Unit of Competency 1

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL?
The unit of competency, “Layout Reference Lines”, is one of the

competencies of CARPENTRY NC II, it covers the knowledge, skills and
attitudes for establishing reference lines in preparation for layout.
The module, Layout Reference Lines, contains training materials

and activities. It includes prepare materials and tools, locate the offset line
established by the line and grade/surveyor, and establish the required
reference lines.
In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning

activities in order to complete each learning outcome. In each learning
outcome are Information sheets, Self-checks, Task Sheets and Job
Sheets. There will be an actual interview, written examination,
demonstration of practical skills, and direct observation during Institutional
Assessment. Follow and perform the activities on your own. If you have
questions, do not hesitate to ask for assistance from your facilitator.
Remember to:
 Read and understand all information sheets and complete answer

self-checks. Suggested references are included to supplement the
materials provided in this module.
 Perform the Task Sheets and Job Sheets until you are confident that
your outputs conform to the Performance Criteria Checklist that
follows the sheets.
 Read and understand the basic about Layout Reference Lines.
 Submit outputs to your facilitator for evaluation and recording in the

Achievement Chart. Outputs shall serve as your portfolio during the
Institutional Competency Evaluation. When you feel confident that
you have had sufficient practice, ask your trainer to evaluate you. The
results of your assessment will be recorded in your
Chart and Progress Chart.

 You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this
competency before moving to another competency. A Certificate
of Achievement will be awarded to you after passing the
evaluation.
Document No. PTCDSDC

Date Developed:
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Layout Reference
Lines THOMAS R. CABEZAS II Revision # 01
CARPENTRY NC II
COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Layout Reference Lines Lay outing Reference CON711301
1 Lines
2 Fabricate, install andFabricating, installing CON711302

remove woodenand removing wooden
formworks formworks
3 Install wooden door jamb,Installing wooden door CON711303
window frame and panels jamb, window frame and
panels
4 Install ceiling and wall Installing ceiling and wall CON711304
frames and panels frames and panels
5 Fabricate and install Fabricating and CON711305

wooden stairs installing wooden stairs
6 Install wooden floor Installing wooden floor CON711306

supports and panels supports and panels

roofing system installing roofing system

wooden cabinet installing wooden cabinet

Date Developed:
CARPENTRY JUNE 2021
Issued by:
NC II PTCDSDC
Layout Reference
MODULE CONTENT
QUALIFICATION TITLE : Carpentry NC II
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Layout Reference Lines
MODULE TITLE : Lay outing Reference Lines
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to layout
reference lines. It includes preparing materials and tools, locating the offset
line established by the line and grade/surveyor, and establishing the required
reference lines.
Nominal Duration: 7 hours
Learning outcomes
Upon completion of this module, the trainee/student must be able to:

1. Prepare materials and tools
2. Locate the offset line established by the line and grade/ surveyor
3. Establish the required reference lines

Date Developed:
CARPENTRY JUNE 2021
Issued by:
NC II PTCDSDC
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COMPETENCY SUMMARY
Qualification Title : Carpentry NC II
Unit of Competency : Layout Reference Lines
Module Title : Lay-outing Reference Lines
Introduction
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to layout
reference lines. It includes preparing materials and tools, locating the
offset line established by the line and grade/surveyor, and establishing
the required reference lines.
Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, you MUST be able to:
1. Prepare materials and tools

2. Locate the offset line established by the line and grade/ surveyor
3. Establish the required reference lines

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
NC II PTCDSDC
Layout Reference
Learning Experience
LEARNING OUTCOME 1. Prepare Materials and Tools
CONTENTS:
 Receiving materials and handling tools at workplace
 Identifying, checking and inspecting materials and tools
 Practicing 5S
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with

Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards.
2. List of materials and tools are secured and followed according to job
requirements.
3. Materials and tools are selected, inspected and prepared consistent
with job requirements.
4. Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental
regulations (e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42).
5. Required output is completed as specified by the immediate
supervisor based on work schedule.
Correct specifications are obtained from relevant sources
CONDITIONS:
The following resources should be provided:
1. Actual or simulated workplace

2. Tools, materials and equipment needed to perform the required tasks
3. References and manuals
4. PPE
5. First Aid Kit
Assessment of underpinning knowledge and practical skills may be

combined.
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Written examination
 Demonstration with oral questioning

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
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Layout Reference
Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome 1. Prepare materials and tools
Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read information sheet 1.1-1 on This Learning Outcome deals with the
“Receiving materials and development of the Institutional
handling tools at workplace” Competency Evaluation Tool, which
Answer Self-Check 1.1-1 trainers use, in evaluating their trainees
after finishing a competency of the
Read information sheet 1.1-2 on qualification.
“Identifying, checking and Go through the learning activities
inspecting materials and outlined for you on the left column to gain
tools” the necessary information or knowledge
Answer Self-Check 1.1-2 before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
Read information sheet 1.1-3 on evaluation tool.
“Practicing 5S” The output of this Learning Outcome is a
complete Institutional Competency
Answer Self-Check 1.1-3 Evaluation Package for one Competency
of Carpentry NC II. Your output shall
serve as one of your portfolio for your
Institutional Competency Evaluation for
Layout Reference Lines.
Feel free to show your outputs to your
trainer as you accomplish them for
guidance and evaluation.
After doing all the activities for this LO1,
you are ready to proceed to the next LO2:
Locate the offset line established by
the line and grade/surveyor.

