones, IoT devices, ...)

● servers (web servers, email servers, search engine servers, cloud servers ...)

Packets two packets,

L bits each
2 1
Host sending function:

host
● takes application message R: link transmission rate
● breaks into smaller chunks, known as packets, of length L bits
● transmits packet into access network at transmission rate R
○ link transmission rate, aka link capacity, aka link bandwidth
packet transmission delay = time to transmit L-bit packets into link = L (bits) / R (bits/sec)

Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
Uses existing telephone line to central office DSLAM
● data over DSL phone line goes to Internet

● voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
The DSL standards define multiple transmission rates including:
➢ 12 Mbps downstream and 1.8 Mbps upstream,

➢ 55 Mbps downstream and 15 Mbps upstream.
Access networks: cable-based access
➢ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

➢ asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbs downstream transmission rate, 30-100 Mbps upstream
transmission rate
➢ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
➢ homes share access network to cable headend

Access networks: FTTx

Fiber to the x or fiber in the loop:
➢ using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local
loop used for last mile telecommunications
➢ x has many flavours like Node, Curb, Building, Home, ...

Access networks: wireless access networks

Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
➢ via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) Wide-area cellular access networks
● typically within or around building (~100 ft) ● provided by mobile network operator (10 km)
● 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 Mbps transmission rate ● 10’s Mbps
● 4G cellular networks (5G coming)

Home networks
wireless
devices
to/from headend
or central office
often combined
in single box
WiFi wireless access cable or DSL modem

point (54, 450 Mbps) router, firewall, NAT
D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it wired Ethernet (1 Gbps) 24
Enterprise networks
Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet
switch institutional mail,
web servers
● companies, universities, etc.

● mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches and routers (we’ll
cover differences shortly)
■ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
■ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Network core

Structure and Strategy

● mesh of interconnected routers
● packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into
packets
○ forward packets from one router to the
next, across links on path from source to
destination
○ each packet transmitted at full link
capacity

Packet Switching: store-and-forward
● Transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to transmit One-hop numerical example:

(push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps ● L = 10 Kbits
● Store and forward: entire packet must arrive at ● R = 100 Mbps
router before it can be transmitted on next link ● one-hop transmission delay = 0.1 msec
● End-end delay: 2L/R (above), assuming zero
propagation delay (more on delay shortly)

Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss
Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds transmission rate (bps) of link for a period of time:
▪ packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
▪ packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
https://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/ecs_kurose_compnetwork_7/cw/content/interactiveanimations/queuing-loss-applet/index.html

Two key network-core functions

Routing:
Forwarding: ▪ global action:

determine
▪ local action: move source-destination
arriving packets from paths taken by
router’s input link to packets
appropriate router
output link ▪ routing algorithms
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching (old approach and less efficient)

Internet structure: a “network of networks”

● Hosts connect to Internet via access Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
○ residential, company and university ISPs
● access ISPs in turn must be interconnected, so that any
○ two hosts can send packets to each other
● resulting network of networks is very complex:
○ evolution was driven by economics and national policies
● Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet structure


Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

connecting each access ISP to

each other directly doesn’t scale:
O(N2) connections.


Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.


But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….


But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. who will want to be connected


… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs


… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai) may run their own network, to bring services,
content close to end users

small number of well-connected large networks:
➢ “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT),
national & international coverage
➢ content provider network (e.g, Google): private network that connects it data centers to Internet, often bypassing
tier-1, regional ISPs
Delay, Loss, Throughput

Packet delay: four sources
dnodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop
dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay

▪ check bit errors ▪ time waiting at output link for transmission
▪ determine output link ▪ depends on congestion level of router
▪ typically < msec

Packet delay: four sources
dnodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop
dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:

▪ L: packet length (bits) ▪ d: length of physical link
▪ R: link transmission rate (bps) ▪ s: propagation speed (~2x108 m/sec)
▪ dtrans = L/R dtrans and dprop ▪ dprop = d/s
very different
Packet queueing delay
average queueing delay

● R: link bandwidth (bps)
● L: packet length (bits) - assuming all packets with
same length
● a: average packet arrival rate (packets/s)
● La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small
● La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large
traffic intensity = La/R
● La/R > 1: more “work” arriving is more than can be 1
serviced - average delay infinite!
La/R ~ 0
La/R -> 1

Packet loss
● queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity
● packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
● lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or
not at all

Throughput
➢ throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are being sent from sender to
receiver
➢ instantaneous: rate at given point in time
➢ average: rate over longer period of time

Throughput
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput

Throughput
➢ per-connection end-end throughput:
min(Rc,Rs,R/3)
➢ in practice: Rc or Rs is often bottleneck
3 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Security

Network security
▪ field of network security:
• how bad guys can attack computer networks
• how we can defend networks against attacks
• how to design architectures that are immune to attacks
▪ Internet not originally designed with (much) security in mind
• original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users attached to a transparent network” ☺
• Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
• security considerations in all protocol layers!

