Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Students' Support Material-Class-XII (Maths)
Students' Support Material-Class-XII (Maths)
Students' Support Material-Class-XII (Maths)
BEST OF LUCK
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER
KVS, RO, BHUBANESWAR
CHIEF PATRON
Dr. Siharan Bose
(Deputy Commissioner, KVS(RO), Bhubaneswar Region)
PATRONS
Mr. A Jyothy Kumar
(Assistant Commissioner, KVS(RO), Bhubaneswar Region)
CO-ORDINATOR
Shri. D. P Sharma
(Principal, K V Khurda Road)
1. MIND MAP
LEVEL- 1 MCQ
1. A relation R in a set A is called _______, if (a1, a2) ∈ R implies (a2, a1) ∈ R, for all a1, a2 ∈ A.
(a) symmetric (b) transitive (c) equivalence (d) non-symmetric
2. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A = {1, 2, 3} are
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
3. If set A contains 5 elements and the set B contains 6 elements, then the number of one-one and
onto mappings from A to B is
(a) 720 (b) 120 (c) 0 (d) none of these
4. Let f : [2, ∞) → R be the function defined by f(x) = x 2 – 4x + 5, then the range of f is
(a) R (b) [1, ∞) (c) [4, ∞) (d) [5, ∞)
5. Let f : R → R be defined by f(x) = 1/x ∀ x ∈ R. Then f is
(a) one-one (b) onto (c) bijective (d) f is not defined
LEVEL- 2 MCQ
1.The smallest integer function f(x) = [x] is
(a) One-one (b) Many-one (c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of these
2.The number of bijective functions from set A to itself when A contains 106 elements is
(a) 106 (b) (106)2 (c) 106! (d) 2106
3.If f : R → R and g : R → R defined by f(x) = 2x + 3 and g(x) = x2 + 7, then the value of x for which
f(g(x)) = 25 is
(a) ±1 (b) ±2 (c) ±3 (d) ±4
LEVEL- 3 MCQ
1.Let f : N → R : f(x) = (2x−1)2 and g : Q → R : g(x) = x + 2 be two functions. Then, (gof) (32) is
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 72 (d) None of these
SHORT ANSWERS
1. Check whether the relation R defined on the set A={1,2,3,4} as R={(a,b):b=a+1} is
transitive. Justify your answer.
2. If the relation R on the set 𝐴 = {𝑥: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12} given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 = 𝑏} is
an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1.
𝑥
3. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 − 1{−1} → 𝑅 − {1}𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 is one-one
and onto.
4. Check if the relation R on the set 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5,6} defined by
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥} is (i) symmetric (ii) transitive.
5. Check if the relation R in the set N of Natural numbers given by 𝑅 =
{(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏}
6. Check if the relation R in the set of R of real numbers defined as 𝑅 =
{(𝑎, 𝑏): 𝑎 < 𝑏}} is (i) symmetric (ii) transitive.
𝑥
7. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1
, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 is neither
one-one nor onto.
8. Let R be the relation in the set Z of integers given by 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): 2 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎 −
𝑏}. Show that the relation R is transitive. Write the equivalence class[0].
9. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 7 is a bijection.
−4 4 4𝑥+3
10. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓: 𝑅 { 3 } → 𝑅 {3} 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥_3
. Show that f is a bijective function.
LONG ANSWERS
1. Show that the relation on the set 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑍: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 12} 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑅 =
{(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 − 𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 4} is an equivalence relation. Find all elements
related to 1, equivalence class [0]
2. Prove that the relation R in the set Z of integers defined as 𝑅 = {(𝑎, 𝑏): |𝑎 −
𝑏| 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2} is an equivalence relation. Write the equivalence class [0]
3. Let N be the set of natural numbers and R be the relation on NXN defined by (a,b) R
(c,d) if only ad=bc for all a,b,c,d ∈ N. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
4. Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3, … … . . ,9} and R be relation on 𝐴 × 𝐴 defined as (a,b) R (c,d) if and
only a+d= b+c . Prove that R is an equivalence relation also obtain the equivalence
class [(2,5)]
5. Let R be the relation on 𝑁 × 𝑁 defined by (a,b) R (c,d) if and only if ad(b+c)=bc(a+d).
Prove that R is an equivalence relation.
6. Show that the relation R defined on the set 𝑁 × 𝑁 defined as (a,b) R (c,d) if and only
𝑎2 + 𝑑 2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 is an equivalence relation.
𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
7. Show that 𝑓: 𝑁 > 𝑁, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = { is a bijection.
𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
8. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑁 > 𝑁, 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 is one to one but
not onto.
2𝑥+3
9. Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = 𝑅 −
{3} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝑅 − {2} . Is the function f one-one onto?
10. Let , 𝑓: 𝑅+ → [−9, 𝛼) be a function defined as :𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 9. Show that
𝑓(𝑥) is bijective.
1. During a Swachh Bharat Abhiyan organizing committee wanted collect and segregate
Metal, paper, glass, batteries, organic and plastic waste. In the set of all participants
a relation R defined as
R={(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒}
(a) Is it possible to form the teams by the method adopted by the class teacher?
(b) Which roll numbers are members of the team in which roll no. 5 belongs?
(c) If R is a relation defined in the set of roll nos as
𝑅 = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 4} Show that R is an
equivalence relation.
3. Farmers plant saplings along straight lines parallel to each other as in figure. Let us
assume that saplings are planted along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 and parallel to it. Let L be
the set of all lines on the field.
Based on the information given above answer the following questions:
(a) 𝑅1 be a relation defined on L as 𝑅1 = {(𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ): 𝑙1 ∥ 𝑙2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ∈ 𝐿 }, check
whether 𝑅1 is an equivalence relation or not.
(b) Which of the following line is related the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 as per definition of the
relation 𝑅1
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5, 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
(c) Let 𝑅2 be a relation defined on L as 𝑅2 = {(𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ): 𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙1 , 𝑙2 ∈ 𝐿}, then
check whether 𝑅2 is equivalence or not.
(d) Check the function 𝑓: 𝑅 ⇒ 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 is bijective or not.
(e) Write the range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) defined in (d)
4. In a master chef competition final round, three chefs were selected and judges
assigned three dishes 𝐷 = {𝐷1 , 𝐷2 , 𝐷3 } to the participants 𝑃 = {𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 } and asked
them to prepare dishes as per the following rules.
Rule A: Everybody has to prepare exactly one dish
Rule B: No two participant is allowed to prepare same dish
Rule C: All the dish must be prepared in the competition
Answer the following questions in the context of functions
(a) In how many ways all participant can choose a Dish as per rule A ?
(b) In how many ways everybody can choose a dish to prepare as per rule B? Justify
your answer.
(c) In how many ways all participants can prepare exactly one dish as per rule C?
Justify your answer.
2. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Cos R [ -1,1]
𝜋
Tan R − { x: x =(2n +1) ,n ∈ Z } R
2
Cot R − { x: x = n𝜋 ,n ∈ Z } R
𝜋
Sec R − { x: x =(2n +1) ,n ∈ Z } R – (-1,1)
2
cos−1 𝑥 [ -1,1] [ 0, 𝜋 ]
𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 𝑥 R (- , )
2 2
cot −1 𝑥 R ( 0, 𝜋 )
𝜋
sec −1 𝑥 R – (-1,1) [ 0, 𝜋 ] - { }
2
𝜋 𝜋
cosec −1 𝑥 R – (-1,1) [- , ] - {0}
2 2
cos−1 𝑥 [ 0, 𝜋 ] 𝜃 𝜋− 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
tan−1 𝑥 (- , ) 𝜃 -𝜃
2 2
3. QUESTIONS:
3.1: LEVEL 1
√3
1. Find the principal value of sin−1 ( 2
).
−1
2. Find the principal value of cos −1 ( ).
2
−1 𝜋
3. Find the principal value of tan (cos 2 ).
3𝜋
4. Find the principal value of sec −1 (2 sin 4 ).
−1
5. Find the principal value of cot (−1).
2𝜋
6. Find the principal value of sin−1 ( sin 3
).
7. Find the domain of cos −1 (2𝑥 − 1).
1. Domain of sec −1 𝑥 is
a) R – (-1,1)
b) R
c) [-1,1]
d)R –(0,1)
2. Range of cos −1 𝑥 is
a) [0,𝜋/2]
b)[ - 𝜋/2, 𝜋/2]
c) [𝜋/2,3𝜋/2]
d) [0, 𝜋]
1 1
3. The principal value of cos −1 (2) + 2 sin−1 ( ) + 4 tan−1(1/√3) is
2
𝜋
a)
3
𝜋
b)
6
4𝜋
c)
3
3𝜋
d) 4
33𝜋
4. The value of sin−1( cos 5
) is
a)3 𝜋/5
b)-7 𝜋/5
c) 𝜋/10
d) – 𝜋/10
√3
8. What is the principal value of tan-1[2 sin (2 cos−1 2
) ]
𝜋
a) 3
𝜋
b) 6
−𝜋
c) 3
−𝜋
d)
6
Case study 1.In the school Project Sheetal was asked to construct a triangle and
name it as ABC. Two angles A and B were given to be equal to tan-1 ½ and tan-11/3
respectively.
Case study 2. The Government of India is planning to fix a hoarding board at the face of a
building on the road of a busy market for awareness on COVID-19 protocol. Ram, Robert
and Rahim are the three engineers who are working on this project. “A”is considered to be a
person viewing the hoarding board 20 metres away from the building, standing at the edge
of a pathway nearby. Ram, Robert and Rahim suggested to the firm to place the hoarding
board at three different locations namely C,D and E. “C” is at a height of 10 metres from the
ground level. For the viewer A, the angle of elevation of “D” is double the angle of elevation
of “C”. The angle of elevation of “E” is triple the angle of elevation of “C” for the same
viewer. Look at the figure given and based on the above information answer the following.
E
10 m
A’ 5m A 20 m B
41𝜋
Q2. The value of (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ))
5
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋
(a) (b) 10 (c) 10 (d)
5 10
𝜋 −√3
Q7. The value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 − ( ) ) is
2
√3 −√3 1
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d)
2 2 2
1
Q9. The equation 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
√3
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) infinite number of solutions (d) two solutions
−2
Q10. The value of ( )
√3
5𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
(a) 6
(b) 6
(c) 3
(d) 6
−1 −𝜋
Q2. Assertion (A): The value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 is 6
√3
−1 −𝜋 𝜋
Reason (R): The domain of the function 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 is [ 2 , 2 ]
−1 1
Q3. Assertion (A): The domain of the function 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 2𝑥 is [ 2 , 2]
−1 2𝜋
Reason (R): 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 2 ) = 3
Q4. Assertion (A): The domain of the function 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 3𝑥 is (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
−1 2 𝜋
Reason (R): 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 3) = 3
√
−1 1
Q5. . Assertion (A): The domain of the function 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 3𝑥 is (−∞, 3
] ∪ [3 , ∞)
−𝜋
Reason (R): 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) =
4
Answers: 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b
L2
𝜋 −√3
Q2.Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 − ( ) )
2
5𝜋
Q3. Find the value of (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 ) )
13𝜋
Q4. Find the value of (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ))
6
−9𝜋
Q5. Find the value of (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4
))
13𝜋
Q6.Find the value of (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ))
7
−7𝜋
Q7. Find the value of (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 5
))
𝑦
Q8. Find the value of sec( ( ) )
2
3
Q9. Solve sin2((4)) + cot 2((√3))
−5
Q10. Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 ( ) )
12
−𝜋 √3 −𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 √𝑦 2 +4 39
Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
3 2 3 3 4 7 10 2 16
−120
169
L3.
𝜋
Q3. Solve the equation sin -16x + sin -1 6√3 x =2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Q4. Write tan-1[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ] in the simplest form.
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥 𝜋
Q5. Prove that cot -1[ ] = 2 , 𝑥 ∈ (0 , 4 )
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 −√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 1 1 𝜋
Answers: 1. x=0, 2 2. 3. ± 12
4. 4 - x
√3
3. MATRICES
MCQ:
2𝑥 + 𝑦 4𝑥 7 7𝑦 − 13
Q1. If [ ] =[ ] then the value of x+y is
5𝑥 − 7 4𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+6
(a) x=3,y=1 (b) x=2,y=3 (c) x=2,y=4, (d) x=3,y=3
0 1
Q2 If A=[ ] , then A2 is
1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Q3. If A is a matrix of order mxn and B is a matrix such that AB’
andB’A are both defined , then the order of matrix is
LEVEL-1
𝒊+𝟐𝒋
1) Construct a 2x2 matrix A= [ 𝒂𝒊𝒋 ] where 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝟑
𝒙−𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
2) Find the value of x and y , if ( )=( )
𝒙 𝟓 𝟑 𝟓
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃
3) Compute : [ ]+:[ ]
−𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂
4) Write the total number of possible matrices of order 3x3 with each entry 2 or 1.
5) If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have ?What , if it
has 5 elements?
LEVEL-2
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
6)If A= [ ] , then verify that 𝑨′ A =I
−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶
𝟑 −𝟒
7)If A=[ ] , write 𝑨−𝟏
𝟏 −𝟏
𝟏 𝟎
8) If A =[ ] , then find 𝑨𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟑 𝒚 𝟎 𝟓 𝟔
9) Find the value of x-y, if 2 [ ] +[ ]=[ ]
𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟖
𝒙+𝒚 𝟕 𝟐 𝟕
10)If [ ]= [ ] , then find x.y
𝟗 𝒙−𝒚 𝟗 𝟒
LEVEL-3
11)If A is a symmetric matrix, then write the type of matrix 𝑨𝟑
𝟎 𝟑 𝟎 𝟒𝒂
12)If A = ( ) and KA= ( ) , find the values of k and a.
𝟐 −𝟓 −𝟖 𝟓𝒃
𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎
13) If A =[ ] 𝒂𝒏𝒅 I =[ ] , find k so that 𝑨𝟐 = 7A + kI
−𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
14) If A and B are two matrices such that AB=B and BA=A find 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐
15)Assume X,Z are matrices of order 2 x n , 2 x p. n=p, then write the order of 7X-
5Z .
LEVEL-4
16) If A is a square matrix such that 𝑨𝟐 = A, then write the value of 7A-(𝑰 +
𝑨)𝟑 where I is an identity matrix
17)Suppose P and Q are two different matrices of order 3xn and nxp,then find the
order of the matrix PxQ.
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
18)Simplify cos𝜽 [ ] + sin𝜽 [ ]
−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
19)If A=[ ] , then A+ 𝑨′ = I, then find the value of 𝜶.
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶
20) If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB- BA is a skew symmetric
matrix .
LEVEL-2
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 −𝟐
6) Solve the matrix equation [ 𝟐 ] - 𝟑 [𝟐𝒚] = [ ]
𝒚 𝟗
𝟏 𝟓
7)For the matrix A=[ ] , verify that (A + 𝑨′ ) is a symmetric matrix.