Date Developed:
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Issued by:
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Layout Reference
Information Sheet 1.1-1
RECEIVING MATERIALS AND HANDLING TOOLS AT WORKPLACE
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to know how to
receive materials and handling tools at workplace for layout reference lines.
Workplace- a workplace is a location where someone works for his or her

employer, a place of employment.
Materials- are chemical substances or mixture of substances that
constitutes an object.
Handling Tools- are objects used to extend the ability of an individual to
modify features of the surrounding environment.
Receiving- is an administrative function that involves checking of the
quality, quantity, and condition of the incoming goods followed
by their proper storage.
Procedures in Receiving Tools and Materials

The receiving department has the function to unload and unpack
incoming materials; check quantities received against the shippers packing
list; identify goods received with descriptions on the purchase order; prepare
a receiving report; notify the purchasing department of the descriptions
discovered; arrange for inspection when necessary; notify the purchasing
department of any damage in transit; and rout accepted materials to the
appropriate manufacturer’s location. The form also provides a space for the
inspection department to note either the complete approval; of the shipment

Date Developed:
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or the quantity rejected and the reason for the rejection, in inspection does
not takes place immediately after receipt of the materials, the receiving
report is distributed as follows:
 The receiving department keeps one copy and sends another copy to
the purchasing department as notice of the arrival of the materials.
 All other copies go to the inspection department and are distributed
when inspection is completed. After inspection, one copy of the
receiving report. With the inspection result is sent to the accounting
department, where it is matched with the purchase order and the
vendors invoice and the paid. Other materials and production
planning. One copy accompanies the materials, so that the
storekeeper knows the quantity and the kind of materials received.
INVENTORY- is an idle stock of physical goods that contain economic

value and are held in various forms by an organization in its custody
awaiting, packing, processing, transformation, use or sale in a future
point of time.
INVENTORY FORM- contains information about items (name, number,

sales and purchase information, and cost of goods sold account
information) that any business purchase for sale, tracks in inventory,
and displays on a balance sheet.
Receiving Report
Upon receiving purchased goods or even services from a supplier, it is

important that the shipment is checked to make sure that the correct
quantity and quality was received. A receiving report should immediately be
completed which indicates:
 the date the material was received or service was performed

 whether the delivery was on time
 the quantity of material received and whether any discrepancies exist
when compared with the packing slip
 whether the quality of the material meets specifications
 the names of the personnel who performed these checks
This receiving report can be of great help to the bookkeeper in

maintaining accurate records, and when paying the bills.

Date Developed:
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Reference: https://www.bizmove.com/general/m6i6.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/lynettealcaide/procedures-in-
receiving-and-storing-tools-and-materials
Self-Check 1.1-1: FILL IN THE BLANK AND IDENTIFICATION
1. Idle stock of physical goods that contain economic value and are held
in various forms by an organization in its custody awaiting, packing,
processing, transformation, use or sale in a future point of time.
2. Upon receiving purchased goods or even services from a supplier, it is
important that the shipment is _____________ to make sure that the
correct quantity and quality was received.
3. Contains information about items (name, number, sales and purchase
information, and cost of goods sold account information) that any
business purchase for sale, tracks in inventory, and displays on a
balance sheet.
4. A location where someone works for his or her employer, a place
of employment.
5. Keeps one copy of receiving report and sends another copy to the
purchasing department as notice of the arrival of the materials.

Date Developed:
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Layout Reference
Answer Key 1.1-1
1. Inventory
2. Checked
3. Inventory Form
4. Workplace
5. Receiving Department

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IDENTIFYING, CHECKING AND INSPECTING MATERIALS AND TOOLS
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to identify,

check and inspect materials and tools which are used in layout reference
lines.
Identifying- is an act of recognizing something and say or prove what that

thing is.
Checking- is an act of inspecting or testing something, as for accuracy or
quality.
Inspecting- is an act of looking at materials and handling tools carefully in
order to discover information, especially about their quality or
condition.
Common Layout Tools

Scriber- a scriber is the layout tool
that is used to produce fine lines,
to obtain an accurate layout. The
point is made of hardened steel and
is kept chain by honing on an
oilstone.

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Divider- When laying out circles,
arcs, and radii, it is best to use the
divider . The legs of the divider
must be of the same length and
be kept sharp. The divider cart be
used to lay out and measure
distances. To set the divider to the
correct length, place one point on
an inch mark of a steel rule and
open the divider until the other leg
matches the correct measure-merit
required.
Trammel- when scribing circles,
arcs, and radii that are too large to
be produced with the divider, a
trammel should be used. The
trammel is made of three main parts:
the beam, two sliding heads with
scriber points, and an adjusting
screw that is attached to one of the
heads. The trammel can be made to
scribe larger distances with the use
of extension rods. This layout tool is
set in the same manner as the
divider.
Hermaphrodite Caliper- the

hermaphrodite caliper is a tool
used to layout lines that are parallel
with the edges of the work piece. It
can also be used to locate the center
of cylindrical shaped workplaces.

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Surface Gauge- a surface gauge is
used for many purposes, but is most
often used for layout work. The
gauge can be used to scribe layout
lines at any given distance parallel to
the work surface.
Surface Plate- a surface plate

provides a true, smooth, plane
surface. It is used in conjunction
with surface and height gauges as a
level base on which the gauges and
the work piece are placed to obtain
accurate measurements. These
plates are made of semi-steel or
granite and should never be used for
any job that would scratch or nick
the surface.
Vernier Height Gauge- the vernier

height gauge is a caliper with a
special foot block to adapt it for use
on a surface plate. Height gauges are
available in several sizes: the most
common are the10, 18, and 24 inch
gauges in English measure and the
25 and 46 cm gages in metric
measure. Like the vernier caliper,
these height gauges are graduated
in divisions of 0.025 inch and a
vernier scale of 25 units for reading
measurements to thousandths of an
inch. Always be sure the bottom of
the foot block is clean and free from
burrs.

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Combination Square Set- the
combination square set is used for a
number of layout operations. The set
consists of a blade (graduated rule),
square head, protractor, and center
head.
Blade- the blade is designed to allow

the different heads to slide along the
blade and be clamped at any desired
location. The groove in the blade is
concave to eliminate dirt build up
and permit a free and easy slide for
the heads. By removing all the
heads, the blade may be used alone
as a rule.
Square Head- the square head is

designed with a 45° and 90° edge,
which makes it possible to be used
as a try square and miter square. By
extending the blade below the
square, it can be used as a depth
rule. The square head can also be
used as a level.

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Protractor Head- the protractor
head is equipped with a revolving
turret graduated in degrees from 0 to
180 or to 90 in either direction. It is
used to measure or lay out angles to
an accuracy of 1°.
Center Head- the center head, when

inserted on the blade, is used to
locate and lay out the center of
cylindrical workplaces.
Bevel Protractor- the bevel

protractor consists of an adjustable
blade with a graduated dial. The
blade is usually 12 inches long and
1/16 inch thick. The dial is
graduated in degrees through a
complete circle of 360°. The most
common use for this tool is laying
out precision angles. The vernier
scale is used for accurate angle
adjustments and is accurate to
5minutes or 1/12°.
HAND TOOLS INSPECTION PROCESSES
Every manufacturer knows the importance of providing quality

product to each consumer worldwide. If consumers like the product, it is

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safe to expect that the consumer would be a repeat-customer. In order to
obtain high quality products all the time, it is very important to perform
different tests and inspection process to ensure product reliability, safety
and ease of use.
PRE-PRODUCTION INSPECTION
The purpose of this inspection process is to verify that all of the

needed tools for hand tool production are free from any damage, defects or
any loose joints to ensure proper and consistent production when the
operation starts. Any devices that show any defects should be repaired or
replaced as soon as possible to avoid the risks of creating defective products.
RAW MATERIALS INSPECTION
The purpose of this inspection process is to thoroughly inspect and

verify that all of the needed materials for molding, hardening, cooling, and
assembling are in complete and good order to ensure that all of the
materials to be used are free from any damages or defects prior to initiating
the production process. Any component that is proven to show defects will
be labeled “DEFECTIVE” and will be re-assigned to a different queue for
repairs or refurbishment.
ASSEMBLY INSPECTION
The purpose of this inspection process is to verify that all of the

specifications under the assembly queue meet the initial requirements in
order for it to be considered in the next production queue. Items that have
the following will be labeled as “DEFECTIVE” and will be reassigned to a
different queue according to its defective state.
Defective list:
 Deformations (for steel-based tools)

 Visual Damage
 Loose components
 Pre-production anomalies
COATING INSPECTION

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The purpose of this inspection process is to verify that all of the hand
tools that require metal coating are properly coated evenly on all the needed
surface of the hand tool to ensure that all of the products in need of coating
are properly checked. Each hand tool that has missed spots during the
coating process will be re-coated to save on production time.
VISUAL INSPECTION
The purpose of this inspection process is to thoroughly inspect all of

the hand tools, regardless of the type, for any visible damages, dents,
cracks, chips, or any known production anomalies to ensure that all of the
hand tools on the queue are ready for the next set of inspection processes.
Should there be any items that show poor craftsmanship and functionality,
these will be labeled “DEFECTIVE” and should be reconfigured to pass the
quality control and safety guidelines.
WEIGHT AND MEASUREMENT INSPECTION
The purpose of this inspection process is to accurately measure the

different hand tools under the same category to ensure that all of the tools
are uniform in height, weight, size and diameter. This process is important
to assure the right number of components used under the same queue is in
check.
For the actual measurements, each hand tool will undergo a machine
that will accurately measure each dimension of the hand tool to ensure
proper ergonometric features that is both safe and reliable for everyday use
(if applicable). Any hand tool that have a different specification as provided
will be labeled as “DEFECTIVE” and will be re-assessed accordingly.
HANDS ON/QUALITY CONTROL INSPECTION
The purpose of this inspection process is to thoroughly test and

inspect the behaviors of the different hand tools when being used to raise
awareness of how certain items can break and cause unwanted accidents.
Each hand tool will be inspected and tested using different sets of tests that
would fit the hand tool on the current queue.
The main focus of this inspection is to verify that there are no hand
tools that have poor-quality plating and grinding capabilities all the time to

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keep the quality of excellence seal for all the hand tools being tested. By
performing efficiency testing on all hand tools, inspectors will be able to
accurately pin-point the maximum capabilities of these hand tools by
battery testing and other hands-on exercises.
Any items that fail the hands-on inspection will automatically be

labeled as “DEFECTIVE” and will be thrown away to avoid the risk of
reconditioning defective equipment.
Reference: https://www.intouch-quality.com/blog/hand-tools-inspection-
procedures
https://smithy.com/machining-handbook/chapter-1/page/3
1. It is best to used when laying out circles, arcs, and radii.

2. Is a tool used to layout lines that are parallel with the edges of the
work piece.
3. Provides a true, smooth, plane surface.
4. The combination square set is used for a number of layout
operations. The set consists of a blade (graduated rule), square head,
_______________, and center head.
5. The square head is designed with a 45° and _____ edge.

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Answer Key 1.1-2
1. Divider
2. Hermaphrodite Caliper
3. Surface Plate
4. Protractor Head
5. 90°

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PRACTICING 5S
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to identify the
5S application on preparing materials and tools for layout reference lines.
5S, abbreviated from the Japanese words seiri, seito, seiso,

seiketsu, shitsuke, is not just a methodology; it is a culture that has to be
built in to any organization which aims for spontaneous and continuous
improvement of working environment and working conditions. It involves
everyone in the organization from the top level to bottom. The Japanese
developed this simple and easily understandable words religiously practiced
the philosophy of 5S at every aspect of their life and have made it a
worldwide recognizable system.
Step 1: Seiri, or Sort

Seiri is sorting through the contents of the workplace and removing
unnecessary items. This is an action to identify and eliminate all
unnecessary items from the workplace.

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Step 2: Seiton, or Systematize
Seiton is putting the necessary items in their place and providing easy
access. This is an action to put every necessary item in good order, and
focuses on efficient and effective storage methods.
Step 3: Seiso, or Sweep

Seiso involves cleaning everything, keeping it clean daily, and using
cleaning to inspect the workplace and equipment for defects. This is an
action to clean the workplace daily.
Step 4: Seiketsu, or Standardize

Seiketsu involves creating visual controls and guidelines for keeping
the workplace organized, orderly and clean. This is a condition where a high
standard of good housekeeping is maintained. The first three steps, or S’s,
are often executed by order. Seiketsu helps to turn it into natural, standard
behavior.
Step 5: Shitsuke, or Self-Discipline

Shitsuke involves training and discipline to ensure that everyone
follows the 5S standards. This is a condition where all members practice the

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first four S’s spontaneously and willingly as a way of life. Accordingly, it
becomes the culture in the organization.
Reference: Organic-AP word Copy
Self-Check 1.1-3: IDENTIFICATION
1. This is an action to identify and eliminate all unnecessary items from

the workplace.
2. Putting the necessary items in their place and providing easy access.
3. Involves cleaning everything, keeping it clean daily, and using
cleaning to inspect the workplace and equipment for defects.
4. Involves creating visual controls and guidelines for keeping the
workplace organized, orderly and clean.
5. Involves training and discipline to ensure that everyone follows the 5S
standards.

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Answer Key 1.1-3
1. Sort
2. Systematize
3. Sweep
4. Standardize
5. Self-discipline

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Learning Outcome 2. Locate the offset line established by the line and
grade/ surveyor
1. Related sketches and working drawings are followed according to job

requirements.
2. Offset line/ building line is located and verified.
3. Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental regulations
(e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42).
4. Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor
based on work.
CONTENTS:
 Reading and understanding sketches and working drawings

 Locating and verifying offset line

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 Practicing 5S
CONDITIONS:
The following resources should be provided:
 Actual or simulated workplace

 Tools, materials and equipment needed to perform the required
tasks
 References and manuals
 PPE
 First Aid Kit
Assessment of underpinning knowledge and practical skills may be

combined.
METHODOLOGIES:
 Lecture
 Practical/ Demonstration
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
Learning Outcome 2. Locate the offset line established by the line

and grade/ surveyor

Read information sheet 1.2-1 on This Learning Outcome deals with the
“Reading and understanding development of the Institutional
sketches and working Competency Evaluation Tool which
drawings” trainers use in evaluating their trainees
Answer Self-Check 1.2-1 after finishing a competency of the
qualification.
Read information sheet 1.2-2 on Go through the learning activities
“Locating and verifying offset outlined for you on the left column to gain
line” the necessary information or knowledge
before doing the tasks to practice on
Answer Self-Check 1.2-2 performing the requirements of the

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Read information sheet 1.2-3 on evaluation tool.
“Practicing 5S” The output of this LO is a complete
Institutional Competency Evaluation
Package for one Competency of
Answer Self-Check 1.2-3 Carpentry NC II. Your output shall serve
as one of your portfolio for your
Layout reference lines. Feel free to show
your outputs to your trainer as you
accomplish them for guidance and
evaluation.
you are ready to proceed to the next LO3:
Establish the required reference lines.
READING AND UNDERSTANDING SKETCHES AND WORKING DRAWINGS
read and understand sketches and working drawings in a layout.
Sketch- a sketch is a rapidly executed freehand drawing that is not usually

intended as a finished work.
Working Drawing- blueprint or drawing that is subject to clarifications but

is complete with enough plan and section views (with dimensions,

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details, and notes) to enable the depicted item’s construction or
replication without additional information.
Working Drawings in Drafting and Engineering
Working drawings are drawings used as a reference or guide in the

manufacture of a product. This most often refers to engineering and
architecture, but working drawings are used in many different modes of
construction. These drawings are composed according to industry standards
so that all the information is easily and clearly understood, and standard
conventions and units are used
(Figure 1-16) (Figure 1-17)
There are two distinct types of working drawing: one is detail

drawing (as shown in figure 1-16), which shows various views of an object
and includes important information such as measurements and tolerances
that the craftsperson or machine operator might need to know when
manufacturing the object, or that people using the object might need to
know. The second is an assembly drawing (as shown in figure 1-17), which
shows how various components fit together during construction.
The Detail Drawing
The detail drawing conveys as much information as possible about a

single component. It will be clearly labeled with a part number and name. It
may include several views of the object--top, front and side--and a projection
view. These drawings are annotated with information, including overall and
detail dimensions, tolerances, materials, and treatments.

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The Assembly Drawing
Assembly drawings show how pieces of a construction fit together.

These may include an 'exploded' view, with pieces drawn separately but in
correct relative positions, a 'general' assembly drawing where everything is
drawn in its right place, and a detailed assembly drawing, which is a
drawing of working assembly with measurements.
Lines and Symbols
Several types of lines are used in construction drawings. These are

known as ‘alphabet lines’. All lines are drawn in the same color. Some vary
in width. Some are solid, others are a combination of broken lines. Each
conveys a different meaning.
Common Lines
 Property Line- the property line is an extra heavy line made up of

long dashes and alternating with two short dashes.
 Border Line- border lines are located near the edge of the sheet of the
drawing paper. They are also used to separate the various portions of
the drawing such as the title block, notes, and the revision block.
 Object Line- object line represent the main outline of the features of
the object, building, or wall. The object line is a heavy, continuous line
showing all edges and surfaces.
 Hidden Line- hidden lines are medium-weight and are composed of
short dashes. They define edges and surfaces that are not visible in a
particular view. One must look for another view in the set of drawings
to find where these edges occur. Hidden lines are omitted if they do
not clarify the drawings.

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 Equipment, and Fixtures- the center line is also used to indicate a
finished floor line. The line is light in weight and composed of
alternating long and short dashes.
 Dimensioning and Extension Lines- dimension and extension lines
are thin lines that indicate the extent and direction of dimension. See
figure 1-18.
(Figure 1-18)
o Dimension lines extend the length of the distance being
measured. A marking device such as an arrow, dot or tickmark,
is placed at the end of the dimension line. Extension lines are
drawn perpendicular to the dimension line to specify the
features between which the dimension applies.
 Break Lines- break lines are used to indicate that an object continues
but is not shown on the drawing or to indicate that the object’s full
length is not shown to save space.
Break Lines
 Section Cutting Lines- section cutting lines are used with sectional
views.

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Section Cutting Lines
o A section cutting line marks the part of the drawing being “cut”
to create a sectional view. Arrows on the end of the line indicate
the direction from which the section is being viewed. If the
sectional view is on another drawing, the drawing number is
included with the section identification.
 Section Lines and Rendering-section lines, also called ‘crosshatch

lines’ are thin lines, usually drawn at a 45° angle.
Section Lines
Symbols
A number of symbols are commonly used on construction
drawings. These symbols represent building materials and fixtures.
Normally, symbols are identified in a legend which is a list of symbols
and their corresponding meanings.

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Orthographic Drawings
Nearly all drawings used on a construction project are
orthographic drawings. They are preferred because more details can
be shown. These drawings are created using orthographic projection,
a process by which an object or structure is described using various
views. Each view defines one face, or side, of the object. The views of
an orthographic drawing are projected at a right angle (90°) to each
other. The best way to visualize this is by cutting and unfolding a
cardboard box as shown in figure 1-19.
(Figure 1-19)
The front view remains in position. The four adjoining views

revolve 90° around the “folds” bringing them into the same plane as
the front view. The rear view is shown next to the left side view, but it
could be shown in several alternate positions, as indicated. If an
object is placed inside a glass cube and viewed through any of the

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cube’s six sides, only one face of the object can be seen. Each view
through a side of the cube would create one orthographic view.
Different Views in Construction Drawings
 Plan Views- the top view of the building is called a ‘plan view’. Plan
views are taken at different levels throughout the building. In
complicated buildings, each floor may require multiple plan views to
illustrate all construction details.
 Floor Plan- the floor plan shows the layout of the building and shows
walls, doors, windows, rooms, and stairs. Other item such as
plumbing and electrical can also be shown if space is available. Floor
plans are drawn usually to scale 1/48 or ¼” = 1’ – 0”. A separate
drawing is made for each floor including the basement.
 Foundation Plan- the foundation plan is similar to the floor plan,
except it shows the foundation of the building and includes basement,
foundation walls, slabs, piers, and footings.
 Framing Plan- framing plan shows the layout of the structural
members supporting a floor or roof. A framing plan is often included
for each floor. If there is room, detail drawings if the connection
between members may be included.
 Electrical Plan- electrical plan includes location of receptacles,
switches, and fixtures. Another type of electrical plan, the ‘reflected
ceiling plan’ includes ceiling mounted light fixtures.
 Plumbing Plan- the plumbing plan shows heating and circulating
equipment, supply and waste systems, plumbing fixtures, and the
spot where the water pipe enters the building.
 Mechanical Plan- a mechanical plan shows the heating, ventilating,
and air conditioning system (HVAC) and any mechanical equipment
located in the building.
 Elevations- elevations are orthographic, exterior views of a building
and show features such as the style of the building, doors, windows,
chimneys, and moldings. Elevations are designated as ‘Front’, ‘Right’,
‘Left’, and ‘Rear’. They must be also identified by the plan direction
that the elevation faces such as ‘East elevation’ and ‘West elevation’
etc. Interior elevations may be provided to show the construction of a
particular interior wall or area. The basement or foundation walls and
footings are shown with hidden lines on elevations.

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 Sections- besides the plans and elevations, it may be necessary to
show the “inside” of a wall, cabinet, or roof structure to clarify
construction procedures. When the drawing is an imaginary “cut”
through a wall or other feature, it is known as sectional view or
section. Sections are provided for walls, cabinet, chimneys, stairs, and
other features whose construction is not shown clearly on the plan or
elevation.
Reference:
https://www.academia.edu/14998641/READING_AND_INTERPRETING_CO
NSTRUCTION_DRAWINGS_Reading_and_Interpreting_Construction_Drawing
s_Course_403_Presented_by
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/working-drawing.html
https://www.liveabout.com/working-drawing-fine-art-definition-
1123036

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1. Conveys as much information as possible about a single component.

2. Located near the edge of the sheet of the drawing paper.
3. Extend the length of the distance being measured.
4. The _______________ shows the layout of the building and shows walls,
doors, windows, rooms, and stairs.
5. _______________ are drawings used as a reference or guide in the
manufacture of a product.

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Answer Key 1.2-1
1. Detail Drawing
2. Border Line
3. Dimension Lines
4. Floor Plan
5. Working Drawings

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LOCATING AND VERIFYING OFFSET LINE
locate and verify offset line in a layout.
Offsetting a Line from Existing Geometry
When you create a 3D model, you often need to draw a slightly bigger or
smaller version of a shape and keep the two shapes equidistant from each
other. This is called offsetting a line. An offset is handy when:
 Drawing a floor plan: A floor plan typically shows both interior and
exterior walls. Draw one set of walls and then use the Offset tool to
draw the second set.
 Drawing a profile: To create a 3D model of a bowl or vase, for
example, you can draw the lines and curves to create the basic shape
and then offset that shape so your profile has a uniform depth. From
there, extruding the profile with Follow Me completes your 3D model.
 Drawing an overhang: A house’s eaves are typically equidistant from
the exterior walls. With those walls in place, you can easily draw the
outline for the eaves with the Offset tool.

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Reference: https://help.sketchup.com/en/sketchup/offsetting-line-
existing-geometry
Principles of Chain Surveying:

The principle of chain surveying is to provide a skeleton framework of
straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these lines are
pre-determined either with a chain or a surveying tape.
The framework must mostly consist of triangles.

For example, if all the four sides of the figure “ABCD” are known, the
figure cannot be plotted unless we know at least the magnitude of one angle.
But if we divide the figure into two triangles by a diagonal AC or BD
whose length has previously been determined, the plotting is possible due to
the formation of triangles of known sides.
Or in other words, if the lengths AB, BC, CD, DA, and BD are known,
the quadrilateral ABCD can be plotted without knowing any angle.
Offsets:
The details like corners of buildings, roads, fences, etc., included
within the sketch of the survey, are measured by lateral measurements with
respect to main survey lines.
These measures are called offsets.
Offsets are of two types.
(i) Perpendicular offsets.
This is the most common method of locating objects. The
perpendicular distance measured from a known chainage point on the main
line to the object is called the perpendicular offset.
(ii) Oblique offsets.
The measurements which are not made at right angles to the survey
lines are called “tie-line offsets” or “oblique offsets.”

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Reference: https://civilseek.com/chain-surveying/
1. Typically shows both interior and exterior walls.

2. The most common method of locating objects.
3. A house’s ________ are typically equidistant from the exterior walls.
4. The principle of chain surveying is to provide a ____________________ of
straight lines, which can be plotted to scale if the lengths of these
lines are pre-determined either with a chain or a surveying tape.
5. The measurements which are not made at right angles to the survey
lines are called “tie-line offsets” or “__________________.”

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Answer Key 1.2-2
1. Floor Plan
2. Perpendicular Offsets
3. Eaves
4. Skeleton Framework
5. Oblique Offsets

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PRACTICING 5S
5S application on locating the offset line established by the line and
grade/surveyor.


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behavior.


Self-Check 1.2-3: IDENTIFICATION
1. Japanese word for sort.

2. Japanese word for sweep.
3. Japanese word for systematize.
4. Japanese word for self-discipline.
5. Japanese word for standardize.

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Answer Key 1.2-3
1. Seiri
2. Seiso
3. Seiton
4. Shitsuke
5. Seiketsu

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Learning Outcome 3. Establish the Required Reference Lines

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1. Initial lines are marked from offset lines in accordance with working
drawings.
2. Final reference lines are marked, squared and plumbed in
accordance with working drawings.
3. Subsequent markings are done as required.
4. Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental
regulations (e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42).
5. Required output is completed as specified by the immediate
supervisor based on work.
CONTENTS:
 Marking reference lines

 Measuring distance between reference and offset lines
 Practicing 5S
CONDITIONS:
The students/ trainees must be provided with the following:
 Actual or simulated workplace

 Tools, materials and equipment needed to perform the required
tasks
 References and manuals
 PPE
 First Aid Kit
METHODOLOGIES:
 Lecture
 Practical/ Demonstration
ASSESSMENT METHOD:
Learning outcome 3. Establish the Required Reference Lines

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This Learning Outcome deals with the

Read information sheet 1.3-1 on development of the Institutional
“Marking reference lines” Competency Evaluation Tool which
trainers use in evaluating their trainees
after finishing a competency of the
Answer Self-Check 1.3-1 qualification.
Go through the learning activities
Read information sheet 1.3-2 on outlined for you on the left column to gain
“Measuring distance between the necessary information or knowledge
reference and offset lines” before doing the tasks to practice on
performing the requirements of the
Answer Self-Check 1.3-2 evaluation tool.
The output of this LO is a complete
Read information sheet 1.3-3 on Institutional Competency Evaluation
“Practicing 5S” Package for one Competency of
Carpentry NC II. Your output shall serve
as one of your portfolio for your
Answer Self-Check 1.3-3
Layout reference lines.
Feel free to show your outputs to your
trainer as you accomplish.

you are ready to proceed to UC2:
Fabricate, Install and Remove Wooden
Formworks.

