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Class 12 - Physics
Term-2 Sample Paper-08

Maximum Marks: 35
Time Allowed: 2 hours

General Instructions:

i. There are 12 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

ii. This question paper has three sections: Section A, Section B and Section C.
iii. Section A contains three questions of two marks each, Section B contains eight questions of three marks
each, Section C contains one case study-based question of five marks.
iv. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two marks
and two questions of three marks. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
v. You may use log tables if necessary but use of calculator is not allowed.

Section A
1. i. Draw the energy band diagrams of
a. n-type
b. p-type semiconductor at temperature, T > O
ii. In the case n-type semiconductor, the donor energy level is slightly below the bottom of conduction
band whereas in p-type semiconductor, the acceptor energy level is slightly above the top of the
valence band. Explain what role these energy levels play in conduction and valence bands.
2. Light waves each of amplitude a and frequency , emanating from two coherent light sources
superpose at a point. If the displacements due to these waves is given by
y1 = a cos t and y2 = a cos ( t + ),
where is the phase difference between the two. Obtain the expression for the resultant intensity at
the point.

OR

Is it essential that each incident photon should eject a photoelectron? Explain.

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3. Why can't we take one slab of p-type semiconductor and physically join it to another slab of n-type
semiconductor to get a p-n junction?
Section B
4. i. What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of a material?
ii. Does critical angle depend on the colour of light? Explain
5. In a Zener regulated power supply, a Zener diode with VZ = 6.0 V is used for regulation. The load
current is to be 4.0 mA and the unregulated input is 10.0 V. What should be the value of series resistor
R S?
6. Define multiplication factor and critical size for a fissionable material. Give their significance.

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7. Two narrow slits are illuminated by a single monochromatic source. Name the pattern obtained on the
screen. One of the slits is now completely covered. What is the name of the pattern now obtained on
the screen? Draw intensity pattern obtained in the two cases. Also, write two differences between the
patterns obtained in the above two cases.
8. Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles right-angled
prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for the two rays 1 and 2 are respectively 1.35 and
1.45. Trace the path of these rays after entering through the prism.

OR

A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of 80 cm. What is the area of
the surface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge out? Refractive index of water is
1.33. (Consider the bulb to be a point source.)
9. Write Einstein's photoelectric equation and point out any two characteristic properties of photons on
which this equation is based. Briefly explain three observed features which can be explained by this
equation.
10. Define the term, refractive index of a medium. Verify Snell’s law of refraction when a plane wavefront
is propagating from a denser to rarer medium.
11. Name the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which is
i. suitable for RADAR systems in aircraft navigations.
ii. used to treat muscular strain.
iii. used as a diagnostic tool in medicine.
Write in brief, how these waves can be produced.

OR

In a pinhole camera, a box of length L has a hole of radius a in one wall. When the hole is illuminated
by a parallel beam, the size of the spot of light is large when a is large. Show that it is also very large
when a is small, due to diffraction. Assume that the spread due to diffraction just adds to the
geometrical spread and find the minimum size of the spot.
CASE STUDY
12. Read the source given below and answer the following questions:
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The Bohr model of the atom was proposed by Neil Bohr in 1915. It came into existence with the
modification of Rutherford’s model of an atom. Rutherford’s model introduced the nuclear model of an
atom, in which he explained that a nucleus (positively charged) is surrounded by negatively charged
electrons.

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i. Which of the following statements does not form a part of Bohr's model of a hydrogen atom?
a. The energy of the electrons in the orbit is quantized
b. The electron in the orbit nearest the nucleus has the lowest energy
c. Electrons revolve in different orbits around the nucleus
d. The position and velocity of the electrons in the orbit cannot be determined simultaneously
ii. What is in the center of the Rutherford model?
a. Single proton
b. Multiple electrons
c. A nucleus
d. Neutrons
iii. When an electron jumps from its orbit to another orbit, energy is:
a. emitted only
b. absorbed only
c. both (a) and (b)
d. none of these
iv. How were the limitations of the Rutherford model which could not explain the observed features
of atomic spectra explained in Bohr’s model of a hydrogen atom?
a. It must emit a continuous spectrum
b. It loses its energy
c. Gaining its energy
d. A discrete spectrum
v. When electron remains between orbits its momentum is:
a. quantized
b. emitted
c. dequantized
d. none of the above