𝟔 𝟕
𝟒 𝟐
8) If A= [ ] , show that (A-2I)(A-3I)=O
−𝟏 𝟏
9)Show that𝑨′ 𝑨′ and A𝑨′ are both symmetric matrices for any matrix A.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟕 −𝟖 −𝟗
10) Find matrix X so that X ( )=( )
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
LEVEL-3
𝟑 𝟏
11) If A = [ ] , show that 𝑨𝟐 – 5A + 7I = O. Hence , find 𝑨−𝟏
−𝟏 𝟐
𝟕 𝟎 𝟑 𝟎
12) Find X and Y, if X + Y= [ ] and X-Y=[ ]
𝟐 𝟓 𝟎 𝟑
𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
13) ) If A=[ ] and I =[ ] , find k so that 𝑨𝟐 =KA – 2I
𝟒 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐
14)If A=[ ] , f(x) = 𝒙𝟐 - 2x-3 , show that f(A) = O
𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 𝟎
15)If[𝒙 𝟏] [ ] = 0 ,then find the value of x.
−𝟐 𝟎
LEVEL-4
16) Find the value of 𝑨𝟐 , where A is a 2x2 matrix whose elements are given by
𝟏𝐢𝐟 𝐢 ≠ 𝐣
𝒂𝒊𝒋 ={
𝟎𝒊𝒇 𝒊 ≠ 𝒋
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
17) If A= ( 𝟐 𝟏 𝒙 ) is a matrix satisfying A𝑨′ =9I,find x
−𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏
𝟑 −𝟒
18) A=[ ], find the matrix B such that AB=I
−𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚
19)If A=[ ] is such that 𝑨𝟐 = I, then find the value of 2-𝒙𝟐 -yz
𝒛 −𝒙
20)If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then show that AB is
symmetric if and only if A and B commute , that is AB=BA.
LONG ANSWER TYPE
LEVEL-1
𝟒 𝟐 −𝟏
1) Express the matrix A =⟦𝟑 𝟓 𝟕 ⟧ as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟏
matrix.
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟎
2) If F(x)=⟦ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝟎⟧ , show that F(x)F(y)=F(x+y)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
3)If A =⟦𝟑 −𝟐 𝟏⟧ , then show that 𝑨𝟑 -23 A -40 I = O
𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
𝜶
𝟎 −𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐
4) If A=[ 𝜶 ] and I is the identity matrix of order 2 ,show that I + A = (I – A)
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐 𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
[ ]
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
5)Let f(x)= 𝒙𝟐 - 5x + 6 . Find f(A), if A = [𝟐 𝟏 𝟑]
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
LEVEL-2
𝟎 𝟐𝒚 𝒛
6) Find the values of x , y, z if the matrix A =[𝒙 𝒚 −𝒛] satisfy the equation 𝑨′ A=I
𝒙 −𝒚 𝒛
𝟏 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
7) For what values of x :[𝟏 𝟐 𝟏] [ 𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 ] [𝟐 ] = O ?
𝟏 𝟎 𝟐 𝒙
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟕 −𝟖 −𝟗
8) Find the matrix X so that X [ ]= [ ]
𝟒 𝟓 𝟔 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔
𝟖 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟐
9) If A = [𝟒 −𝟐] and B =[ 𝟒 𝟐 ] then find the matrix X of order 3 x2 such that 2A +
𝟑 𝟔 −𝟓 𝟏
3X =5B
10) Use matrix multiplication to divide 30,000 rupees in two parts such that the total
annual interest at 9% on the first part and 11% on the second part amounts 3060 rupees.
LEVEL-3
𝟐
11) Prove that the product of matrices [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽]and
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝟐
[ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶]is the null matrix , when 𝜽 and ∅ differ by an odd multiple of 𝝅
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜶 𝟐
12) If A is a square matrix such that 𝑨𝟐 =I, then find the simplified value of(A-I )𝟑 + (A+I
)𝟑 − 𝟕𝑨.
13) If A = [𝟑 𝟓] , B=[𝟕 𝟑] ,then find a non- zero matrix C such that AC=BC
𝟏 𝟎 −𝟑
14)If A=[𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 ] , then verify that 𝑨𝟐 +A=A(A+I),where I is the identity matrix.
𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
15)If A=[𝟐 𝟏 𝟑]
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟎
,find𝑨𝟐 -5A +4I and hence find a matrix X such that 𝑨𝟐 -5A+4I +X=O
CASE STUDY
I)Two schools P and Q want to award their selected students on the values of Tolerance,
Kindness and Leadership.The school P wants to award Rs x each, Rs y each and Rs z each
for three respective values to 3, 2 and 1 students respectively with total award money of
Rs 2200.School Q wants to spend Rs 3100 To award its 4,1 and 3 students on the
respective values.If the total amount of award for one prize on each value is Rs 1200,using
matrices,find the following
4)If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew- symmetric then write the type of matrix A.
II)A trust fund has Rs 35000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds,say X
and Y.The first bond pays 10% interest p.a.which will be given to an old age home and
second one pays 8%interest. per annum which will be given to Women Welfare
Association.Let A be a 1 x 2 matrix and B be a 2 x 1 matrix representing the investment
and interest rate on each bond respectively.
1)If Rs15000 is invested in bond X,then find the total amount of interest receieved on both
bonds.
2) IF the trust fund obtains an annual total interest of Rs 3200 then find the investment in
two bonds.
3)If the amount of interest given to old age home is Rs 500, then find the amount of
investment in bond Y.
III) Two farmers Ravi and Ramu cultivate only three varieties of pulsesnamely Urad
,Massor andMung.The sale of these varieties of pulses by both the farmers in the month
of September and October are given by the following matrices A and B
ARQ
0 1
Q1. ASSERTION[A]: [
1 0
] is an identity matrix.
1 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
REASON[R]:A matrix A=(aij) is an identity matrix if aij = {
0 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
(i ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true and R is false.
(iv) A is false and R is true.
𝑥 3 −3 3
Q2. ASSERTION[A]: If [ ]= [ ] then x=-3
3 𝑥 3 −3
REASON[R]:the solution of x2 – 9 =0 is x=-3
(i ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true and R is false.
(iv) A is false and R is true.
Q3. ASSERTION[A]:For a non-singular matrix A ; (𝐴′)−1 = (𝐴−1 ) ‘
REASON[R]: (kA)’=kA’ and (AdjA)’ =( AdjA’)
(i ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true and R is false.
(iv) A is false and R is true.
1
Q4. ASSERTION[A]: Matrix A = [2] is a column matrix.
3
REASON[R]:A matrix of order mx1 is a column matrix.
(i ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true and R is false.
(iv) A is false and R is true.
Q5. ASSERTION[A]: If A and B are two square matrices then(A+B)2 = A2+B2+2AB
REASON[R]:If A and B are two square matrices then AB=BA
(i ) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true and R is false.
(iv) A is false and R is true.
4. DETERMINANTS
.MIND
𝑎11 𝑎12 MAP:
𝑎13
|𝐴|=|𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎 𝑎 =
A unique number (real or Complex) |𝐴|=|𝑎11 𝑎12 | =
can be associated to every square 21 22 𝑎11 (𝑎22 𝑎33− 𝑎23 𝑎32)
𝑎11 𝑎12− 𝑎12 𝑎21 − 𝑎12 (𝑎21 𝑎33− 𝑎31 𝑎23)
matrix A=[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] of Order m, is
+ 𝑎13 (𝑎21 𝑎32− 𝑎31 𝑎22
calleddeterminants of matrix A. It is
denoted by detA or |𝐴|
Example
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴
∴ 𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|
Singular Matrix
If A is square
matrix and
|𝐴| = 0. Then
Inverse of Matrices A is known as If A is square matrix
Non-singular Matrix and |𝐴| ≠ 0. Then A is
known as non-
singular Matrix
DETERMINANTS
APPLICATION OF
DETERMINANTS
Sum of product of elements of any row ( or column) with their corresponding cofactor is
equal to
the value of determinants. ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = |𝐴|
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
It is written in matrix form [ ] [𝑦] = [𝑐 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2 2
Or
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
Where A=[ ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [𝑐 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2 2
Level-1 (MCQ)
2 4
1. Evaluate |
−1 2
|
3 −1 −2
2. Evaluate | 0 0 −1|
3 −5 0
2 4 2𝑥 4
3. Find x , if |
5 1
|=|
6 𝑥
|
(a) 3 (b)√3 (c) ±3 (d) ±√3
2𝑥 + 5 3
4. Find x, if |
5𝑥 + 2 9
|=0
(a) -13 (b)13 (c) 17 (d) −17
2 −3
5. Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 for 𝐴 = [
1 −4
]
2 −3 2 3 4 3 −4 3
(a)[ ](b) [ ] (c)[ ] (d) [ ]
1 −4 −1 −4 −1 −2 −1 2
3 m
6. if = 3 , find the value of m.
4 m
(a) −3 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Level-2
5−𝑥 𝑥+1
1. For what value of x, the following matrix is singular [ ]?
2 4
(𝑎)2 (b) 3 (c) -3 (d) 4
1 4 −1 1 4 −1 1 4 −1 1 4 −1
(a) [ ](b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
17 −5 3 7 −5 3 17 5 3 7 5 −3
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑
4. Evaluate | |
−𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏
2 3 2
5. |𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 | + 3 = 0.Then the value of x is
4 9 1
8. Assertion (A): The equation of the line joining A(1,3) and B(0,0) is given by y = 3x.
Reason (R) :The area oftriangle with vertices (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ). Then in the
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
form of determinants ∆ = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Level-3
1. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that │ adj A │= 64, Find │A │, │𝐴𝑇 │and
|𝐴−1 |
1 1 1
(a) 8,8, 8 (b) −8,−8,8 (c) 16, -16, (d) ±8, ±8,
16 ±8
2. If A is a square matrix of order 3, such that A(adjA)=10I, then │ adj A │is equal to
3 𝑦 3 2
3. Let | |=| |.The the number of all possible pair of value of x and y, if x and y are
𝑥 1 4 1
Natural No.
1 1 −2
8. Assertion (A) : if A =[2 1 −3], then |𝐴| =0
5 4 −9
Reason (R) :|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 , where n is order of matrix.
Level-4
3 0 −1
1. If A = [2 3 0 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛|𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| is
0 4 1
(a)1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
200 50 50 40
2. Let A = [ ] and B = [ ], then |𝐴𝐵| is equal to
10 2 2 3
3. If A is a square matrix of Order 3 such that 𝐴2 = 2𝐴, Then find the value of |𝐴|.
𝑥 0 0
4. If x, y, z are non zero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix A =[0 𝑦 0] is
0 0 𝑧
𝑥 −1 0 0 𝑥 −1 0 0 𝑥 0 0 1 0 0
1 1
(𝑎) [ 0 𝑦 −1 0 ] (b)xyz[ 0 𝑦 −1 0 ] (c) [0 𝑦 0](d) [0 1 0]
𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧
0 0 𝑧 −1 0 0 𝑧 −1 0 0 𝑧 0 0 1
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
5. Let A = [−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ], where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
−1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
(a) Det(A)=0 (b) Det(A)∈ (2, ∞) (c) Det(A)∈ (2,4)(d) Det(A)∈ [2,4]
1 1 1
6. The Maximum value of A = [ 1 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1] is, (𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟)
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 1
1 √3 3√ 3
(a) (b) (c)√2 (d)
2 2 4
1 3 𝜆+2
7. Assertion (A) : If the matrix A =[2 4 8 ] is singular, then 𝜆 = 4.
3 5 10
Reason (R) : If A is a singular matrix, then |𝐴| = 0
2 3 1
8. Assertion (A) : If A =[ ] and 𝐴−1 = 𝑘𝐴, then k =
5 −2 9
1
Reason (R) :|𝐴−1 | = |𝐴|
Manjit wants to donate a rectangular plot of land for a school in his village. When he was
asked to give dimensions of the plot, he told that if its length is decreased by 50m and
breadth is increased by 50m, then its area will remain same, but if length is decreased by
10m and breadth is decreased by 20m, then its area will decrease by 5300𝑚2 .
II. Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same:
The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members (say x)
for honesty, some (say y) for helping others and some others (say z)for supervising the workers to
kept the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the awardees is 12. Three times the sum of awardees
for cooperation and supervision added to two times the number of awardees for honesty is 33. The
sum of the number of awardees for honesty and supervision is twice the number of awardees for
helping.
Q.1 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =?
Two schools KVS and NVS want to award their selected students on the value of sincerity,
truthfulness and helpfulness. KVS wants to award Rs x each, Rs y each and Rs Z each for the three
respective values to 3,2 and 1 students respectively with a total award money of Rs 1600. NVS wants
to spend Rs 2300 to award its 4,1 and 3 students on the respective values (by giving the same
amount to the three values as before). The total amount of the award for one prize on each is Rs
900.
LEVEL-4.1
1 4 3
1. The value of determinants |9 −1 4| is ____
5 0 2
( a ) 21 ( b ) 166 ( c) 64 ( d ) none of these (ans: a)
2 −3 5
2. If 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of the determinant |6 0 4 |, then the
1 5 −7
value of 𝑎32 𝐴32 is
( a ) 100 ( b ) 225 ( c ) 110 ( d ) 150 ( ans: c)
2 4 2𝑥 4
3. If | |=| | , then possible value(s) of 𝑥 is/are_________
5 1 6 𝑥
( a ) 3 ( b ) √3 ( c ) −√3 ( d ) ±√3 ( ans d)
4. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |𝐴|=5, then |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is equal to ___
( a ) 5 ( b ) 25 ( c ) 125 ( d ) none of these ( ans b)
5. If the area of a triangle with vertices (−3,0), (3,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, 𝑘) is 9 sq. units, then the
value of 𝑘 is ___________
( a ) 9 ( b ) 3 ( c ) 6 ( d ) 12 ( ans b)
2 3 −1
6. If matrix [ 𝑥 + 4 −1 2 ] is a singular matrix, then the value of 𝑥 is ______
3𝑥 + 1 2 −1
3 3 4 8
(a)− (b) (c) (d) ( ans: a )
16 16 13 10
7. If A is a matrix of order 3 with |𝐴| = 3, then |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| is ___________
( a ) 9 ( b ) 16 ( c ) 32 ( d ) 81 ( ans d)
8. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that |𝐴| = 5, then|𝐴 (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| is equal to _____
1
( a ) 25 ( b ) 125 ( c ) 5 (d ) 125 ( ans: b)
9. Determinant of a matrix A is 6, then |𝐴𝑇 | is ______
1
(a)0 ( b ) 36 ( c ) 6 (d) ( ans: c)
6
10. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that |𝐴|=4 and B is another matrix of same order
such that 𝐵 = 𝐴3 , then |𝐵| is equal to ________
( a ) 64 ( b ) 16 ( c ) 256 ( d ) 1024 ( ans: a )
11. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 , then |𝐴| is _______
( a ) 27 ( b ) 3 ( c ) 1 ( d ) 0 ( ans: d)
12. If A is a square matrix of order 3 , then |𝑘𝐴| is equal to ____
( a ) 𝑘 3 |𝐴| ( b ) 𝑘|𝐴| ( c ) 𝑘 2 |𝐴| ( d ) 3𝑘|𝐴| ( ans : a)
13. If the points (3,2), (𝑥, 2)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (8,8) are collinear, the value of 𝑥 is ______
(a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)5 ( ans: b)
1 2 𝑥
14. If [1 1 1 ] is singular, then the value of 𝑥 is _______
2 1 −1
( a ) 1 ( b ) 2 ( c ) 3 ( d ) 4 ( ans: d)
15. For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX=B, then which one of the following is
correct
( a ) if |𝐴| ≠ 0 , there exists unique solution
( b ) if |𝐴| = 0 and (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐵 ≠ 0, there exists no solution
( c ) if |𝐴| = 0 and (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝐵 = 0, then system may or may not be consistant
( d ) all the above ( ans : d)
2 3
16. If 𝐴 = [ ], then 𝐴−1 is ________
3 4
2 3 −2 −3 4 −3 −4 3
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ] ( ans : d)
3 4 3 4 −3 2 3 −2
2 −1
17. If 𝐴 = [ ], then Adj A is ________
4 3
2 3 3 1 2 −1 2 −1
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c)[ ] (d)[ ] ( ans: b)
−1 4 −4 2 3 4 4 3
18. If A is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐼, then 𝐴−1 is equal to _____
( a ) A ( b ) 2A ( c) O ( d) none of these ( ans: a)
6 𝑥
19. The value of 𝑥 for which the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] is singular_______
12 4
( a ) −1 ( b ) 2 ( c ) −2 ( d ) 0 ( ans: b)
𝑥 𝑥−2
20. The value of the determinant | | is ________
𝑥+2 𝑥
( a ) 2 ( b) 3 (c ) −4 ( d ) 4 ( ans: d)
LEVEL-4.2
ASSERTION & REASON
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion(A) is followed by a statement of
Reason ( R ) . Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
( a ) both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
( b ) both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
( c ) A true but R is false
( d ) A false but R is true
21. Assertion (A) if A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix, then |𝐴−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴|
Reason(R) if A and B both are invertible matrices such that B is inverse of A, then
AB=BA=I. ( ans: b)
2𝑥 5 6 −2
22. Assertion (A) if | |=| | , then 𝑥 = ±6
8 𝑥 7 3
Reason(R) if A and B are matrices of order 3 and |𝐴| = 4 , |𝐵| = 6 , then
|2𝐴𝐵| = 192 ( ans: b)
1 1 −2
23. Assertion (A) if 𝐴 = [2 1 −3] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |𝐴| = 0
5 4 −9
Reason(R)|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = [𝐴]𝑛−1, where n is the order of the matrix ( ans: b)
2 1
24. Assertion (A) The matrix [ ] is singular.
4 2
Reason(R)A square matrix A is said to be singular , if |𝐴| = 0 ( ans : a)
25. Assertion (A) The system of equations 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5.and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 has unique
solution and 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 1
Reason(R)The system of equations 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 has unique solution, if |𝐴| ≠ 0 ( ans: a)
26. Assertion (A)The points (𝑎, 𝑏 + 𝑐), (𝑏, 𝑐 + 𝑎)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑐, 𝑎 + 𝑏) are collinear.
Reason(R) Area of the triangle with three collinear points is zero. ( ans: a)
27. Assertion (A)if M is a skew- symmetric matrix of order 3, then |𝑀| = 0
Reason(R) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix is zero ( ans: a)
28. Assertion (A)if every element of a order 3 determinant of value D is multiplied by 4,
then the value of new determinant is 64D
Reason(R) if k is a scalar and A is a matrix of order n, then |𝑘𝐴| = 𝑘 𝑛 |𝐴| ( ans : a)
29. Assertion (A)𝐴( 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = 𝐼
Reason(R)|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 ( ans: d)
12 𝑥
30. Assertion (A)the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] is singular if x=4
6 2
Reason(R)if a matrix A is singular , then |𝐴| = 0 ( ans: a)
LEVEL -4.3
31. Using determinants find the value(s) of 𝑘 so that the points ( 𝑘, 2 − 2𝑘), ( −𝑘 +
1
1, 2𝑘) and (−4 − 𝑘, 6 − 2𝑘) are collinear. ( ans: −1, 2 )
3 7 6 8
32. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] , verify that (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1
2 5 7 9
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
33. If 𝐴 = [ ] is such that 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1, then find 𝜃 (ans: 𝜃 be any real
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
number)
2 3 1 −2 −6 5
34. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] , then find A𝑑𝑗( 𝐴𝐵) ( ans : [ ])
4 −1 −3 1 −2 −10
2 3 1
35. If 𝐴 = [ ] be such that 𝐴−1 = 𝑘𝐴, then find the value of 𝑘 ( ans: 𝑘 = − 19 )
5 −2
𝑥 2
36. If 𝐴 = | | and |𝐴|3 = 125, then find 𝑥 ( ans: ±3 )
2 𝑥
2 3 2
37. If |𝑥 𝑥 𝑥| + 3 = 0, then find the value of 𝑥 ( ans: −1)
4 9 1
38. If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |𝐴| = 2 , |𝐵| = 5, then find the value of |3𝐴𝐵|
( ans: 270 )
39. If A is a matrix of order 3 , with |𝐴| = 9. Find the value of |2 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| ( ans: 648)
40. Find the equation of the line passing through points (1,3) and (0,0) using
determinant.
( ans: 𝑦 = 3𝑥)
LEVEL-4.4
41. Solve the following system of equations by using matrix method when 𝑥 ≠ 0, 𝑦 ≠ 0
and 𝑧 ≠ 0.
2 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1
𝑥
− 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
− 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13 (ans: 2 , 3 , 5)
42. The sum of three numbers is 6. Twice the third number when added to the first
number gives 7. On adding the sum of the second and third numbers to thrice the
first number, we get 12. Find the numbers using matrix method (ans: 3,1,2)
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
43. If 𝐴 = [2 3 4] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [−4 2 −4], find AB. Use this to solve the system
0 1 2 2 −1 5
of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7 ( ans: 2, −1,4 )
5 0 4 1 3 3 −2 19 −27
−1 −1
44. Given 𝐴 = [2 3 2] , 𝐵 = [1 4 3] compute (𝐴𝐵) ( ans: [−2 18 −25]
1 2 1 1 3 4 −3 29 −42
1 0 2
45. If 𝐴 = [0 2 1] and 𝐴3 − 6𝐴2 + 7𝐴 + 𝑘𝐼 = 0 , find the value of 𝑘 . ( ans: k=2)
2 0 3
1 3 2
46. If = [2 0 −1] , then show that 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 11 𝐼 = 0. Hence find 𝐴−1( ans :
1 2 3
−2 5 3
1
[ 7 −1 −5] )
11
−4 −1 6
0 1 1
𝐴2 −3𝐼
47. Find 𝐴−1 , if 𝐴 = [1 0 1] and show that 𝐴−1 = 2 ( ans: 𝐴−1 =
1 1 0
−1 1 1
1
2
[ 1 −1 1 ] )
1 1 −1
1 −1 1
48. If 𝐴 = [2 1 −3], find 𝐴−1 and hence solve the system of linear equations
1 1 1
9 2 7
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 , −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 ( ans: 5 , 5 , 5 )
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
49. Use the product [0 2 −3] [ 9 2 −3] to solve the system of equations
3 −2 4 6 1 −2
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2 ( ans: 0, 5, 3)
50. Solve the following system of equations:
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4 ( ans: 1, 2 , 3)
51. Area of a triangle whose vertices are Area of a triangle whose vertices are (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ),
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is
1 𝑥1 𝑦1 1
∆= |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
2 𝑥 𝑦 1
3 3
Since area is a positive quantity ,so we always take the absolute value of the
determinant ∆. Also , the area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is
zero.
Based on the above information , answer the following questions
i. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (−2, ,6), (3, −6)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (1,5) .
(ans 15.5 sq units)
ii. If the points (2, −3), (𝑘, −1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,4) are collinear , then find the value of
40
4𝑘. (ans 7
)
iii. If the area of a triangle with vertices (1,3), (0,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑘, 0) is 3 sq. units, then
find the value of 𝑘. ( ans ± 2)
iv. Using determinants find the equation of the line joining the points (1,2) and
(3,6) ( ans 2𝑥 = 𝑦)
52. Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values of Honesty,
Hard work and Punctuality. The school A wants to award Rs, 𝑥 each, Rs. 𝑦 each and
Rs. 𝑧 each for the three respective values to its 3,2 and 1 students respectively with a
total award money of Rs. 2200. School B wants to spend Rs. 3100 to award its 4,1
and 3 students on the respective values( by giving the same award money to the
three values as school A) . The total amount of award for one prize on each value is
Rs. 1200.
Using the concept of matrices and determinants, answer the following questions.
i. What is the award money for Honesty? ( ans: Rs. 300 )
ii. What is the award money for hard work? ( ans: Rs. 400 )
iii. What is the award money for punctuality? ( ans : Rs. 500 )
iv. If a matrix P is both symmetric and skew-symmetric , then |𝑃| is equal to
_______ ( ans : 0 )
53. Two trusts A and B receive Rs. 70000 and Rs. 55000respectively from central
government to award prize to persons of a district in three different fields
agriculture, education and social service. Trust A awarded 10,5 and 15 persons in the
field of agriculture, education and social service respectively while trust B awarded
15,10 and 5 persons in the field of agriculture, education and social service
respectively. The cost of all the prizes together amounts to Rs. 6000.
Based on the given information answer the following questions:
i. If 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 are the amounts of each prize respectively and CX=D is the
matrix form of the given information, then find adjoint of C ( ans
125 5 10
[175 −10 −5] )
25 5 −5
ii. Using inverse of matrix C , find the values 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 ( ans: 2000,
1000,3000)
5. CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
1. MIND MAP
* If the left hand limit, right hand limit and the value of
Algebra of continuous
the function at x = c exist and equal to each other, then f functions
is said to be continuous at x = c. Suppose f and g be two real
functions continuous at a real
number c. Then
(1) f + g is continuous at x = c.
(2) f – g is continuous at x = c.
(3) f .g is continuous at x = c.
(4) f/g is continuous at x = c,
provided g(c) ≠ 0.
CONTINUITY: Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let c
be a point in the domain of f. Then f is continuous at c if lim f x f c or
x c
lim f c h f c lim f c h
h 0 h 0
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
4.2(LEVEL-2)
𝑎𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 3
8. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at x = 3, then the relation
𝑏𝑥 + 3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3
between a and b is
2 2 2 1
(a) a + b = 3
(b) a = b + (c) b = a + (d) a = b -
3 3 3
sin x
cos x, x 0
9. The function f x x is
2, x0
(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) discontinuous at x = 0
(c) continuous everywhere (d) discontinuous everywhere.
10. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], where [x] denotes the greatest integer function, f is continuous at
(a) 7 (b) - 4 (c) 0 (d) 2.5
𝑑𝑦
12. If 𝑥 = √𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 and 𝑦 = √𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 , then𝑑𝑥 =
−1 −1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦
(a) 0 (b) − 𝑦 (c) 𝑥 (d) − 𝑥
4.3 (LEVEL-3)
𝑥 2 −4
14. Given functions f(x) = 𝑥−2
and g(x) = x + 2, x ∊ R. Then which of the following is correct?
(a) f is continuous at x = 2, g is continuous at x = 2
(b) f is continuous at x = 2, g is not continuous at x = 2
(c) f is not continuous at x = 2, g is continuous at x = 2
(d) f is not continuous at x = 2, g is not continuous at x = 2
sin 5𝑥
+ cos 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
15. For what value of ‘k’ is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 3𝑥 is continuous
𝑘, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
at x = 0?
(a)1 (b) 5/3 (c) 8/3 (d) 0
2 −2
(a) √1−𝑥 2 (b) √1−𝑥 2 (c) 0 (d) does not exist.
Assertion (A): The greatest integer function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥]is not differentiable at x = 4.
4.4(LEVEL-4)
1
20. Number of points at which 𝑓(𝑥) = log|𝑥|
is discontinuous =
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 4
𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝜋
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2
21. For what value of ‘k’ the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋−2𝑥 𝜋 is continuous
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
2
𝜋
at x = ?
2
(a)3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
22. If limℎ→0 exists finitely, then the value of lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) is equal to
ℎ
(a) 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) (b) 𝑓(𝑎) (c) 0 (d) 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)
23. If 𝑓(1) = 4, 𝑓 ′ (1) = 2, then the value of the derivative of log(𝑓(𝑒 𝑥 )) with respect to x
at x = 0 is
(a) 1 (b) ½ (c) 2 (d) -2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
24. If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑑𝑥 =
Reason (R) :A function f(x) is continuous at a point x= a of its domain iflim𝑥→𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) = f(a).
4.5(LEVEL-5)
1− cos 4𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
26. For what value of ‘p’ is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥2 continuous
𝑝, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
at x =0 ?
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 1/8
𝑢(𝑥)
27. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 { 𝑣(𝑥) } , 𝑢(1) = 𝑣(1)and 𝑢′ (1) = 𝑣 ′ (1) = 2, then the value of 𝑓 ′ (1) is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) - 1 (d) e
𝜋 3𝜋 𝑑𝑦
28. If 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 𝑥), then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −2
𝑑𝑦
29. If 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑥−𝑦) , then 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑦
30. If 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 < 1, then 𝑑𝑥 is
−1 1 −1 1
(a) (1+𝑥)2 (b) (1+𝑥)2 (c)(1−𝑥)2 (d) (1−𝑥)2
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
2
Reason (R) :𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥| = { 𝜋
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 <𝑥≤𝜋
2
ANSWER
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d a c a d a b b a d
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
b d d c c b d c c b
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
d b b c d c a a d a
31
a
VSA(TWO MARKS QUESTIONS)
LEVEL-I
1. Let f(x) =𝑥|𝑥|, for all x∈ R. Discuss the derivability of f(x) at x = 0 .
2. Examine whether the function f given by f (x) = 𝑥 2 is continuous at x = 0.
3. Discuss the continuity of the modulus function .
4. Discuss the continuity of the greatest integer function at integer points .
𝑑𝑦
5. Find :𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 √cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
6. Find :𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 √1+𝑥 2
2𝑥 + 3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
7. Examine the continuity of the function f(x)={
2𝑥 − 3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
8. Differentiate cos 𝑥 3 .sin2(𝑥 5 )w.r.t 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥+cos−1 𝑥
9. Find 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 = 2sin
10. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by
ax 1, if x 3
f x
bx 3 if x 3
is continuous at𝑥 = 3 .
LEVEL : 2
𝑑𝑦
11. If (x2 + y2)2 = xy, then find .
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 + 3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
12. Show that the function f given by f (x) = is not continuous at x=0 .
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
13. Determine the value of the constant ‘k ‘ so that the function 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑘𝑥
,𝑥 < 0
{ |𝑥|
3 ,𝑥 > 0
𝑑𝑦
14. 𝐼𝑓 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) = 1, 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑒 𝑦 .
𝑑𝑦 √1−𝑦2
15. 𝐼𝑓 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = − √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
d2y dy
5 6y 0
16. If y 3e 2e , prove that dx
2x 3x 2
dx
LEVEL 3
𝑑𝑦
17. Find of the function:-𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
18. Find 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sin 𝜃) , 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃).
𝑑𝑥
dy cos 2 a y
19. If cos y x cosa y with cos a 1 ,prove that dx sin a
3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
20. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { 11 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1 is continuous at x = 1,find the value of a
5𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
and b.
𝑘(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
21. For what value of 𝑘 is the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { continuous
4𝑥 + 1 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
at x 0 ?
LEVEL -4
dy 1
22. If x 1 y y 1 x 0 ,for, -1< x <1 , Prove that dx 1 x 2
𝑑𝑦
23. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥 𝑥 +𝑎𝑎
𝜋
24. Determine the value of k for which the following function is continuous at x= 2 :
𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋
𝜋−2𝑥
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 2
f(x)={ 𝜋
3, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 =
2
𝑑𝑦
25. Find 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃.
26. Find the value of a and b, such that the functions defined by
5 , x≤2
f(x)={ ax + b , 2 < 𝑥 < 10 is a continuous function.
21 , x ≥ 10
LONG ANSWER [3 MARKS]
LEVEL:1
𝑥𝑥……..∞
1. Differentiate 𝑥 𝑥
1
|𝑥|Sin 𝑥>0
2. Check the continuity of the function , f(x) = { x at x=0 .
0 , 𝑖𝑓𝑥 ≤ 0
dy y
3. If 𝑥 = √𝑎 sin and 𝑦 = √𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠
−1 𝑡 −1 𝑡
then prove that dx = − x
2𝑥
4. Differentiate 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1+𝑥2 ), -1 < x < 1.
𝜋
𝑎 sin { 2 (𝑥 + 1)} , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
5. Find the value of a, so that 𝑓(𝑥) = { tan 𝑥−sin 𝑥
is continuous at x = 0.
𝑥3
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
√1−𝑥 2
6. Differentiate 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑥
) with respect to 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ), x ≠ 0.
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
7. If y = 𝑥 𝑥 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 − ( ) − = 0.
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
LEVEL:2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
9. If 𝑦 = sin(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 .
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
10. If 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥, show that (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑2 𝑦
11. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡) ,find𝑑𝑥 2 .
𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑏 4
12. 4. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃,y = b sin 𝜃 ,then prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 𝑏3 .
𝑑𝑦
13. Find 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = (log 𝑥) 𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑥 .
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
14. If 𝑒 𝑦 (x+1)=1 , then show that 𝑑𝑥 2
=(𝑑𝑥 ) .
LEVEL :3
𝑡 𝑑2 𝑦
14. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + log tan 2) , y = 𝑎 sin 𝑡 . 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑥 2
1 x 1 x 2
15. Differentiate ‘f’ with respect to x, where f(x) = tan 1 tan
1 x 1 2x
𝑑𝑦 𝑡
16. Find , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 (cos 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 tan ) , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2
1
2
17. If y tan x ,show that x 2
1 y2 2 x x 2 1y1 2
2
2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
18. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + (cos 𝑥) 𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑥
LEVEL : 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑡
18.Find :𝑥= ,y=
𝑑𝑥 √cos 2𝑡 √cos 2𝑡
1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
19.If x=tan(𝑎logy), then show that (1+𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 2 +(2x-a)𝑑𝑥 =0
𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
, 𝑥<0 𝑥3
20.Find a, b, c if 𝑓(𝑥) given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 , 𝑥 = 0 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
√𝑥+𝑐𝑥 2 −√𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0
{ 𝑐𝑥 2/3
1 x 1 x 2
21.Differentiate ‘f’ with respect to x, where f(x) = tan 1 tan
1 x 1 2x
𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
sin(𝑎+𝑥)𝑥 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
22. Find the value of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 for which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ,𝑥 = 0 is
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 −1 ,𝑥 > 0
{2 𝑏𝑥
continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
LEVEL-1
𝑑𝑦
1.If ex+ ey= ex+y, prove that 𝑑𝑥
.
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
2.𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 prove that 𝑑𝑥 = (1+𝑥)2 .
𝑑2 𝑦 cos 𝑥
3. If y = tanx + secx, prove that𝑑𝑥 2 = (1+sin 𝑥)2 .
cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥
3. Differentiate cos −1 ( )
√2
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
4. If √1 − 𝑥 2 + √1 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑦), 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
5.If𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
LEVEL-2
𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
6. If x = ecos2tand y = esin2t, prove that 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
7 If 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑡 , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) −𝑥 + 𝑝2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
8. If 𝑦 = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 1) , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0.
2𝑥+1 3𝑥
9. Differentiate sin−1 1+36𝑥
.
√1+𝑥2 −1
10. Differentiate tan−1 𝑥
with respect to x.
LEVEL-3
𝜋
𝑎 sin { (𝑥 + 1)} , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 0
11. Find the value of a, so that 𝑓(𝑥) = { tan 2𝑥−sin 𝑥 is continuous at x = 0.
𝑥 3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
√1−𝑥 2
12. Differentiate 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) with respect to 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ), x ≠ 0.
𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑦
13. If y = 𝑥 𝑥 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) − 𝑥 = 0.
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐
14.Differentiate 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) with respect to 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ), x ≠ 𝟎.
𝒙
2𝑥 + 3, 𝑖𝑓 − 3 ≤ 𝑥 < −2
15. Examine the differentiability of the function f defined by f(x)={ 𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑥 + 2, 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
LEVEL -4
( x 3)( x 2 4)
16. Differentiate with respect to x.
3x 2 4 x 5
1 dy x 1
17. If y log x , prove that .
x dx 2 x( x 1)
𝑑2 𝑦
18. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃) , 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 sin 𝑡 . 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2
.
19. Differentiate 𝑦 = [log(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 )2
prove that (1+𝑥 )𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 = 2. 2
2. A potter made a mud vessel ,wheref(x) is height of the pot and f(x)=|𝑥 − 3| + ||𝑥 − 2 ||.
(iv) If the potter is trying to make a pot using the function f(x)=[x] ,will he get a pot or not ?
Justify.
6. APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
MIND MAP:
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 , x2 (a, b)
MAXIMA &
MINIMA INCREASING &
DECREASING
FUNCTION
(iii) The maximum or minimum value of a function f(x) occurs at a point x=c
where f 1 ( x) =0 or f is not defined.
Working Rules/Heuristics (If any):
Working rule for finding Absolute maxima & Absolute minima in closed
Interval
Step-I : Find all critical points of function f in the given interval i.e. find all the
points in the interval where f 1 ( x) =0.
Step-II : Find the value of the function at all these critical points and end points of the
interval.
Step-III : The largest and smallest value obtained in step –II are the absolute maximum and
absolute minimum values of the function in the given interval.
Level-1 (MCQ)
4 The intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = 2x2 – 3x is strictly increasing is
3 3 3 3
(A)( , ∞) (B)[ , ∞) (C)(−∞, ) (D)(−∞, ]
4 4 4 4
(C)increasingon (0, ∞). (D) Neither increasing nor decreasing on (0, ∞).
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(B) Assertion and Reason both are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
2 Assertion (A) : The function f(x) = log x is defined for all x ∈ (0, ∞)
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(B) Assertion and Reason both are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Level-2 (MCQ)
𝜋 𝜋
(A)is increasing on(0, 2 ) (B)is decreasing on(0, 2 )
𝜋 𝜋
(C)is strictly decreasing on(0, 2 ) (D) is strictly increasing on(0, 2 )
3 The least value of a such that the function f given by f(x) = x2 + ax + 1 is strictly increasing on
. (1, 2) is
(A)2 (B) -2 (C) 4 (D)-4
4 Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly decreasing
x2 + 2x -5
(a) (-∞, 1) (b) (-∞, -1) (c) (-∞, -11) (d) none of these
5 .The critical points for the function f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + x+1 are
6 Find the interval in which the function given by f(x) = sin3x ,xє [0, 𝜋] is increasing
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) [0, ) (b) [0, ) (c) [0, ) (d) none of these
4 36 6
𝑓 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 3 𝑖𝑛 [−3, 1] is 19
Reason(R): The absolute value of function exists only on critical point of a function in I.
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
(B) Assertion and Reason both are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, Reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, Reason is true.
Level-3 (MCQ)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
C) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 & 2 < 0 D) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 &𝑑𝑥 2 ≤ 0
𝑑𝑥
2 The sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes from positive to negative as x increases through x = a then
3 The sign of 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) changes from negative to positive as x increases through x = a then
.
A) 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a point of local minimum B) 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a point of local maximum
1 1
A) B) C) √2 D) 2√2
2 4
6 5𝜋
At x = 6
, f(x) = 2 sin 3x + 3 cos 3x has a
1 1
Assertion (A) : f(x) is increasing on ( - ∞ , − 2 ) U ( 2 , ∞ )
2 1−𝑥+𝑥 2
For all real values of x, the minimum value of 1+𝑥+𝑥 2
1
A) 0 B) 1 C) 3 D)
3
3 1 𝑥
The maximum value of (𝑥) is
.
1
1 𝑒
A) 𝑒 B) 𝑒 𝑒 C) 𝑒 𝑒 D) ( )
𝑒
4 The maximum and minimum values of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 in the interval [ 0, 2𝜋 ] are
A) 2𝜋 , 0 B) 0, 2𝜋 C) 0, 0 D) None of these
5 Two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as possible. Then the two
numbers are
1 Let 𝑎 , 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅 such that the function f given by 𝑓(𝑥) = ln |x| + 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 has extreme
values at 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = − 2.
Assertion : f has a local maximum at x = −1 and at x = 2
1 1
Reason: 𝑎 = and 𝑏 = −
2 4
𝑑𝑉
(ii) Determine the value of
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑉
(iii) Determine the value of
𝑑𝑥 2
(iv) For what value of the height, the volume of the open box is maximum ?
(v) what are the criteria for which the volume is minimum ?
Level-1
1) Find the interval in which the function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 is strictly increasing .
4) Find the rate of change the area of a circle with respect to its radius r at r=6 cm.
5) The total revenue in rupees received from the sale of 𝑥 units of a product is given by
𝑅(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 5. Find the marginal revenue, when 𝑥 = 15.
Level-2
1) If 𝑥 is real,find the minimum value of 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 17.
2) In a sphere of radius 𝑟, a right circular cone of height ℎ having maximum curved surface
area is inscribed. Find the expression for the square of curved surface of cone .
3) Find the number of values of 𝑥 where the function 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + cos(√2𝑥) attains its
maximum.
𝑏
4) Find the least value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + (𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑥 > 0 ).
𝑥
Level-3
3
5) Show that the function y=𝑥+7 is strictly decreasing for x Є R (x≠0)
Level-4
𝜋
1) Show that the function f(x)=log |cos x| is strictly decreasing in (0, 2 )
3) Find the maximum and minimum values, If any, of the function given by g(x)=𝑥 3 +1
4)Find the Maximum and Minimum values, If any, of the function given by f(x)=|sin 4x+3|
5) Prove that the function f(x)=𝑥 3 +𝑥 2 +x+1 does not have a maxima or minima
6) Given the function f(x)= 𝑥 𝑥 ,x>0, Find the stationary point for the function f
Level-1
1) An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 5 cm per second . How fast is the
volume of the cube is increasing when the side is 15 cm ?
2) If the radius of circle increasing at the rate of 0.5 cm/s , then find the rate of increase of
circumference.
3) If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the sides of two squares such that 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , then find the rate of change
of the area of second square with respect to the area of first square .
4) The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 9 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠 . How fast is its surface area
increasing when the length of an edge is 10 cm ?
3
5) Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 45𝑥 2 + 51 is
2
Level-2
1) Find the intervals in which (𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 , is strictly decreasing.
4
2) Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = −3 log(1 + 𝑥) + 4 log(2 + 𝑥) − is
2+𝑥
strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
𝜋 𝜋
3) Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑥 is strictly decreasing on ( − , 3 ).
3
𝜋
4) Prove that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + √3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 has the maximum value at 𝑥 = 6
.
5) Show that the function 𝑓 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 1 is an increasing function for
all 𝑥 > 0 .
Level-3
1) For the curve y=5x-2𝑥 3 , if x increases at the rate of 2 units/s, then how fast is the slope of
curve changing when x=3 ?
2)Find the instantaneous rate of change at x=1 for the function f(x)=𝑥/𝑒 𝑥 +11
5) Find the least value of a such that that function f(x)=𝑥 2 +ax+1 is strictly increasing on [1,2]
Level-4
1) Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x)=x-sin x in [0,2π] is increasing or
decreasing
5) If at x =1 the function f(x)=𝑥 4 -62𝑥 2 +ax+9 attains its maximum value on the interval [0,2].
Find the value of a.
7) Find the maximum and minimum values if any of the function given by f(x)=− (𝑥 −
1)2 +10
8) Find the maximum and minimum values if any of the function given by f(x)= sin 2x+5
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
Level-1
1) Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36 cm which will sweep out a volume
as large as possible , when revolved about one side. Also , find the maximum volume.
2) Show that a right circular cylinder of the given volume open at the top has minimum total
surface area , provided that the height is equal to the radius of the base .
3) The volume of a sphere is increasing at the rate of 3 cubic centimeter per second . Find
the rate of increase of its surface area , when the radius is 2 cm.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋 . Also find the local maximum and local minimum values.
5) Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function 𝑓 given by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 , 𝑥𝜖[0, 𝜋] .
Level-2
𝑥
2) A manufacturer can sell 𝑥 items at a price of Rs (5 − 100) each. The cost price of 𝑥 items
𝑥
is Rs (5 + 500) . Find the number of items he should sell to earn maximum profit .
3) A wire of length 34m is to be cut into two pieces. One of pieces is to be made into a
square and the other into a rectangle whole length is twice its breadth . What should be the
lengths of the two pieces , so that the combined area of the square and the rectangle is
maximum .
4) Show that the rectangle of maximum perimeter which can be inscribed in a circle of
radius r is the square of the side r√2 .
5) Show that the rectangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a circle is a square.
Level-3
1) Show that a right circular cylinder which is open at the top, And has a given surface area,
will have the greatest volume if its height is equal to the radius of its base
2) Show that all the rectangles of given area the square has the smallest perimeter
3) Find the largest possible area of a right angled Triangle whose hypotenuse is 5 cm long
4) The sum of surface areas of a sphere and cube is given. Show that sum of their volumes
is least, The diameter of sphere is equal to the edge of a cube
5) A square piece of tin of side 18cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting a
square from each corner and folding up the flaps to form a box. What should be the side of
the square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum? Also, find the maximum
volume.
Level-4
1) A wire of length 36cm is cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is turned in the form of a
square and the other in the form of an equilateral triangle. Find the length of each piece so
that the sum of the areas of the two be minimum
2)Show that the surface area of a closed cuboid with a square base and given volume is
minimum, When it is a cube
3) Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and sum of whose cubes is minimum
4)The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/s and the width y is increasing
as the rate of 2cm/s when x=12cm and y=5cm. Find the rate of change of (a) perimeter (b)
area of the rectangle
5)Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the maximum
area
5𝑥+7
∫{1 − (𝑥+2)(𝑥+3}dx
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL:
I. Methods of integrations .
(a) Integration by substitution
(b) Integration using partial fractions
(c) Integration by parts
INTEGRATION
DEFINITE INTEGRAL
2.CONCEPTS NOTE
(a) The process of differentiation and integration are inverse of each other,
(b) Two indefinite integrals with the same derivatives lead to the same family of
curves and so they are equivalent. So it f and g are two functions such that
(c) The integral of the sum of two functions equal the sum of the integrals of the
(d) A constant factor may be written either before or after the integrals
x n 1 dx 1 xa
* C, if x > a
x dx c
n log
*
n 1 x a
2 2
2a xa
* 1.dx x c dx 1 ax
* log C, if x > a
a x
2 2
2a ax
1
* 2 x c dx 1 ax
x * log C,
a x
2 2
2a ax
1
* dx c +log x if x > a
x
dx 1 x 1 x
* e x dx e x c * tan 1 C, cot 1 C`
x2 a2 a a a a
ax 1 x x
* a dx
x
c * dx sin 1 c = - cos-1 C`
log a a2 x2 a a
* sin xdx cos x c
dx
* log | x x 2 a 2 | C
* sin xdx cos x c a x2 2
dx
* cos xdx sin x c * log | x x 2 a 2 | C
x a2 2
* sec 2 x dx tan x c *
x 2 a2
x a dx x a log x x 2 a 2 C
2 2 2
* cos ec 2 x dx cot x c 2 2
b b
P0 : f x dx f t dt
a a
b a
p1 : f x dx f x dx,
a b
a
In particular f x dx 0
a
b c b
P2 : f x dx f x dx f x dx.
a a c
b b
P3 : f x dx f a b x dx.
a a
a a
P4 : f x dx f a x dx.
0 0
2a a a
P5 : f x dx f x dx f 2a x dx.
0 0 0
a
2 f x dx, if f 2a x f x
f x dx
2a
P6 : 0
0
0, if f 2a x f x .
a a
P7 : (i ) f x dx 2 f x dx
a 0
a
(ii ) f x dx 0 If f is aodd function i.e., f x f x
a
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
Q1. ∫ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (log 𝑥)
Q4. ∫
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
a. log (log x)+c b.- tan (log x)+c c. cot (log x)+c d. tan (log x)+c
𝑥
Q5. ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
1 1 1
a. - 2 b. 2 c. - 2 d. None of these
2𝑒 𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS
𝑑 1
Reason (R) :𝑑𝑥 (logx ) = 𝑥
1
Q.7. Assertion (A):∫−1(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 ) dx = 0
𝑎
Reason (R) :∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
4.2.(LEVEL-2)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
𝜋
Q8.∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 2
a. b. c. 1 d. None of these
2 3
𝜋
Q9. ∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. b. c. d. None of these
3 2 4
1 2+𝑥
Q10. ∫−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [2−𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
a. 1 b. -1 c. 2 d.0
2
Q11. ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, when 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 1| + |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 1|.
19 19 2
a. b. - c. d. None of these
2 2 19
1 𝑒𝑥
Q12.∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒 2𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. tan−1 𝑒 + 4 b. tan−1 𝑒 − 4 c. tan−1 𝑒 − 2 d. None of these
ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS
4.3.(LEVEL-3)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
𝑑𝑥
Q14.∫
√𝑥+𝑥
𝑥2
Q15. ∫ 𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥−3 5 𝑥−3
a. 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥−1| + 𝑐 b. 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥−1| + 𝑐
5 𝑥−3 5 𝑥−3
c. 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥−1| + 𝑐 d. 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥−1| + 𝑐
1
Q16. ∫ {Log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 } 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
a. 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥| − log 𝑥 + 𝑐 b. 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥| + log 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
c. 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| − log 𝑥 + 𝑐 d. None of these
𝑑𝑥
Q17. ∫ .
√𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏
3 3 3 3
2 2
a. [(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 ] + 𝑐 b. .3(𝑎−𝑏) [(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 − (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 ] + 𝑐
3(𝑎−𝑏)
3 3
2
c.3(𝑏−𝑎) [(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 − (𝑥 + 𝑏)2 ] + 𝑐 d. None of these
Cos 𝑥
Q18. ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
cos(𝑥−𝑎)
a. (𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 + [𝑙𝑜𝑔|cos(𝑥 − 𝑎)|]𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐 b. (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 − [𝑙𝑜𝑔|cos(𝑥 − 𝑎)|]𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 +
𝑐
c. (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎 + [𝑙𝑜𝑔|cos(𝑥 − 𝑎)|]𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐 d. None of these
ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS
4.4.(LEVEL-4)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
Q20. ∫02
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. 0 b..3 c. . 2 d. . 4
𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
Q21. ∫−𝑎 √𝑎+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
a. 𝑎𝜋 b. 𝜋 c. − 𝑎𝜋 d. None of these
𝜋
𝑑𝑥
Q22. ∫𝜋3 .
1+√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a. . b. c. . 6 d. None of these
2 12
𝜋
Q23. ∫−𝜋(𝑠𝑖𝑛−93 𝑥 + 𝑥 295 ) 𝑑𝑥
a. 1 b. -1 c. 0 d. None of these
2
Q24. ∫0 |𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥
a. 2 b. -2 c. -4 d. 4
ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS
LEVEL-I
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐logx
1. ∫ dx
𝒙
−𝟏 𝒙
𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧
2. ∫ dx
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
3. Evaluate : ∫ 𝒆𝒙 ( 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 ) dx
4. Evaluate : ∫ √𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 dx
LEVEL-2
I=ʃ55 55 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 𝑥
1. Evaluate
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
3. Evaluate I= ʃ(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate I=ʃ√𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
5. Evaluate I=ʃ
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
dx
2+3 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
I=ʃ𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
6. Evaluate
I=ʃ𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
7.Evaluate
1
10. Evaluate I=ʃ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
I=ʃ3+𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
14. Evaluate
1
17. Find ∫ [log(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + ] 𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
20. Evaluate ∫02 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
21. Evaluate ∫−1
2 │𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥│𝑑𝑥
1 log(1+𝑥)
22. Evaluate ∫0 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
4
21. Evaluate ∫1 (|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 1−𝑎𝑥+𝑥 2
22. Evaluate ∫0 cot −1 ( 𝑎
) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑥
23. Evaluate ∫0 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
24.. Evaluate ∫04 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8. APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
1. MIND MAP:
APPLICATION
OF
INTEGRALS
𝑨 = ∫ 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∫ 𝒈(𝒚)𝒅𝒚
𝒄 𝒄
𝑨 = |∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙|
𝒂
(iv) If some portion of the curve is above x-axis and some isbelow the x-axis,then the
areabounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥), 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and
the lines𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is givenby :
𝒄 𝒃
A = |A1| + A2. =|∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙| + ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
4. WORKING RULE:
1. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 Straight Line
2. 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 Parabola
3. 𝑦 2 = −4𝑎𝑥 Parabola
4. 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 Parabola
5. 𝑥 2 = −4𝑎𝑦 Parabola
6. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 Circle
𝑥2 𝑦2
9. + =1 Ellipse
𝑏 2 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
10. − =1 Hyperbola
𝑎2 𝑏 2
Step-3: Shade the correct portion of the figure whose area is to be calculated.
Step-4: Represent the area using definite integral with correct limit.
Step-5: Evaluate the definite integral to find required area.
Note: No area is negative. Therefore, after evaluating integral, if any area comes out as
negative then its numerical value is taken.
𝒃 𝒃
For ex: If 𝑨 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙is negative then the required area is|𝑨| = |∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙|
LEVEL-1
Q1. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line𝑦 = 2is …sq. units.
4√2 8√2 2√2
(a) 4√2 (b) 3
(c) 3
(d) 3
Q2. Area bounded by the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 and the co-ordinate axes is -------- sq.units.
(a) 16π sq. units (b) 4π sq. units (c) 8π sq. units (d) 4π2 sq. units
Q4. 𝑥2 𝑦2
The area enclosed by the ellipse 25 + 16 = 1 is equal to ---- square units
(a) 25π (b) 16𝜋 (c)20𝜋 (d) 400𝜋
Q5. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3, the y-axis and between 𝑦 = – 1 and
𝑦 = 1 is ----- square units
LEVEL-2
Q6. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2𝜋 is ----
(a) 1 sq. units (b) 2 sq. units (c) 3 sq. units (d) 4 sq. units
Q7. Area under the given curve𝑦 = 𝑥4and the lines𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑥-axis is --- sq. units.
Q8. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = |𝑥|, the 𝑥-axis and between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 1 is ---
(a) 4 sq. units (b) 3 sq. units (c) 2 sq. units (d) 1 sq. unit
𝑎
Q9. The area of a minor segment of the circle x2 + y2 = 𝑎2 cut by the line 𝑥 = 2 is ---- sq.units.
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
(a)12(4 𝜋 - 3√3) (b) 4
(4 𝜋 - 3) (c) 12(3 𝜋 - 4) (d) None of these
Q10. The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 .the 𝑥 −axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2is …
3 9 15 13
(a) 4sq. units (b) sq. units (c) 4 sq. units (d) 4 sq. units
4
LEVEL-3
Q11. The area enclosed by the ellipse 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑥 2 is equal to ---- square units
Q12. The area enclosed by the curve𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0and line 𝑦 = 2is ---- square units
2 4
(a) 3 (3√3 − 1) (b) 4√3 (c) 3 (3√3 − 1) (d) 2√3
Q13. The area of the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 8𝑥 lying above 𝑥-axis is --- sq. units.
Q14. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 and lines 𝑥 = 1 and𝑥 = 3 is --- sq. units.
2 2 4
(a) (3√3 − 1) (b) 3 (3√3 − 1) (c) 3 (√3 − 1) (d) 3 (3√3 − 1)
Q15. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, 𝑦-axis and the line 𝑦 = 3 is ----
9 9 9
(a) 4 sq. units (b) 3
sq. units (c) 2
sq. units (d) 2 sq. units
LEVEL-4
Q16. The area of the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2−4𝑦= 0 lying in 1st quadrant and between lines 𝑦 = 2 and
𝑦 = 3is --- sq. units.
√3 𝜋 √3 𝜋 √3 𝜋
(a) 2
+6 (b) 2
+ 12 (c) 2
+3 (d) None of these
Q17. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = √49 − 𝑥 2 and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is----
49
(a) 7𝜋 sq units (b) 𝜋 sq units (c) 49𝜋 sq units (d) 14𝜋 sq units
2
Q18. If 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, then the area enclosed by the curve and 𝑥-axis is---
(a) 92 sq. units (b) 8 sq. units (c) 4 sq. units (d) 12 sq. units
Q19. Area of theregion bounded by the curves 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡 between the ordinates
Q20. Area enclosed by the curve 𝑥 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 is ---- sq. units.
3
(a) 2 π (b) 6 π (c) 3 π (d) 2 π
Q1. Assertion(A): The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 , the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the lines𝑥 = 1and
𝑥 = 5 is 24 sq. units.
Reason(R):The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the lines𝑥 = 𝑎and
𝑏
𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
64
Reason(R):The area bounded by the parabola 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 and its latus rectum is sq unit.
3
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Reason(R):If the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) lies below 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, then the area bounded by the
𝑏
curve𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠and lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by |∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥|
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q4. Assertion(A):Area enclosed between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 3 is same as the area
bounded between𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 = 3.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q5. 𝑥2 𝑦2
Assertion(A):The area enclosed by the ellipse 9
+ 4
= 1 is 36𝜋 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑥2 𝑦2 4𝑏 𝑎
Reason(R): The area enclosed by the ellipse𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 𝑖𝑠
𝑎
∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
independent variable (variables) is 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜. Order and degree (if defined) of a differential
called a differential equations. If equation are always positive integers.
there is only one independent
variable, then we call it as an
ordinary DE. Order of a
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 differential equation Degree of a
e.g: 2 +( )=0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 differential
equation
Definition
Solution of a differential
DIFFERENTIAL equations
Homogeneous
differential equations EQUATIONS
Degree of a Differential Equation: The highest exponent of the highest order derivative
is called the degree of a differential equation provided exponent of each derivative
and the unknown variable appearing in the differential equation is a non-negative
integer.
Note
(i) Order and degree (if defined) of a differential equation are always positive
integers.
(ii) The differential equation is a polynomial equation in derivatives.
(iii) If the given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its derivatives,
then its degree is not defined.
General solution: The solution which contains as many arbitrary constants as the
order of the differential equation, is called the general solution of the differential
equation, i.e. if the solution of a differential equation of order n contains n arbitrary
constants, then it is the general solution
𝑑2 𝑦
e.g; 𝑦 = 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 +𝑦=0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
e.g: 𝑦 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 +
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑦=0
𝑑𝑦
Variable separable form: Suppose a differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 = F(x, y). Here, we
separate the variables and then integrate both sides to get the general solution, i.e.
𝑑𝑦
above equation may be written as = h(x).k(y)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Then, by separating the variables, we get = h(x) dx.
𝐾(𝑦)
Now, integrate above equation and get the general solution as K(y) = H(x) + C
1
Here, K(y) and H(x) are the anti-derivatives of and h(x), respectively and C is the
𝐾(𝑌)
arbitrary constant.
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
Homogeneous differential equation: A differential equation = is said to be
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥,𝑦)
homogeneous, if f(x, y) and g(x, y) are homogeneous functions of same degree, i.e.
it may be written as
Level – 1
1.
2.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
4. The sum of order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2 + 3 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
5.
Level – 2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
7. . Degree of the differential equation
𝒅𝒙𝟐
+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒅𝒙) = 𝟎 𝒊𝒔
𝒅𝒚
8. Integrating factor of the differential equation = 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒊𝒔
𝒅𝒙
9.
10.
𝑑𝑦 2 −𝑦
11. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠
2 −𝑦 2 2 2 +𝑌
(a) 𝑒 𝑥 =𝐶 (𝑏)𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶 (𝑐)𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 (𝑑)𝑒 𝑥 =𝐶
Level – 3
13.
14.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 −𝑦 𝑛
15.The value of ‘n’ for which the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2𝑦−𝑦2𝑥 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠
16.
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2
17.The degree of the differential equation (1 + 𝑑𝑥 ) = (𝑑𝑥 ) is
Level – 4
19.
20.
21.Integrating factor for the solution of the differential equation (𝑥 − 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑠
1
(a) (𝑏) log 𝑦 (𝑐) 𝑦 (𝑑)𝑦 2
𝑦
22.
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
23.The degree of the differential equation ( ) - ( ) = y3 ,, is
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(a) ½ (b) 2 (c ) 3 (d ) none of these
27.
28.If p and q are the degree and order of the differential equation
2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
( ) + 3 + = 4, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2𝑝 − 3𝑞 𝑖𝑠
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(a) (d) (c) (b) (b) (a) (d) (d) (d) (b)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(c) (c) (d) (d) (b) (a) (c) (b) (c) (b)
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
(c) (a) (b) (a) (d) (c) (c) (b) (b) (b)
𝑑2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
x( ) + y( )4 + x3 = 0 .
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2.Form the differential equation of family of straight lines y= mx ,where m is the arbitrary
constant.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
3.Write the integrating factor of : 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 =x2 .
𝑑𝑦
4.Show that the differential equation : ( x- y )𝑑𝑥 = x +2y is homogeneous .
5.Which of the following equations are linear differential equation of first order in x ?
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i)𝑑𝑦 − = 3y3 – 5y + 1 (ii) cosy 𝑑𝑦 – 2x siny = cos3y (iii) ( 1+ y2 )dx = (𝑦 – 2x) dy
𝑦
𝑑𝑥
(iv) x2 𝑑𝑦 + 2x3y = 3y2 – 2.
𝑑𝑦
1.order 2 ,degree 2 (2) y = x 𝑑𝑥 (3) IF = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = x (4) (5) (i) ,(ii) ,(iii)
LEVEL II
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦
3.What is the general solution of the differential equation : 𝑦
=0 ?
𝑑𝑦
4.Write the integrating factor of :
𝑑𝑥
+ 2y tanx = sinx .
𝑑𝑦
5.Solve the differential equation : + y = cosx – sinx .
𝑑𝑥
LEVEL III
𝑒−2√𝑧 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1.Find the integrating factor of ( − ) = 1.
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2.Write the order and degree of y = x + 2 √1 + ( )2 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3.Form the differential equation representing the family of curves given by ( x – a )2 + 2y2 =
a2 ,where a is an arbitrary constant .
𝑑𝑦
4.Find the general solution of the differential equation : 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = x2 .
5.Find the differential equation of all parabolas having their axis of symmetry as the x-axis .
VSA LEVEL-III
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
1.𝑒 2√𝑥 2. Order 1 , degree 2 3. 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥𝑦
4. y = x log 𝑥 2 – 2x +c 5. 𝑦 2 = 2xy 𝑑𝑥
LEVEL IV
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( 1 + x2 ) (𝑑𝑥 2 )3 + y (𝑑𝑥 )4 = 3√𝑥 ?
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
4.Write the order and degree of : √1 − (𝑑𝑥 )2 = ( a 𝑑𝑥 2 )1/3 .
𝑑𝑦
5.Solve : √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + y = 𝑒 −2√𝑥 , x > 0 .
SA
LEVEL –I
𝑑𝑦 1
1. If x √1 + 𝑦 + y √1 + 𝑥 = 0 , x ≠ y , then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = − (1+𝑥)2 .
2. Solve: ( x- y ) ( dx + dy ) = dx – dy , y(0) = − 1 .
𝑑𝑦
3. Solve : ( 1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + y = 𝑒𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
4. Find 𝑑𝑥 at x =1 , y =
4
,if 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 + cos xy = k .
5. Find the equation of the curve passing through ( 0,0 ) whose differential equation is
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 sinx .
𝑑𝑥
SA LEVEL –I
𝑒 2𝑥 𝜋 𝑒𝑥
2. Log |𝑥 − 𝑦| = x + y + 1 3. y𝑒𝑥 = 2
+c 4. 4(√2−1)
5. C = ½ , y = 2
( sinx – cosx )
+1/2 .
Level II
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. Show that y = sin(sinx) is a solution of differential equation (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + tanx 𝑑𝑥 + y 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
=0.
𝐴
2. Find the differential equation representing the family of curves V = 𝑟 + B ,where A
and B are arbitrary constants .
𝑑𝑦
3. Solve the differential equation : √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + xy 𝑑𝑥 = 0 .
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
4. Find the particular solution of : x 𝑒 𝑥 – 𝑦 + x𝑑𝑥 = 0 , y (e ) = 0 .
𝑑𝑦
5. Solve : 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + xy .
SA LEVEL II
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 √1+𝑥2 −1
2. r 𝑑2 𝑟 + 2 𝑑𝑟 = 0 3. √1 + 𝑦 2 = − √1 + 𝑥 2 − 2 log | | + C 4. y = − x log (log
√1+𝑥2 +1
1 𝑥+√2𝑦
|𝑥| 5. log |𝑥− √2𝑦| − log|𝑥| = C
2√2
LEVEL III
𝑥 𝑥
2. Solve : y 𝑒 𝑦 dx = (x 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) dy , y ≠ 0 .
𝑑𝑦
3..Solve : 𝑑𝑥 + 2y = sinx .
LEVEL IV
𝑑𝑦
1.Solve : x
𝑑𝑥
− y = 𝑥2 . Ans y= 𝑥 2 + cx
𝑑𝑦
4. x log x 𝑑𝑥
+ y = 2 logx Ans y logx = (logx)2 + C
𝜋
5.Find the equation of the curve passing through the point ( 0 ,4 )whose differential
equation is sinx cosy dx + cosx siny dy = 0 Ans √2 cosx cosy = 1
LA LEVEL I
1.Find the general solution of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tany dx + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 tanx dy =0 Ans tanx tany =c
2.Form the differential equation of family of ellipses having foci on y-axis and cetre at
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
origin . Ans xy 𝑑𝑥 2
+ x (𝑑𝑥 )2 – y 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
3.Solve 2xy – 𝑦 2 – 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 , y = 2 , x = 1 . Ans y = 1−𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐼 𝑋𝐼 ,( x≠ 0 , ±𝑒)
𝑑𝑦
4.Find the particular solution of ( x+1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 −𝑦 − 1 , given that y = o , when x =0 .
2𝑥+1
Ans y = log| 𝑥+1 | , x ≠ -1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
5.Find the particular solution of 𝑑𝑥
=− , given that y =1 , when x = 0
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥2
Ans C = 1 , y(1+sinx) = − +1 .
2
LA LEVEL II
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
1.Find the general solution of differential equation : x 𝑑𝑥 = y (logy – logx +1 ) Ans log(𝑥 )
= xC
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
2.Solve x 𝑑𝑥 + y = x cosx + sinx ,given that y=1 ,x= 2 . Ans C= 0 , y = sinx .
3.The volume of a spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially
its radius is 3 units and after 3 seconds it is 6 units .Find the radius of balloon after t
seconds .
1
Ans. r = [9 (7𝑡 + 3)]3 .
𝑑𝑦 1
4.Solve : (sinx) 𝑑𝑥 + (cosx ) y = cos x 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 x Ans . y sinx = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑦
Q5.Find the particular solution of :
𝑑𝑥
= 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 , given that y=1 when x=0.
𝜋 𝑥3 𝜋
Ans C = , The particular solution is 𝑦 = x + + .
4 3 4
LA LEVEL IV
1
1.Solve the differential equation : ( 1+ x2 ) dy + 2xy dx = cots dx , x≠ 0 Ans y = 1+𝑥 2 ( log
|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + C )
𝑑𝑦 2
2.Find the particular solution of : x( 𝑥 2 − 1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ; y =0 ,when x =2 . Ans C = log
√3
1 2
and the particular solution is y = 2 log |𝑥 2 − 1| − log |𝑥| + log
√3
𝑑𝑦
3.Solve the differential equation :√1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + xy𝑑𝑥 = 0
1 √1+𝑥2 −1
Ans √1 + 𝑦 2 = − √1 + 𝑥 2 − 2 log | |+C
√1+𝑥2 +1
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
4.x cos (𝑥 )dy = ( y cos ( 𝑥 ) + x ) dx Ans Sin ( 𝑥 ) = log |𝑥| + C
.
10. VECTOR ALGEBRA
MIND MAP:
Also, (m + n) OP = m OB + n OA
(ii) The position vector of the mid-point of a and b is a +
b / 2.
(iii) Let P be a point dividing AB externally in the ratio m
: n. Then,
r=mb+na/m+n
Projection and Component of a Vector Area of a Triangle and Parallelogram
Projection of a on b = a . b / |a|
Projection of b on a = a .b / |a| (a) The vector area of a ΔABC is equal to 1 / 2
|AB x AC| or 1 / 2 |BC x BA| or 1 / 2 |CB x
CA|.
(d) The area of a parallelogram with adjacent
sides a and b is |a x b|.
Types of Vectors
(i) Zero or Null Vector A vector whose initial and terminal points are coincident is called zero
or null vector. It is denoted by 0.
(ii) Unit Vector A vector whose magnitude is unity is called a unit vector which is denoted by
nˆ
(iii) Free Vectors If the initial point of a vector is not specified, then it is said to be a free
vector
(iv) Negative of a Vector A vector having the same magnitude as that of a given vector a and
the direction opposite to that of a is called the negative of a and it is denoted by —a.
(v) Collinear or Parallel Vectors Vectors having the same or parallel supports are called
collinear vectors.
(vi) Coinitial Vectors Vectors having same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
(vii) Coplanar Vectors A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if their supports are
parallel to the same plane. Otherwise they are called non-coplanar vectors.
Addition of Vectors
Let a and b be any two vectors. From the terminal point of a, vector b is drawn. Then, the
vector from the initial point O of a to the terminal point B of b is called the sum of vectors a
and b and is denoted by a + b. This is called the triangle law of addition of vectors.
Parallelogram Law
Let a and b be any two vectors. From the initial point of a, vector b is drawn and
parallelogram OACB is completed with OA and OB as adjacent sides. The vector OC is
defined as the sum of a and b. This is called the parallelogram law of addition of vectors.
The sum of two vectors is also called their resultant and the process of addition as
composition.
Important Properties
(i) |λ a| = |λ| |a|
(ii) λ O = O
(iii) m (-a) = – ma = – (m a)
(v) m (n a) = mn a = n(m a)
(vi) (m + n)a = m a+ n a
(vii) m (a+b) = m a + m b
i.e., PQ = PV of Q — PV of P
Collinear Vectors
Vectors a and b are collinear, if a = λb, for some non-zero scalar λ.
Collinear Points
Let A, B, C be any three points.
Section Formula
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b, respectively and OP= r.
r=mb+na/m+n
Also, (m + n) OP = m OB + n OA
r=mb+na/m+n
(i) The angle between two vectors a and b is defined as the smaller angle θ between them,
when they are drawn with the same initial point.
Usually, we take 0 < θ < π.Angle between two like vectors is O and angle between two unlike
vectors is π .
(ii) If either a or b is the null vector, then scalar product of the vector is zero.
i.e., a . b= b . a
i . i = j . j = k . k =1
and i . j = j . k = k . i = 0
Points to be Remembered
(i) (a + b) . (a – b) = |a|2 – |b|2
(ii) |a + b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 + 2 (a . b)
(iii) |a – b|2 = |a|2 + |b|2 – 2 (a . b)
(iv) If |a + b| = |a| + |b|, then a is parallel to b.
v) Angle between Two Vectors If θ is angle between two non-zero vectors, a, b, then we
have
a . b = |a| |b| cos θ
cos θ = a . b / |a| |b| = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 / √a12 + a22 + a32 √b12 + b22 + b32
Projection of b on a = a .b / |a|
where, a = |a|, b= |b|, θ is the angle between the vectors a and b and n is a unit vector
which is perpendicular to both a and b, such that a, b and n form a right-handed triad of
vectors.
(iii) The direction of a x b is regarded positive, if the rotation from a to b appears to be anti-
clockwise.
(iv) a x b is perpendicular to the plane, which contains both a and b. Thus, the unit vector
perpendicular to both a and b or to the plane containing is given by n = a x b / |a x b| = a x b
/ ab sin θ
(a) The vector area of a ΔABC is equal to 1 / 2 |AB x AC| or 1 / 2 |BC x BA| or 1 / 2 |CB x
CA|.
REASON-Zero or Null Vector A vector whose initial and terminal points are coincident is called zero
or null vector. It is denoted by 0
4.3: Level-3
Q13 The value of λ so that the vectors 7 iˆ ˆj 3kˆ and 2iˆ 5 ˆj 2kˆ are perpendicular to each other is
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) -4 (d) none of these
Q25 Write the value of 𝑝 for which, 𝑎 =3𝑖̂+2𝑗̂+9𝑘̂ and 𝑏 =𝑖̂+𝑝𝑗̂+3𝑘̂ are parallel vectors.
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/2 (c) 5/3 (d) 1/2
ANSWERS
Q1 C Q16 A
Q2 C Q17 B
Q3 B Q18 C
Q4 C Q19 B
Q5 D Q20 C
Q6 C Q21 D
Q7 B Q22 A
Q8 A Q23 A
Q9 B Q24 A
Q10 A Q25 A
Q11 A
Q12 C
Q13 C
Q14 D
Q15 A
SECTION – A (1 MARK)
LEVEL-1
1. Find the direction cosines of the vector joining the points 𝐴 (1, 2, −3) and 𝐵(−1, − 2, 1)
directedfrom B to A.
2. Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors𝑎 andb ⃗ , having the same magnitude such that
0 9
the angle between them is60 and their scalar product is2 .
10. Write the coordinates of the point which is the reflection of the point(α, β, γ) in the XZ – plane.
LEVEL-3
⃗⃗⃗ +
11. Find the position vector of the point which divides the join of the points with position vectors𝑎
⃗⃗ and𝑎
3b ⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗b⃗ internally in the rati𝑜1 ∶ 3.
12. Find the vector in the direction of the vector 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ that has magnitude 9.
14.Find area of the triangle with two of it’s sides𝑎 = 3𝑖̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗= -3𝑗̂
19. Find area of the ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 with position vectors of A(1,2,3) and B(3,-1,2)
2.Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the triangle ABC, where the coordinates of
its
vertices are A (3, −1, 2), B (1, −1, −3) and C (4, −3, 1).
3.The scalar product of the vector 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ with a unit vector along the sum of the
vectors
𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ and𝑐 = 𝜆𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is equal to one. Find the value of𝜆.
4.Show that the direction cosines of avector equally inclined tothe axesOX,OY and OZare
1 1 1
, , .
√3 √3 √3
5.If 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = 0 and |𝑎| = 3 , |𝑏⃗| = 5 and |𝑐| = 7, show that the angle between 𝑎 and ⃗b
𝜋
is3 .
LEVEL-2
6.Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) and (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) , where
𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂and b
⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂. .
2 2
7.If|⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × 𝑏⃗| + |⃗⃗⃗𝑎 . ⃗⃗⃗b| = 400 and|⃗⃗⃗𝑎| = 5, then write the value of|⃗⃗⃗b| .
8.The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2î − 4ĵ + 5 ̂k and î − 2 ĵ − 3k̂. Find the unit
vector parallel to one of its diagonals. Also, find its area.
9.If ⃗⃗⃗𝑎and⃗⃗⃗b are two unit vectors inclined to x- axis at angles450 and1350 respectively, then
find the value of|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗|.
10. If |𝑎| = 3 , |𝑏⃗| = 5 and 𝑎̂.𝑏̂ = 15/2 then find angle between the vectors .
LEVEL-3
̂
11. Find (𝑎 +3𝑏⃗). (2 𝑎-𝑏⃗), if 𝑎 = i+j+2k and 𝑏⃗ = 3i+2)-k
12. Find the angles which the vector makes -𝑖̂ - 𝑗̂+√2 𝑘̂ co-ordinate axes.
13. If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are the position vectors of the points (1,-1), (-2,m) find the value of m for
which
they are collinear.
14. Find the unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors i +2j-2k and -i+ 2j+2k.
15. If the sum of two-unit vectors is a unit vector, then find the magnitude of their
difference .
LEVEL-4
16. If 𝑎 = 5i+mj-3k and 𝑏⃗⃗⃗ =i-3j-5k such that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎-𝑖̂ -𝑏⃗ are perpendicular to each other
then find the value of ‘m’ .
17. If 𝑎,⃗⃗𝑏 and 𝑐 are three vectors of equal magnitude and angle between each pair of
vectors is
π/3 such that I𝑎+𝑏⃗+𝑐l =√6 , then find the value of l𝑎l .
18. If l𝑎+𝑏⃗ l = 60 and l𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ l =540 and l𝑏⃗ l = 46,then find the value of l𝑎 l
19. If a =2 and b = 1 and 𝑎.𝑏⃗= 1,then the value of (3𝑎 - 5𝑏⃗). (2𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ )
20. If 𝑑 = 2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂-5𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = m𝑖̂ + n𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂ and 𝑑 x 𝑏⃗ = 0, then find the value of (m,n)
SECTION – C (3 MARKS)
LEVEL-1
1.If 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , find a vector 𝑐 such that𝑎 × c = ⃗band𝑎. c = 3.
2.Show that the four points A, B, C and D with position vectors4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , −𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ,
3𝑖̂ + 9𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 4 ( −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) respectively are coplanar.
3.Find the value of 𝜆 if the points A(−1, 4, −3),B(3, 𝜆, −5),C(−3, 8, −5)and D(−3, 2,1)are
coplanar.
4.If 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are three vectors such that |𝑎| = 1 , |𝑏⃗| = 4 , |𝑐 | = 2 and 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 =0,
then
find the value of 𝜇 , if 𝜇 = 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎
5. If 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are three vectors such that |𝑎| = 3 , |𝑏⃗| = 4 and |𝑐| = 5 and each one of
them
is perpendicular to the sum of other two, find |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 |
LEVEL-2
6.Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors 2 î − ĵ + k̂ ,î − 3 ĵ − 5 k̂ and
3 î − 4 ĵ − 4 k̂ respectively, are the vertices of a right- angled triangle. Hence find the area
of
the triangle.
7.The magnitude of the vector product of the vector 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ with a unit vector along the
sum
of the vectors 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 𝜆 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ is equal to √2 .Find the value of 𝜆.
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 4 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂ , b
8.Let 𝑎 ⃗⃗ = 3 𝑖̂ − 2 𝑗̂ + 7 𝑘̂andc⃗⃗ = 2 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂ . Find a vector ⃗⃗⃗
d which is
perpendicular to both 𝑎 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ andb, and ⃗⃗c . d = 15.
𝐴𝐵 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ,
1.A farmer has a triangular land for agriculture. The sides are denoted by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝐶𝐴
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ .
(v)Let a perpendicular is drawn from C on the side AB such that it meets AB at D. Then find
length of this perpendicular CD
2.A girl walks 4 km towards west, then 3 km in a direction 300 east of north and then she
stops.The situation has been depicted in the diagram as shown below, assuming that the girl
starts her walk from O.
In the diagram, ON represents positive y-axis and North direction, OE represents positive x-
axis and East direction. Similarly, OW is representing negative x-axis and West direction,
whereas OS represents negative y-axis and South direction.
Let OA =4 km, AB =3 km.
Using the information given above, answer the following:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?
(i) What is the vector 𝑂𝐴
(ii)What is the position vector of point B?
(iii)What is the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ?
(iv)What is the value of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?
𝐴𝐵 × 𝑂𝐴
(v)What is the ar.∆ (OAB)?
3.
Solar panel have to be installed carefully. So that tilt of the roof, and the direction to sun,
produce the largest possible electric power in the solar panel. A surveyor uses his
instrument to determine the coordinate of the four corners of a roof where Solar panels are
to be mounted. In the picture, suppose the points are labelled counter clockwise from the
roof corner nearest to the camera in units of meters A(6,8,4), B(21,8,4), C(21,16,10) and
D(6,16,10).
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐴𝐷
III. What are the magnitudes of vectors 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V. The sun located along the unit vector (2/7)𝑖̂-(6/7)𝑗̂ + (3/7)𝑘̂ , the flow of solar energy is
given
by the vector 𝐹 =910𝑆. What scalar product of 𝐹 and⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑁
11. THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
● Distance formula: Distance between two points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and B (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )is
The Coordinates of a point Q divides the line segment joining two given points in the
ratio m:n
𝑚𝑥2 −𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 −𝑛𝑦1 𝑚𝑧2 −𝑛𝑧1
(ii) Externally are Q( 𝑚−𝑛
, 𝑚−𝑛
, 𝑚−𝑛
)
𝑥2 +𝑥1 𝑦2 +𝑦1 𝑧2 +𝑧1
(iii) Coordinates of mid-point of AB are R( , , )
2 2 2
(ii) If a ,b ,c, are , direction ratios of a line , then the direction cosines are
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
± , ± √𝑎2 ± √𝑎2
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) Direction ratio of a line AB passing through the points A(x1,y1,z1)and B (x2,y2,z2)
are 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
● STRAIGHT LINE:. (i) Vector equation of a Line passing through a point 𝑎 and along the
(x2,y2).
⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 𝑏2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. |𝑏2
|𝑏1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
iv) If two lines are parallel, then 𝑏⃗1 = 𝑡 𝑏⃗2 , where t is a scalar. OR 𝑏⃗1 × 𝑏⃗2 =⃗⃗⃗0, OR
𝑎1 𝑏 𝑐
𝑎2
= 𝑏1 = 𝑐1
2 2
(v)If 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 angle between two lines with direction cosines, l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2
then
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
(a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = l1l2+m1m2+n1n2 (b). if the lines are parallel, then 𝑙1 = 𝑚1 = 𝑛1
2 2 2
If shortest distance is zero, then lines intersect and line intersects in space if they are
coplanar. Hence if above lines are coplanar
If (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎1 ). (𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 ) = 0
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
(ii) Cartesian equations: 𝑎1
= 𝑏1
= 𝑐1
, 𝑎2
= 𝑏2
= 𝑐2
● If shortest distance is zero, then lines intersect and line intersects in space if they are
coplanar.
● Shortest distance between two parallel lines: If two lines are parallel, then they are
coplanar.
Let the lines be : ⃗⃗𝑟=𝑎 ⃗ , and: 𝑟=𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗,
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 + 𝜇𝑏
⃗ × (𝑎
𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 −𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 )
D=| ⃗|
|
|𝑏
QUESTIONS
LEVEL:1-
1 1 1
2. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 , , , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘 𝑖𝑠:
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
1 1
(a) (𝑏) ± (𝑐)1 (𝑑) ± √3
√2 √3
3. Direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with the coordinate axes are:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a)± ( , , ) (b)±(3 , 3 , 3) (𝑐) ( , , ) (𝑑) ± (1,1,1)
√3 √3 √3 √3 √3 √3
4. Direction cosines of the line passing through the points (-2,4,-5) and (1,2,3)are:
3 8 2 3 −2 8 −3 −2 −8 −3 8 2
(a) , , (b) , , (c) , , (d) , ,
√77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77 √77
5.If a line makes angles 900,1350,450 with the x,y and z-axis respectively, its direction
cosines are:
1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 −1
(a) , 0, , (𝑏)0, , , (𝑐)0, , (𝑑)0, ,
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
LEVEL-2
6.The co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2,5,7)on the
value of k is:
2 −2
(a)3(b) 3 (c)-2 (d)2
𝑥+2 2𝑦−5
9. The direction ratios of the line :
2
= −3
, 𝑧 = 2 are
10. The cartesian equation of the line 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) + 𝜆(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) is:
𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧 𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧
(a) = = (b) = =
1 1 4 1 −1 4
LEVEL-3
12.If a line makes angles α,β,γ with the positive directions of the coordinates axes, then the
value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛾 is:
𝑎
cos 𝜃 = 𝑏√33 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (a+b) is equal to:
LEVEL-4
1−𝑥 7𝑦−14 5𝑧−10 7−7𝑥 𝑦−5 6−𝑧
16.If the lines = = and = = are perpendicular to each other
3 2𝑝 11 3𝑝 1 5
then value of p is:
1
(a)7 (b)-7 (c)7 (d)49
17.A line makes angles α,β,γ with x-axis,y-axis and z-axis respectively then cos 2𝛼 +
cos 2𝛽 + cos 2𝛾 is equal to:
18. P is a point on the line segment joining the points (3,5,-1) and (6,3,-2).If y-coordinate of
point P is 2,then its x-coordinate will be:
17 15
(a)2 (b) 3 (c)-5 (d) 2
19.The x-coordinate of a point on the line joining the points P(2,2,1)and Q(5,1,-2) is 4,then
its z-coordinate is
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos 𝜃 = || ||
2 2
√𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 + 𝑐1 2 √𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 2
Reason (R) : Distance between two points (x1,y1,z1) and (x2,y2,z2) is given by
ANSWERS:
1. Find the direction cosines of the line passing through the two points (1,– 2, 4) and
(– 1, 1, – 2).
2. Find the direction cosines of x, y and z-axis.
3. If a line makes angles 90o, 135 o , 45 o with the x, y and z axes respectively, find its
direction cosines
4. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (4, –7, 3) on the y-axis.
5. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (2, –3, 4) on
the y-axis.
6. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (–2, 8, 7) on
the XZ-plane.
7. Find the vector and Cartesian equations for the line passing through the points
(1, 2, –1) and (2, 1, 1).
8. Find the vector equation of a line passing through the point (2, 3, 2) and parallel to the
̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘)
line ⃗⃗𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘 + 𝜆(2𝑖̂ ̂
7. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1,2,-4) and
𝑥−8 𝑦+19 𝑧−10 𝑥−15 𝑦−29 𝑧−5
perpendicular to the two lines = = and = = .
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
8. Show that the lines 𝑟 =(-3 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)+µ(-3 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) and 𝑟 =(-𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)+τ (-𝑖̂ +
2𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) are co- planar.
12. LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
KEY NOTES:-
• The line ax+by=0 (constant term missing) always passes through (0,0),(-b,a)
and (b,-a).
• For ax+by+c ≥0 ,if c>0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality
will contain the convenient point (0,0).
• For ax+by+c ≥0 ,if c<0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality
will contain the convenient point (0,0).
• For ax+by+c ≤ 0 ,if c<0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality
will contain the convenient point (preferably (0,0)).
• For ax+by+c ≤0 ,if c>0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality
will not contain the convenient point (preferably (0,0)).
• For ax+by ≥0 ,if a>0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality is
towards the positive direction of x-axis.
• For ax+by ≥0 ,if a<0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality is
towards the negative direction of x-axis.
• For ax+by ≤ 0 ,if a>0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality is
towards the negative direction of x-axis.
• For ax+by ≤ 0 ,if a<0 then the half plane determined by the given inequality is
towards the positive direction of x-axis.
MIND MAP
Corner point Z = 3x + 4y
O (0, 0) 0
A (4, 0) 12
B (0, 4) 16
Hence, the maximum value of Z is 16 at point B (0, 4)
Q.6: The minimum value of Z = 3x + 5y subjected to constraints x + 3y ≥ 3, x + y
≥ 2, x, y ≥ 0 is:
A. 5
B. 7
C. 10
D. 11
Answer: B. 7
Explanation: The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, x + 3y ≥ 3,
x + y ≥ 2, and x, y ≥ 0 is given below
Corner point Z = 3x + 5y
A (3, 0) 9
B (3 / 2, 1 / 2) 7 Smallest
C (0, 2) 10
7 may or may not be the minimum value of Z because the feasible region is
unbounded
For this purpose, we draw the graph of the inequality, 3x + 5y < 7 and check the
resulting half-plane have common points with the feasible region or not. Hence, it
can be seen that the feasible region has no common point with 3x + 5y < 7.
Thus, the minimum value of Z is 7 at point B (3/2, 1/2).
Q.7: Maximize Z = 3x + 5y, subject to constraints: x + 4y ≤ 24, 3x + y ≤ 21, x + y
≤ 9, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
A. 20 at (1, 0)
B. 30 at (0, 6)
C. 37 at (4, 5)
D. 33 at (6, 3)
Answer: C. 37 at (4, 5)
Explanation: Find the maximum value of Z = 3x + 5y referring to the explanation of
Q.5.
Q.8: The point which does not lie in the half-plane 2x + 3y -12 < 0 is:
A. (2,1)
B. (1,2)
C. (-2,3)
D. (2,3)
Answer: D. (2,3)
Explanation: By putting the value of point (2,3) in 2x + 3y – 12, we get;
2(2) + 3(3) – 12
= 4 + 9 – 12
= 13 – 12
= 1 which is greater than 0.
Q.9: The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points:
A. on X-axis
B. on Y-axis
C. corner points of the feasible region
D. none of these
Answer: C. corner points of the feasible region
Explanation: Any point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value (maximum
or minimum) of the objective function is called an optimal solution.
Q.10: Which of the following is a type of Linear programming problem?
A. Manufacturing problem
B. Diet problem
C. Transportation problems
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
ASSERTION AND REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS
OBJECTIVE:
1. In LPP, if the objective function Z = ax + by has the same maximum value on two
corner points of the feasible region, then the number of points of which Z MAX occurs
is
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) infinite
2. The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points:
(a) given by intersection of inequation with y-axis only (b) given by intersection of
inequation with x-axis only (c) given by corner points of the feasible region (d)
none of these
3. The corner points of the feasible region for a LPP are P (0, 5), Q(1,5), R(4,2) and
S(12,0). The minimum value of the objective function Z = 2x + 5y is at the point
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S
4. The feasible region for an LPP is shown below: Let Z = 22x + 18y be the objective
Function. Maximum of Z occurs at (a) O(0,0) (b) A2(16,0) (c ) P(8,12) (d) B1(0,20)
5. Thefeasible region for an LPP is
shown below: Let Z = 20x + 10y be
the objective Function. Minimum of Z
occurs at
(a) A3(15,0)
(b) A1(40,0)
(c) Q (4,18)
(d) P(6,12)
SHORT ANSWER:
7. Minimize: Z = -3x + 4y
Subject to: x + 2y ≤ 8, 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
8. Minimize and Maximize: Z = 5x+ 10y
Subject to: x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x – 2y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
9. Minimize: Z = x + 2y
Subject to: 2x + y ≥ 3, x + 2y ≥ 6, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
10. Maximize: Z = 1000x+ 600y Subject to: x + 2y ≤ 200, x ≥ 20, y – 4x ≥ 0, x ≥
0, y ≥ 0
11. Minimize: Z = 3x+ 9y
Subject to: x + 3y ≤ 60, x + y ≥ 10, x ≤ y, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
CASE STUDY:
12. A company produces soft drink that has a contract which requires that a minimum
of 80 units of the chemical A and 60 units of the chemical B to go into each bottle of
the drink. The chemicals are available in a prepared mix from two different
suppliers. Supplier S has a mix of 4 units of A and 2 units of B that costs Rs 10, the
supplier T has a mix of 1 unit of A and 1 unit of B that costs Rs 4. Suppose x units of
mix are purchased from supplier S and y units are purchased from supplier T.
(i) What is the total cost of purchase from both the suppliers, represent this in
equation form.
(ii) Write the minimum requirement of chemical A in equation form.
(iii) Write the minimum requirement of chemical B in equation form.
(iv) How many mixes from S and T should the company purchase to honour
contract requirement and yet minimize cost?
