Chapter 4: Smart Grid and EVs

Department of Automobile and Mechanical Engineering

Institute of Engineering, Thapathali Campus
BACHELORS IN AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING-IV/II
Debendra Raut, Assistant Professor, IoE/TU
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 Smart Grid
• Uses information technologies to improve how
electricity travels from power plants to consumers
• Allows consumers to interact with the grid
• Integrates new and improved technologies into the
operation of the grid

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 Goal: Merge Communication and Energy Networks

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 Changing the Face of the Grid

Real-time Simulation
Wide-Area Reliability
Network Optimization
Customer Participation
Participation in Energy Markets

Source:
4 EPRI IntelliGrid
 Smart Grid “Elevator Speech” for Consumer
Right Now With Smart Grid
Utility doesn’t know when power is used Utilities will offer you lower rates for using
power in “off-peak” times

Utility often relies on you to tell them Your lights will go out less often and outages
when your lights go out won’t last as long

We get large blackouts The grid will automatically create “firebreaks”

fast enough to stop them

Utilities do green power and electric Consumers with green power and electric cars
cars as “one-offs” can be everyday items

Utilities are 10-30 years behind in Your electric power will not be as vulnerable to
cyber-security attackers

Energy prices will increase as aging Prices won’t rise as fast because the system
infrastructure is replaced will be more efficient

Source: EnerNex
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 So, What is Smart Grid ?
• A smart grid is an electricity distribution
network that can monitor electricity flowing
within itself and, based on this self awareness,
adjust to changing conditions.
• It does this by automatically reconfiguring the
network and/or exerting a level of control over
connected demand and generation
Today’s Electricity Supply System

One Way Communication

 Smart Grid Attributes
• Information-based
• Communicating
• Secure
• Self-healing
• Reliable
• Flexible
• Cost-effective
• Dynamically
controllable

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 Characteristics of SmartGrid
• Self-Healing
– Real-time self assessments to detect, analyze, respond,
restore grid components.
– Minimize interruption time
– Identification of problematic devices
– Communication with local/remote devices to analyze
faults, low voltage, poor power quality, overloads, and
other negative conditions.
• Customer Demand Motivation
– Provide real-time information to consumers (cost/value)
– Demand Response (DR) to shift peak demand
– Real-time pricing
 Characteristics of SmartGrid
• Resists Attack
– Minimizes consequences of attack
– Security protocols will include; deterrence, prevention,
detection, response, and mitigation.
– Technologies include; authentication, encryption, intrusion
detection, and filtering of alarms & communication.
• Optimization of Assets Usage
– Network will work only as much as needed.
– Quality and capacity will be monitored in real-time.
– Equipment failure rates and maintenance cost reduced.
 Future Smart Grid?
• What will the Future Look Like?

• “SmartGrid means you fill up your car with

hydrogen but cannot drive it the next day,
because your teenage daughter has sold the
hydrogen as electricity at peak tariff over the
internet, and used the proceeds to charge her
mobile phone card.”
Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V)

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 G2V Concept
• The basic concept of vehicle-to-grid power is that EVs
provide power to the grid while they are parked.
• The EV can be a battery-electric vehicle, hybrid, or a
fuel cell vehicle connected to the grid.
• Each vehicle must have three required elements for
V2G
 A power connection to the grid for electrical energy
flow
 Control or logical connection necessary for
communication with grid operators
 Precision metering on-board the vehicle

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Why Grid to Vehicle Make Sense ?
• In order to schedule dispatch of power, a grid
operator needs to rely that enough vehicles are
parked and potentially plugged in at any minute
during the day.
• An average personal vehicle is on the road only
4–5% of the day, which means that a great
majority of the day the vehicles are parked.
• At least 90% of personal vehicles are parked even
during peak traffic hours.

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 Economic Sense of G2V
• The electricity from V2G is not cheap when compared to bulk electricity from
large power plants.
• This electric energy can be competitively used for ancillary services because
of the two parts that make up the price of power in the ancillary service
market- capacity price and energy price.
• When a generator, in this case a battery-vehicle, provides ancillary services it
is paid a capacity price for being available to respond on a minute's notice,
and an energy price for the actual energy output.
• The energy output may be quite small, making the cost to produce each kWh
of little consequence for the overall economics. The more important factors
are:
 the capital cost of generation or storage equipment
 ability to vary output quickly
 ability to operate in these modes without serious maintenance penalties

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 Benefits of G2V Vehicle Own
• Consumers may profit from the use of electric
vehicles (Evs) because electricity is cheaper
than petrol for equivalent distances traveled.

• EVs in a V2G configuration could provide

additional revenue to owners who wish to sell
power back to the grid.

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 Benefits of G2V to Utilities
• The electric utility system may also benefit from implementing
the V2G concept, not only by supplying electricity to the new
vehicles, but by drawing power from them to maintain ancillary
services.
• Except for periods of peak use, the power system could generate
and deliver a substantial amount of energy needed to fuel the
nation's vehicles at only the marginal cost of fuel.
• The V2G cars can serve as distributed generators that
supplements to utility power plants and provide valuable
generation capacity at peak times
• V2G PHEVs can further reduce emissions and air pollution in the
electricity sector by providing storage support for intermittent
renewable-energy generators.
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 V2G
• A vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system enables the flow of power between an electric
system or grid and electric vehicles. These systems also provide a network to
help the owner communicate with the power grid. The V2G technology
provides demand response services to the power grid, enhancing the
efficiency of the system during heavy loads.
• How does a Vehicle-to-Grid System Work?
 Review Question
• What is Smart Grid and what are the benefits of the making grid
smart?
• How smart grid can used for the energy management using EV?
• Future of EV and Smart grid technology ?
• Explain the principle, challenges and benefits of V2G and G2V
technology.

Thank you !

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