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Class 12 - Physics
Term-2 Sample Paper-08

Solution

Section A
1. i. Energy band diagrams of n-type and p-type semiconductors are shown below:

ii. In the case of n-type semiconductors, The Donor energy level decreases the energy gap between the
conduction band and the valence band, electrons from donor impurity atoms will move into the
conduction band with a very small supply of energy. Hence, the conduction band will, therefore,
have electrons as majority charge carriers. In the case of p-type semiconductor, a very small supply
of energy can cause an electron from its valence band to jump to the acceptor energy level. Hence,
the valence band will have a dominant density of holes which shows that holes are the majority
charge carriers in p-type semiconductors.
2. The displacements due to the waves are given
y1 = a cos t and y2 = a cos ( t + )
The resultant displacement is given by
y = a cos t + a cos ( t + )
= a[cos ( t + ) + cos t]

where A = 2a cos is the amplitude of the resultant wave.

The intensity of light is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude of the resultant wave i.e.
I = A2 or I = 4a2 cos2
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OR

The photoelectric emission takes place, when the incident photon is absorbed by the electron in the
atom. The energy equal to work function of metal is used up in ejecting the photoelectron and the
difference appears as the kinetic energy of the electron. Since one photon can be absorbed by one
electron, a photon can eject only one electron.
3. A p-n junction cannot be obtained by physically joining the slabs of p-type and n-type semiconductors.
The reason is that the surfaces of the two slabs may appear flat to the naked eye, but infact the size of

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irregularities on their surfaces is very large as compared to the interatomic spacing. When two such
slabs are put together, a continuous contact at atomic level is not achieved. Due to this, there will be
discontinuity at the junction of the two slabs and as a result, the charge carriers cannot flow from one
slab to the other.
Section B
4. i. = sin ic or n21 = sin ic
where n21 is the refractive index of rarer medium 1 with respect to denser medium 2.
ii. As depends on wavelength, therefore, critical angle for the same pair of media in contact will be
different for different colours.
5. The load current when regulated perfectly must have value of series resistance as R in order that the
Zener diode has larger current flow than load current. This is to have good load regulation. Choose
Zener current as five times the load current, i.e., IZ = 20 mA. The total current through RS is, therefore,

24 mA. The voltage drop across RS is 10.0 – 6.0 = 4.0 V. This gives RS = 4.0V/(24 10–3) A = 167 . The
nearest value of the carbon resistor is 150 . So, a series resistor of 150 is appropriate. Note that a
slight variation in the value of the resistor does not matter, what is important is that the current IZ
should be sufficiently larger than IL.
6. Multiplication factor: Whether a chain reaction, once started in a fissionable mass, will remain
steady, increase or decrease, depends on a parameter called multiplication factor. The multiplication
factor of a fissionable mass is defined as the ratio of the number of neutrons present at the beginning
of a particular generation to the number of neutrons present at the beginning of the previous
generation. Thus
k =
The multiplication factor k gives a measure of the growth rate of the neutrons in a fissionable mass.
If k > 1, the chain reaction grows.
If k = 1, the chain reaction remains steady.
If k < 1, the chain reaction gradually dies out.
Critical size and critical mass. Whether the mass of a fissionable material can sustain a chain reaction
or not, depends on its multiplication factor. This, in turn, depends on the size of the material. The size
of the fissionable material for which the multiplication factor k = 1, is called critical size and its mass
is called critical mass. The chain reaction in this case remains steady or sustained.
If k > 1, the neutron population increases exponentially with time and the size of the material is said to
be supercritical. The chain reaction builds up at a fast rate and results in an explosion.
If k < 1, the neutrons population decreases exponentially with time and the size of the material is said
to be subcritical. The chain reaction gradually comes to an end.
7. With two narrow slits, an interference pattern is obtained.
When one slit is completely covered, the diffraction pattern is obtained.
For intensity distribution curve for interference, see Fig.