Bad guys: malware

▪ malware can get in host from:
• virus: self-replicating infection by receiving/executing object (e.g., e-mail attachment)
• worm: self-replicating infection by passively receiving object that gets itself executed
▪ spyware malware can record keystrokes, web sites visited, uploading info to collection
site
▪ infected host can be enrolled in botnet, used for spam or distributed denial of service
(DDoS) attacks

Bad guys: denial of service

Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources (server, bandwidth)
unavailable to legitimate traffic by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic
1. select target
2. break into hosts around the network
(see botnet)
3. send packets to target from
compromised hosts

Bad guys: packet interception

Packet “sniffing”:
● broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)

● promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g., including
passwords!) passing by

Bad guys: fake identity

IP spoofing: send packet with false source address
… lots more on Security lesson!

Protocol layers

Protocol “layers” and reference models

Networks are complex, with many “pieces”:
● hosts
● routers
● links of various media
● applications
● protocols
● hardware, software
There is a way of organizing structure of network?

Layering
dealing with complex systems:
▪ explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
▪ modularization eases maintenance, updating of system
• change in layer's service implementation: transparent to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of system
▪ layering considered harmful?
▪ layering in other complex systems?

Internet protocol stack

▪ application: supporting network applications
• IMAP, SMTP, HTTP
• messages
▪ transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP
• segments
▪ network: routing of datagrams from source to destination
• IP, routing protocols
• datagrams
▪ link: data transfer between neighboring network elements
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
• frames
▪ physical: bits “on the wire”
Encapsulation

References
➢ Internet definition: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet
➢ a very short history of the internet and the web:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2015/01/02/a-very-short-history-of-the-internet-an
d-the-web-2/#7d762f027a4e
➢ Tweet-a-watt How-to-make-a-twittering-power-meter:
https://www.instructables.com/id/Tweet-a-watt-How-to-make-a-twittering-power-mete/
➢ Fiber to the x: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x
➢ Internet_protocol_suite: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite
➢ RFC1122: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1122
➢ Queuing and Loss Interactive Animation:
https://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/ecs_kurose_compnetwork_7/cw/content/interactivea
nimations/queuing-loss-applet/index.html

References
➢ Message Segmentation
https://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/ecs_kurose_compnetwork_7/cw/content/interactivea
nimations/message-segmentation/index.html

Copyright
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
8th Edition, Pearson, 2020
Slides and images are adapted from the slides

of Kurose and Ross and are therefore
copyrighted by their authors.

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UNIVERSITÀ DI PARMA

Sistemi Orientati ad Internet A.A. 2021-2022

Daniele Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 2

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 3

It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 4

The Internet: basic concepts

Packet switches: forward packets

The Internet: basic concepts

▪ protocols are everywhere

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 6

Examples of Internet-connected devices

Pacemaker & Monitor

A short history of Internet

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 8

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 9

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 11

… specific messages sent Protocols define the format, order of

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 12

A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Other human protocols?

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 14

A closer look at Internet structure

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 15

A closer look at Internet structure

Access networks, physical media:

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 16

A closer look at Internet structure

Access networks, physical media:

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 17

● host application programs (Web browser, Web server, email client/server, …)

Hosts are divided into two categories:

● clients (desktops, laptops, smartphones, IoT devices, ...)

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 18

Packets two packets,

Host sending function:

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 19

Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)

Uses existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

● data over DSL phone line goes to Internet

The DSL standards define multiple transmission rates including:

➢ 12 Mbps downstream and 1.8 Mbps upstream,

Access networks: cable-based access

➢ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 21

Access networks: FTTx

➢ using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local

loop used for last mile telecommunications

➢ x has many flavours like Node, Curb, Building, Home, ...

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 22

Access networks: wireless access networks

➢ via base station aka “access point”

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 23

WiFi wireless access cable or DSL modem

● companies, universities, etc.

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 26

Structure and Strategy

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 27

Packet Switching: store-and-forward

● Transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to transmit One-hop numerical example:

D. Porta daniele.porta@mapsgroup.it e F. Strozzi fabio.strozzi@mapsgroup.it 28

Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss