Group Members

M. Hamza Riaz

M. Faisal Afridi

M. Hammad Asghar

M. Furqan Rafaqat

M. Muntazir Mehdi

Objective:
 To study the relationship between angle of panel (with respect to incident rays) and power
produced.
 To study effect of temperature on power produced Operating Procedure

Theory:

A solar cell panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module, PV panel or solar panel is an assembly
of photovoltaic solar cells mounted in a (usually rectangular) frame, and a neatly organised collection of
PV panels is called a photovoltaic system or solar array. Solar panels capture sunlight as a source of
radiant energy, which is converted into electric energy in the form of direct current (DC) electricity.
Arrays of a photovoltaic system can be used to generate solar electricity that supplies electrical
equipment directly, or feeds power back into an alternate current (AC) grid via an inverter system.

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the
photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The
structural (load carrying) member of a module can be either the top layer or the back layer. Cells must
be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones
based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells are usually connected electrically in series, one to
another to the desired voltage, and then in parallel to increase current. The power (in watts) of the
module is the mathematical product of the voltage (in volts) and the current (in amperes) of the
module. The manufacturing specifications on solar panels are obtained under standard conditions,
which is not the real operating condition the solar panels are exposed to on the installation site.[6]

A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as its output interface.
External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof
connections to the rest of the system. A USB power interface can also be used.[7] Solar panels also use
metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets, reflector shapes, and troughs to better
support the panel structure.

Procedure:
1. The trainer is set up at a sunlight.
2. Power supply and Battery are connected to the trainer.
3. The photovoltaic modules should be aligned to the light source before starting measurements.
 4. Change the angle of panel (with respect to incident rays).ie., 30" 45" 60" 90"
5. Measure the temperature regularly (for different angles). Record values of Voltage and Current
from the trainer at different angles
6. Calculate Power using relation P-VI.

Shut-Down Procedure:
 Remove the power supply and battery from the trainer.
 Place the panel back to its original position.
 Place the apparatus back to the FEE lab.

Observations and Calculations

Time Angle (degrees) Temperature( Celcius) Voltage Current Power ( P=VI) (Watt)
11:20 30 29 14 6.73 406
11:40 45 30 13 4.92 390
11:45 60 31 14 7.11 434
11:50 90 30 12 3.85 360

Graphs:

Power vs Angle
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
 Power Vs Temperature
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
28.5 29 29.5 30 30.5 31 31.5

Discussions
This experiment was performed to observe the relationship of Power, produced by a solar
plate, with the temperature of plate and the angle of pate with respect to the incident rays, and
power was calculated. Readings were noted at different times and values of temperature and
angles, as shown in table. Graphs were then plotted to represent the corresponding relations of
Power, temperature and angles of plate.
There might be some error in calculations like;
 personnel error, as we’re performing it for the first time.
 Faulty apparatus.ie., the connecting wire of apparatus and plate was faulty and one of
us had to hold it during experiment.
 Weather issues.ie., clouds intruded between the solar plate and sunlight during some
readings.

Conclusion
o Power increases with increase in temperature.
o At 60 degree angle maximum power value is obtained because plates are
perpendicular to the sun rays at this angle.