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MARKING REFERENCE LINES
mark reference lines in a layout.
Reference Line- an arbitrary fixed line (as an x-axis or a polar axis) from
which coordinates of a point are computed
WOODWORKING MARKING TOOLS
Marking is a vital point in woodworking project. The most common

woodworking marking tools are pencil, gauge, scriber, marking knives, awl
etc. They are used for doing anything such as cutting, shaping, drilling to a
piece of wood. You can draw a parallel line to the edges, jig jag line or
rounds of a work piece with them.
Pencils- are essential marking tool to

woodworkers. They have some
limitations; for example they cannot
mark a sharp line and the mark may
be rubbed out. But they have some
benefits such as you can easily mark
a line. The pencils are great for those
cases where accuracy is not
important. Most of the cabinet
makers use pencil for marking.

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Scriber marking tool- in
woodworking project a scriber which
is a hand tool is used to mark lines
on work pieces. This tool is used for
marking wood by scratching on the
surface to cutting with precision. The
lines with the scriber marking tool is
more accurate and sharp then the
pencils or ink. Often they are used
for making mortise, tenon joints,
door casings etc. They are made of
steel and have a sharpened point
which is angle of 30 or 40 degrees.
Some scribers may contain a point at
both ends.
Scratch awl- the scratch awl looks

like a spike which contains a tip. It is
used as a point marking tool in
woodworking project. It scribes a line
across the timber so that a hand
saw or chisel can be run properly.
Marking gauge- it is a most common

type gauge as well as woodworking
marking tools. It has a small pin
which is also known as spur. The
other parts of these tools are stem,
stock and adjustable screw. During
marking you should run the tools in
line with the wood grain. If you run a
line against the grain then it would
possible to produce inaccurate jig jag
line. Normally joiners use this tool
for scribing tenons and dovetail
shoulder lines. Moreover, sometimes
it is also used for marking a rabbet.

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The stem lengths are available from
9 inches to 10.2 inches. Much larger
marking gauges are known as panel
gauges.
Mortise gauge- a mortise gauge has

two pins where one of them is
adjustable relative to each other. It is
able to scribble two lines
simultaneously including different
widths. Normally it is used
in mortise and tenon joinery project.
Sometimes this gauge may contains
a third pin on the opposite side so
that it can be used a regular marking
gauge. Therefore it is also known as
combination gauge. These gauges are
available in different stem length
from 6 inches to 11.5 inches.
Cutting gauge- the marking gauge

with a knife instead of a pin is
known as cutting gauge. It is able to
mark wood against the grain with
accuracy. It can cut clean and
precise deep lines in the timber. You
can also use this gauge to cut
through thin materials like veneer.
Wheel gauges- wheel gauge contains

a round blade instead of a pin to
mark a surface. As like cutting gauge
it can also mark across the wood
grain. For mark out mortises the
wheel gauge may also contains two
round blades. Then it is known as
wheel mortise gauge. The round
blade contains in two separate
stems. As a result they can be
adjusted according to each other.

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Panel gauges- the marking gauge
which has a longer stem is called
panel gauge. The carpenters use
these tools to mark large boards
to the correct width; even in
center of a board. The stem length
can be 12 inches to 26 inches.
Marking Knife- joiners use marking

knife to scribe a line so that they can
accurately run a hand saw or chisel
during making joints or other
operations. It is constructed with
steel blade and wood or plastic
handle. They can able to mark
across the grain and the line is
accurate than pencils.
Others Woodworking marking tools
Some tools are not directly used as scribing but they are also known
as woodworking marking tools. They are used as a guide of above marking
tools. Try square, miter square, steel rule, t-bevel are such type of tools;
actually they are known as measuring tools. Joiners use the try square to
mark out a line at right angles to an edge. Steel rules can be used with
marking knife or pencils. They are available in different lengths. Miter
square is used to mark at any angles.
Reference: http://www.joineryequipment.com/tag/marking-tool/

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1. An arbitrary fixed line (as an x-axis or a polar axis) from which

coordinates of a point are computed.
2. Is a vital point in woodworking project.
3. Essential marking tool to woodworkers.
4. In woodworking project a __________ which is a hand tool is used to
mark lines on work pieces.
5. The __________________ looks like a spike which contains a tip. It is
used as a point marking tool in woodworking project.

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Answer Key 1.3-1
1. Reference Line
2. Marking
3. Pencil
4. Scriber
5. Scratch Awl

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MEASURING DISTANCE BETWEEN REFERENCE AND OFFSET LINES
measure distance between reference and offset lines in a layout.
Measurement and Layout Tools

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Ruler- a ruler is sometimes used in
the construction industry to measure
distances and/or to draw straight
lines. Typically, the ruler will be 12
inches (1 foot), 36 inches (3 feet) or
48 inches (4 feet) long.
Tape Measure- a measuring tape is

one of the most commonly used
tools. This retractable ruler can be
found in both Metric and Imperial
units of measurement. This
measurement tool is typically
available in 12, 16 and 25 foot
lengths.
Framing Square- the framing square

is a tool that many carpenters use.
There are two arms on the framing
square. The wider arm, two inches
wide, is called the blade. The
narrower arm, one and a half inches
wide, is called the tongue. The
square has many uses, including
laying out common rafters and stairs
as well as being a handy tool for
ensuring your work is “square”.