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For intensity distribution curve for diffraction, see Fig.

Interference Diffraction

1. All the bright fringes are of same Intensity of bright fringes decreases with the increasing
intensity. order.

2. All the bright fringes are of equal Central bright fringe is twice as wide as any secondary
width. bright fringe.

3. Regions of dark fringes are perfectly

Regions of dark fringes are not perfectly dark.
dark.

4. Maxima occur at Minima occur at

8.

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From the figure, angle of incidence for ray 1 is 450 .

For ray 1, sin i = sin 450 =
For ray 1,

Here,
i.e. sin i < sin c or i < c, so ray 1 will be refracted by the prism.
For ray 2, angle of incidence, i = 450
sin i = sin 450 =
For ray 2,

Here,
i.e. sin i > sin c or i > c, so, ray 2 will get total internally reflected.

OR

In right angled triangle ABC,

.... (i)
where h is the depth of water and r is the radius of a water surface.
Given: , h = 80 cm = 0.8 m
Now,

From eqn. (i),

r = 0.9 m
Surface area (A) =

= 2.5 m2
9. Einstein's photoelectric equation is
eV0 = Kmax = h -
Important features of this equation are
i. Photoemission occurs when frequency of incident radiation is more than the threshold frequency,

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o =

ii. Energy of emitted photoelectron is proportional to energy of incident photon.

Three salient features observed in photoelectric effect and their explanation on the basis of Einstein's
photoelectric equation is given as below:
i. Threshold frequency: For KEmax 0,
⇒ 0

i.e. the phenomenon of photoelectric effect takes place when incident frequency is greater or equal
to a minimum frequency (threshold frequency) 0 fixed for given metal.
ii. KEmax of photoelectron: When incident frequency is greater than threshold frequency, then

KEmax of photo-electron is directly proportional to ( - 0) as

KEmax = h( - 0)

⇒ KEmax ( - 0)

iii. Effect of intensity of incident light: The number of photons incident per unit time per unit
area increases with the increase of intensity of incident light. More number of photons facilitates
ejection of more number of photo-electrons from metal surface leads to further increase of
photocurrent till its saturation value is reached.
10. Refractive index, also called the index of refraction is a measure of the bending of a ray of light when
passing from one medium into another. The refractive index of medium 2, w.r.t medium 1 equals the
ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence (in medium 1) to the sine of the angle of refraction (in
medium 2), i.e.
Refractive index of radium 2 w.r.t medium 1,

21 = =

Let is the time taken by the wavefront to travel, v1 and v2 be the velocity of wave in medium 1 and 2
respectively. So,
sin i = =
and sin r = =

or
This is Snell's law of refraction.
11. i. The EM waves suitable for radar systems are microwaves. These rays are produced by special
vacuum tubes, namely klystrons, magnetrons and Gunn diodes.
ii. Infrared waves are used to treat muscular strain. These rays are produced by hot bodies and
vibration of molecules and atoms. For example, hot charcoal emits infrared radiation not the

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visible light to give the sensation of heat.

iii. X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in medicine. These rays are produced when high energy
electrons emitted from cathode are stopped suddenly on a metal (anode) of high atomic number in
an X-ray tube.

OR

Angular spread due to diffraction =

Linear spread on the screen of camera =
Thus the size of the spot of light becomes large when a is small.
As the incident beam is parallel, the geometrical linear spread will be a.
Size of the spot
= a +

Hence, the size of the spot will be minimum when

= 0 or a =
i.e., when geometric and diffraction broadenings are equal.
Minimum size of the spot =
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CASE STUDY
12. i. (d) The position and velocity of the electrons in the orbit cannot be determined simultaneously
ii. (c) A Nucleus
iii. (c) both a and b
iv. (d) A discrete spectrum
v. (a) quantized

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