Social Inequality

Ryza Tan, Kyla Bongbonga, Keith Callo, Kurt Espiritu, Cristina Santiago
Social
Inequality
0ccurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly,
typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific
patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons (Banks
et al. 2016).
Forms of Social Inequality

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed nder CC BY-SA-NC.

Gender
Inequality
Sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination, commonly
called sexism, are major contributing factors to social inequality. The
emphasis on gender inequality is born out of the deepening division
in the roles assigned to men and women, particularly in the
economic, political and educational spheres. Women are
underrepresented in political activities and decision-making
processes.
The struggle
for Equal
Rights
The modern concept of women as people with full legal rights is a
relatively new idea for many years. Like in the United States, in the
1940's, eleven states did not permit woman to maintain her own
earnings without her husband's approval. Sixteen states ruled that
a married woman could not make legal contracts. In seven states
women were banned from serving on juries. And many states
controlled the kinds of jobs that women could hold.
The Women's
Rights Movement
In 1848 a group of women led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, held
a convention in Sen eca Falls, New York, to have a discussion
about women's rights and this marked the start of the women's
suffrage (voting) movement. While it is true that the fight is not
easy the suffragists had to rally, demonstrate, and even chain
themselves to railings before they finally got the vote in 1920.
Racial or ethnic
inequality
Is the result of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and
ethnic categories within a society and often established based
on characteristics such as skin color and other physical
characteristics or an individual's place of origin or culture. Unequal
treatment and opportunities between such categories are usually
the result of some categories being considered superior to others.
Discrimination
Minorities are being deprived of equal treatment and are kept in
a lower status by the dominant members of the society, and
the resistance of equality is called discrimination.
Prejudice
This is defined as a negative attitude towards the members of
a particular group. It is a pre-conceived idea or judgement of others
that allows us to brands/ levels them in various pessimistic ways.
Stereotyping
It refers to our prosperity to picture all members of a
particular category as having13 the same qualities.
Ethnocentrism
This is defined as a negative attitude towards the members of
a particular group. It is a pre-conceived idea or judgement of others
that allows us to brands/ levels them in various pessimistic ways.
Scapegoating
The term scapegoat is taken from the ancient Hebrew custom
of identifying the sins of the people with a goat and driving the
goat into the wilderness. This is a situation when people
encounter problems that they do not know how to solve. Often,
they feel frustrated.
Racism
It is the thinking that one's own race is superior and has the right to
control or direct others.
Global
inequality
and
international
inequality
Economic
inequality
Economic and natural
resources such as land,
energy, water and other
resources are unevenly
distributed in most
societies. Norms of
allocation can also
affect the distribution
of rights and privileges
social power, access to
public goods such as
education and housing,
and access to credit and
financial services.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

Ethnic Minorities
Ethnicity is a term that describes shared culture-the practices, values,
and beliefs of a group. This might include shared language, religion,
and traditions, among other commonalities. Ethnic minority or
minority group refers to any group of people who because of their
physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in
the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment,
and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective
discrimination. There are the basic ways in which minority definitions
develop according to sociologist, namely migration, colonialism, and
annexation.
 According to
Charles Wagley
there are five
(5)
Characteristics
of Minority
Cited by Balena et al. (2016)

How people become

minorities
There are the basic ways in which minority definitions develop
according to sociologist, namely migration, colonialisn, annexation
Migration
When people move, or migrate, from one society to another, they are
common called minorities in the new society. Migration could be
voluntary (by choice), or could be involuntary. For instance, the
incident of blacks who were forcibly brought the American continent
as slaves is one example of involuntary migration. But most of the
people who have migrated to the US have gone there through
voluntary migration.
Colonialism
Some people become minorities in their own country, without ever
leaving their place of birth. This happens when people from another
country decides to settle in a new land and then take control of the
society. We call this method of establishing control as colonialism.
Annexation
Citizens may turn out to be a minority when their country is joined, or
annexed, to another nation. Annexation could either be voluntary or
involuntary. Annexation usually happens after a war end.
Additional Minority Groups
Lesbians, Gays,
Bisexuals,Transgenders
(LGBTs) Community
A sexual minority is a group whose sexual identity, orientation or
practices differ from the majority of the surrounding society. It can
also refer to transgender, genderqueer including third gender or
intersex individuals
Persons with
Disabilities
(PWDs)
This is normally a condition either caused by genetics or disease, accident, trauma,
which may hamper a person's mental, sensory or mobility functions to carry out or
perform a task in the same way as a person who does not have a disability.
People with a disability comes in different sizes, shapes, sex, color, and culture just as
we all do. Another difference between a disabled and a normal individual is the
ability to do things normally like the majority of the society.
Disability is the result of an impairment that may be physical, cognitive, mental,
sensory, emotional development or some combination of these. A disability may be
present from birth or may happen during a person's lifetime (Balena et al., 2016).
Ways of Categorizing Disability
Physical Disability
Any impairment which limits the physical function of limbs, fine bones
or gross motor ability is a physical impairment not necessarily a
physical disability.
Sensory Disability
It is impairment of one of the senses. The term is used primarily to refer
to vision and hearing impairment, but other senses can be impaired.
Vision Impairment
Vision impairment is vision loss of a person resulting from disease,
trauma or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be
corrected by conventional means such as refractive correction,
medication or surgery.
Hearing impairment
Refers to the conditions in which individuals are fully or partially
incapable to recognize or perceive
Intellectual Disability

This is a broad concept that ranges from mental retardation to cognitive

deficits too mild or too specific to qualify as mental retardation.
Mental Health and Emotional Disabilities
A mental disorder or mental illness is a psychological behavioral pattern
generally or associated with subjective distress or disability that
occurs in an individual and perceived by the majority of society as
being outside of normal development or cultural expectations.
Developmental
Disability
At least some frequencies of sound which can typically be heard by
most people. This is a broad concept that ranges from mental
retardation to cognitive deficits too mild or too specific to qualify as
mental retardation.
Disability Laws Republic Acts

Anti-Bullying Act Republic Act Number

10627, dated 05 June 2013
"Bullying shall refer to any severe or repeated use 10627, by one or
more students of a written, verbal or electronic expression, or a
physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at
another student that has the effect of actually causing or placing the
latter in reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to
his property, creating a hostile environment at school for the other
student; infringing on the rights of the other student at school; or
materially and substantially disrupting the education process or the
orderly operation of a school."
Equal Opportunity Employment Republic
Act Number 10524. dated 23 July 2012.
"At least one percent (1%) of all positions in all government agencies,
offices or corporations shall be reserved for persons with disability:
Provided, that private corporations with more than one hundred
(100) employees are encouraged to reserve at least one percent (1%)
of all positions for per sons with disability."
Other Policies

DepEd Child Protection Policy Dated 14

May 2012.
The document outlines the Philippine Department of Education Policies
and Guidelines on protecting children in school from violence,
exploitation, discrimination, bullying, neglect. abuse, cruelty and
other conditions prejudicial to their development.
 THE END
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