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Combination Square- a combination
square is a multiple purpose layout
tool. It consists of a ruled blade (a
steel ruler) and a sliding head. This
tool is often used to layout or check
90° and 45° angles.
Speed Square- the speed square, or

rafter angle square, is a triangular-
measuring tool used to draw straight
lines on lumber, or to lay out angles
for roofs, stairways, decks and other
general construction.
Bevel Gauge- a bevel gauge is an

adjustable gauge for setting and
transferring angles. The blade pivots
and can be locked at any angle by
loosening or tightening the
thumbscrew.
Compass- a compass is a technical

drawing tool that can be used for
inscribing circles or arcs.

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Level- a bubble level is a tool
designed to indicate whether a
surface is horizontal (level) or vertical
(plumb). Embedded in the middle of
the level is a small window where the
bubbles and the tube are mounted.
Two notches (or rings) show where
the bubbles should be if the surface
was level.
Reference: https://www.slideshare.net/dmaher1974/measurement-and-
layout-tools-revised?next_slideshow=1

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1. Sometimes used in the construction industry to measure distances

and/or to draw straight lines.
2. Is a multiple purpose layout tool. It consists of a ruled blade (a steel
ruler) and a sliding head.
3. Is an adjustable gauge for setting and transferring angles.
4. A ____________________ is one of the most commonly used tools. This
retractable ruler can be found in both Metric and Imperial units of
measurement.
5. The speed square, or rafter angle square, is a triangular- measuring
tool used to draw __________________ on lumber.

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Answer Key 1.3-2
1. Ruler
2. Combination Square
3. Bevel Gauge
4. Measuring Tape
5. Straight Lines

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PRACTICING 5S
5S application on establishing the required reference lines.




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behavior.


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Self-Check 1.3-3: FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. Seiri is sorting through the contents of the _____________ and removing

unnecessary items.
2. Seiketsu involves creating _____ controls and guidelines for keeping
the workplace organized, orderly and clean.
3. The first three steps, or S’s, are often executed by ________.
4. Shitsuke involves _____________ and discipline to ensure that everyone
follows the 5S standards.
5. 5S, abbreviated from the Japanese words seiri, seito, ________,
seiketsu, shitsuke.

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Answer Key 1.3-3
1. Workplace
2. Visual
3. Order
4. Training
5. Seiso

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Task Sheet 1.3-3
Title: Practicing 5S
Performance Objective:
Given the qualification you are assigned to, you must be able to
know how to practice 5S in establishing the required reference lines.
Supplies: Chalk line box, Pencil, Nylon string, Lumber, Nails, G.I. Wires,
Claw hammer, Sledge hammer, level hose, Steel tape, Plumb bob, Steel
square, Carpenter’s square, Laser level
Equipment: Hard hat, Safety shoes, Gloves, Proper uniform/clothing,
Goggles, Vest, Mask
Steps/ Procedures:
Step 1. Sort
Step 2. Systematize
Step 3. Sweep
Step 4. Standardize
Step 5. Self-discipline
Assessment Method:
Performance Criteria Checklist

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Unit of Competency 1

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HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL?

The unit of competency, “Layout Reference Lines”, is one of the

The module, Layout Reference Lines, contains training materials

In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning

 Read and understand all information sheets and complete answer

 Read and understand the basic about Layout Reference Lines.

 Submit outputs to your facilitator for evaluation and recording in the

Chart and Progress Chart.

Document No. PTCDSDC

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

2 Fabricate, install andFabricating, installing CON711302

5 Fabricate and install Fabricating and CON711305

6 Install wooden floor Installing wooden floor CON711306

7 Fabricate and install Fabricating and CON711307

8 Fabricate and install Fabricating and CON711308

Document No. PTCDSDC

QUALIFICATION TITLE : Carpentry NC II

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Layout Reference Lines

MODULE TITLE : Lay outing Reference Lines

Nominal Duration: 7 hours

Upon completion of this module, the trainee/student must be able to:

3. Establish the required reference lines

Document No. PTCDSDC

Qualification Title : Carpentry NC II

Unit of Competency : Layout Reference Lines

Module Title : Lay-outing Reference Lines

Upon completion of this module, you MUST be able to:

1. Prepare materials and tools

Document No. PTCDSDC

LEARNING OUTCOME 1. Prepare Materials and Tools

1. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with

1. Actual or simulated workplace

Assessment of underpinning knowledge and practical skills may be

Document No. PTCDSDC

Learning Outcome 1. Prepare materials and tools

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Document No. PTCDSDC

RECEIVING MATERIALS AND HANDLING TOOLS AT WORKPLACE

Workplace- a workplace is a location where someone works for his or her

Procedures in Receiving Tools and Materials

Document No. PTCDSDC

INVENTORY- is an idle stock of physical goods that contain economic

INVENTORY FORM- contains information about items (name, number,

Upon receiving purchased goods or even services from a supplier, it is

 the date the material was received or service was performed

This receiving report can be of great help to the bookkeeper in

Document No. PTCDSDC

Self-Check 1.1-1: FILL IN THE BLANK AND IDENTIFICATION

Document No. PTCDSDC

Document No. PTCDSDC

IDENTIFYING, CHECKING AND INSPECTING MATERIALS AND TOOLS

After reading this information sheet, you must be able to identify,

Identifying- is an act of recognizing something and say or prove what that

Common Layout Tools

Document No. PTCDSDC

Hermaphrodite Caliper- the

Document No. PTCDSDC

Surface Plate- a surface plate

Vernier Height Gauge- the vernier

Document No. PTCDSDC

Blade- the blade is designed to allow

Square Head- the square head is