(v) What will be the cost of purchase if 25 units are purchased from A and 25
units are purchased from B.
13. A manufacturer has three machines I, II and III installed in his factory. Machines I
and II are capable of being operated for at most 12 hours whereas machine III must
be operated for at least 5 hours a day. She produces only two items M and N each
requiring the use of all the three machines. Let x and y be the number items of M
and N respectively. The number of hours required for purchasing 1 unit of each of M
and N on the three machines are given in the following table:
Numbers of hours required on
Items machine
I II III
M 1 2 1
N 2 1 1.25
She makes a profit of Rs 600 and Rs 400 on the items M and N respectively. On the basis of
this information answer the following questions:
(i) Write the mathematical formulation of the given problem to maximize profit on
production?
(ii) Write the constraints on machine I in mathematical form.
(iii) Write the constraints on machine II in mathematical form:
(iv) How many of each item should she produce so as to maximize her profit assuming that
she can sell all the items that she produced?
14.Aeroplane is an important invention for three reasons. It shortens travel time, is more
comfortable and facilities the transport of heavy cargo. An aeroplane can carry a maximum
of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs 400 is made on each executive class ticket and a profit of Rs
300 is made on each economy class ticket. The airlines reserves at least 20 seats for
executive class. However at least 4 times as many passengers prefer to travel by economy
class than by executive class.
(i) If x tickets of executive class and y tickets of economy class be sold, then Write the
constraints of the given condition.
Answer key
1. d 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. d 6.
d
7. -12 8. 300, 600 9. 6 10. 136000 11. 60
12(i)Z = 10x + 4y 12(ii)4x + y ≥ 80 12(iii)2 x + y ≥ 60 12(iv)x = 10, y = 40 12(v)350
13(i)Z = 600x + 13(ii)x + 2 y ≤ 12 13(iii)2 x + y ≤ 12 13(iv)x = 4, y = 4 13(v)4000
400y
14(i)x + y ≤ 200 14(ii)Correct 14(iii)Z = 400x + 14(iv)) 40, 160 14(v)Rs
300y 64000
13. PROBABILITY
1. MIND MAP
Conditional
Probability
Binomial Multiplication
Distribution Rule
Probability
Total
Independent Probability &
Events Bayes
Theorem
Random
Variable &
Probability
distribution
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
Conditional Probability: 𝑃(𝐸/𝐹) = ,P(F)≠ 0
𝑃(𝐹)
Multiplication Theorem: 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹/𝐸)
If E and F are independent events then 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 𝑃(𝐸). 𝑃(𝐹) and vice versa
Bayes Theorem: If E1,E2andE3 are three events of the sample space S and
E1∪ E2∪ E3 = S &E1,E2andE3 are pairwise disjoint sets. A is any event of nonzero
probability.
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )
Then 𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐸
1 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )+𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 )+𝑃(𝐸3 )𝑃(𝐴/𝐸3 )
X : x1 x2 x3 ... xn
P(X) : p1 p2 p3 … pn
4.1: LEVEL-1
1 A die is thrown two times and the sum of the scores appearing on the die is observed to
be a multiple of 4. Then the conditional probability that the score 4 has appeared at
least once is:
1
a) 3
1
b)
9
1
c)
4
1
d)
8
2 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are such events that 𝑃(𝐴) > 0 and 𝑃(𝐵) ≠ 1, then 𝑃(𝐴′ /𝐵 ′ ) equals.
1−P(A∪B)
a) ′)P(B
b) 𝑃(𝐴′ )/𝑃(𝐵 ′ )
c) 1 − 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵)
d) 1 − 𝑃(𝐴′ /𝐵)
3 If P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.8 and P(B ∣ A) = 0.6, then P(A ∪ B) is equal to
a) 0.48
b) 0.96
c) 0.3
d) 0.24
4 Let A and B be independent events with P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.4. Find P(B ∣ A).
a) 0.5
b) 0.4
c) 0.2
d) 0.3
5 For two mutually exclusive events A and B, P(A) = 0.2 and P(𝐴‾ ∩ 𝐵) = 0.3. What is
P(A ∣ (A ∪ B)) equal to?
2
a) 7
2
b) 5
2
c) 3
1
d) 2
6 If at least one child in a family with 3 children is a boy then the probability that exactly 2
of the children are boys, is:
3
a) 8
1
b) 3
4
c) 7
3
d)
7
7 Two integers are selected at random from the set {1,2, … .11}. Given that the sum of
selected numbers is even, the conditional probability that both the numbers are even is
2
a) 5
7
b) 10
1
c) 2
3
d) 5
5
9 Assertion (A): If A and B are two mutually exclusive events with 𝑃(𝐴‾) = and P(B) =
6
1 𝐴 1
3
. Then P ( ‾ ) is equal to .
𝐵 4
𝐴
Reason (R): If A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.6 and P (𝐵‾) =
𝐴
0.2then the valueof P (𝐵‾) is 0.2.
10 Assertion (A): Consider the experiment of drawing a card from a deck of 52 playing
cards, in which the elementary events are assumed to be equally likely. If E and F
denote the events the card drawn is a spade and the card drawn is an ace respectively,
1 1
then P(E ∣ F) = 4 and P(F ∣ E) = .
3
Reason (R): E and F are two events such that the probability of occurrence of one of
them is not affected by occurrence of the other. Such events are called
independent events.
4.2: LEVEL-2
1 If the probability for A to fail in an examination is 0.2 and that for B is 0.3, then the
probability that either A fails or B fails is
a) none of these
b) 0.44
c) 0.5
d) 0.06
2 A pot contains 5 red and 2 green balls. At random a ball is drawn from this pot. If a
drawn ball is green then put a red ball in the pot and if a drawn ball is red, then put a
green ball in the pot, while the drawn ball is not replaced in the pot. Now we draw
another ball randomly, the probability of the second ball to be red is
21
a) 49
32
b) 49
27
c) 49
26
d)
49
3 There are four machines and it is known that exactly two of them are faulty. They are
tested, one by one, in a random order till both the faulty machines are identified. Then,
the probability that only two tests are needed, is
1
a) 4
1
b) 6
1
c) 3
1
d) 2
4 Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards with replacement.
The probability, that both cards are queens, is
1 1
a) ×
13 13
1 4
b)
13
×
51
1 1
c) 13 +
13
1 1
d) ×
13 17
5 I alternately toss a fair coin and a fair die, until I, either toss head or throw the face two.
If I toss the coin first, the probability that I throw the face two before I toss head, is:
5
a)
12
1
b) 7
7
c) 12
5
d) 7
6 A taxi was involved in a hit-and-run accident at night. There are two taxi companies in
the city, namely Black Taxis and White Taxis. It is known that 85% of the taxis in the city
are Black and 15% are White. There was a witness to the accident and according to the
witness, the taxi involved in the accident was White. Further investigation of the
reliability of the witness showed that, the witness was able to identify correctly the
colour of a taxi, 80% of the time. The probability that the taxi involved was Black, is:
12
a) 29
17
b) 29
15
c) 29
14
d) 29
7 A box contains 3 orange balls, 3 green balls and 2 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at
random from the box without replacement. The probability of drawing 2 green balls
and one blue ball is
1
a) 28
3
b) 28
167
c) 168
2
d) 21
8 Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a pack of 52 cards. The
probability of drawing two aces is
4
a) 663
1
b) 221
1
c)
169
1
d) 2652
9 A man P speaks truth with probability 𝑝 and another man Q speaks truth with
probability 2𝑝.
1
Assertion (A): If 𝑃 and 𝑄 contradict each other with probability 2, then there are two
values of 𝑝.
Reason (R): A quadratic equation with real coefficients has two real roots.
̅)
(A∩B A A+B
10 Assertion (A): 𝑃 ( ) = P( )+P( )
C C C
‾
⃗ ) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B)𝑃 ((𝐴∩𝐵)) = 𝑃 (𝐴) − 𝑃 (𝐴+𝐵)
Reason (R): P(A ∩ 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
4.3: LEVEL-3
1 For any two independent events E1 and E2 . 𝑃{(𝐸1 ∪ 𝐸2 ) ∩ (𝐸‾1 ∩ 𝐸‾2 )} is:
1
a) ≥ 2
b) None of these
1
c) > 4
1
d) < 4
2
2 Let A and B be two events such that the probability that exactly one of them occurs is
5
1
and the probability that A or B occurs is 2, then the probability of both of them occur
together is:
a) 0.10
b) 0.20
c) 0.02
d) 0.01
3 India play two matches each with West Indies and Australia. In any match the
probabilities of India getting 0,1 and 2 points are 0.45,0.05 and 0.50 respectively.
Assuming that the outcomes are independent, the probability of India getting at least 7
points is
a) 0.0875
b) 0.1125
c) none of these
1
d)
16
5 A six-faced fair dice is thrown until 1 comes, then the probability that 1 comes in even
no. of trials is:
5
a)
6
5
b)
11
6
c) 11
1
d)
6
6 A box contains 3 white and 2 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random one after the
other. If the balls are not replaced, what is the probability that both the balls are black?
a) None of these
2
b) 5
1
c) 5
1
d) 10
7 There are 4 machines and it is known that exactly 2 of them are faulty. They are tested,
one by one, in a random order till both the faulty machines are identified. Then the
probability that only 2 tests are needed is:
1
a) 3
1
b) 4
1
c) 6
1
d) 2
5 1 1
8 If A and B are two events such that 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 6 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 3 and 𝑃(𝐵‾ ) = 2, then
the events A and B are
a) None of these
b) Independent
c) Dependent
d) Mutually exclusive
1 1
9 Two men hit at a target with probabilities 2 and 3, respectively. What is the probability
that exactly one of them hits the target?
1
a) 6
1
b) 2
1
c) 3
2
d) 3
10 Let A and B be two independent events.
2
Assertion (A): If P(A) = 0.3 and P(A ∪ 𝐵‾ ) = 0.8, then P(B) is 7
Reason (R): P(𝐸‾ ) = 1 − P(E), where E is any event.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) 𝐴 is true but 𝑅 is false.
4.4: LEVEL-4
4 1
1 A signal which can be green or red with probability 5 and respectively, is received by
5
station A and then transmitted to station B. The probability of each station receiving
3
the signal correctly is . If the signal received at station B is green, then the probability
4
that the original signal green is
9
a) 20
3
b) 5
6
c) 7
20
d) 23
2 One percent of the population suffers from a certain disease. There is a blood test for
this disease, and it is 99% accurate, in other words, the probability that it gives the
correct answer is 0.99, regardless of whether the person is sick or healthy. A person
takes the blood test, and the result says that he has the disease. The probability that he
actually has the disease is:
a) 25%
b) 75%
c) 0.99%
d) 50%
3 3 cards are given, one of them is red on both sides, one is blue on both sides and one is
blue on one side and red on the other side. One of them is chosen randomly and put on
the table. It shows red colour on the upper side. The chance of the other side of the
card being red is:
3
a) 4
2
b) 3
1
c) 3
1
d) 2
4 There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is
a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One
of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the
probability that it was the two headed coin?
4
a) 9
5
b) 9
1
c) 9
2
d)
9
5 If A and B are two events such that A ⊂ B and P(B) ≠ 0, then which of the following is
correct?
a) None of these
b) P(A ∣ B) ≥ P(A)
P(B)
c) P(A ∣ B) =
P(A)
d) P(A ∣ B) < 𝑃(𝐴)
6 A box 𝐀 contains 2 white, 3 red, and 2 black balls. Another box 𝐁 contains 4 white, 2
red, and 3 black balls. If two balls are drawn at random, without replacement, from a
randomly selected box and one ball turns out to be white while the other ball turns out
to be red, then the probability that both balls are drawn from box 𝐁 is:
9
a) 32
9
b)
16
7
c)
16
7
d)
8
7 A speaks truth in 75% cases and B speaks truth in 80% cases. Probability that they
contradict each other in a statement, is
2
a) 5
13
b) 20
7
c) 20
3
d) 5
8 A speaks the truth in 70% cases and B in 80% cases. The probability that they will
contradict each other in describing a single event is:
a) 0.56
b) 0.4
c) 0.42
d) 0.38
9 An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers. The probabilities of an accident involving a scooter driver, car driver, and truck
driver are 0.01,0.03, and 0.15, respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an
accident. The probability that the person is a scooter driver, is
1
a) 52
19
b) 52
15
c)
52
3
d) 52
Probability
Level – 1
VSA
1. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting a doublet.
2. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
an ace card.
3
3. Let E and F be the events with 𝑃(𝐸) = ,
5
3 1
𝑃(𝐹) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = . Find whether the events are independent or not.
10 5
4. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards one-by-one without
replacement.
What is the probability of getting first card red and second card jack?
7 9 4 𝐴′
5. If 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( )
13 13 13 𝐵
SA
1. A die has two faces each with number 1, three faces each with number 2 and one
face with number 3. If die is rolled one, then determine probability of not getting 3.
𝐵
2. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0. 𝐴, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( ) = 0.6, then find 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵).
𝐴
3. A coin is tossed 4 times. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the number
of tails.
4. A bag contains 1 red and 3 white balls. Find the probability distribution of the
number of red balls, if 2 balls are drawn at random from the bag one-by-one without
replacement.
1
5. If A and B are two events such that P(A)= 2,
1 𝐴 1
𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( ) − , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ )
3 𝐵 4
LA
1. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One
ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the
probability that it was drawn from bag II.
2. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 3 times. He throws a die and reports that it is
a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
3. If a machine is correctly setup, It produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly
setup, it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the
setups are correctly done. If after a certain setup, the machine produces 2
acceptable items, then find the probability that machine is correctly setup.
4. There are three coins. One is a two tailed coin (having tail on both faces) another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 60% of the times and third is an unbiased coin. One
of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed and it shown tail. What is the
probability that it is a two tailed coin?
5. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. Agrey haired person is
selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male? (assume that
these are equal number of males and females)
Case Based
1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
There are two antiaircraft guns, named as A and B. The probabilities that the shell
fired from them hits an airplane are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Both of them fired one
shell at an airplane at the same time.
(i) What is the probability that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the
plane ?
(ii) If it is known that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane, then
what is the probability that it was fired from B?
2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
Two friends A and B are playing a game in which they throw a pair of coins
alternatively and decided who gets heads first will win the game. If A starts the
game, answer the following questions.
(i) What is the probability that A throws two heads in a particular throw of pair
of coins ?
(ii) What is the probability that B do not throw two heads on a particular throw
of pair of coins ?
(iii) What is the probability that A wins the game ?
OR
(iii) If instead of A, the game was started by B, then what is the probability that A
wins the game ?
3. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
Competitive exams are considered an egalitarian way to select worthy applicants
without risking influence peddling, bias or other concerns. Self motivated and hard
worker candidates find these exams very simpler. To clear a prestigious competitive
exam to got admission in a world reputed college, a student has 75% chances of
passing in at least one subject out of three subjects A, B and C, 50% chances of
passing in at least two subjects and 40% chances of passing in exactly two subjects.
(i) Find the value of P(A ∪ B ∪ C).
(ii) Find the value of P(A ∩ B ∩ C).
(iii) What is the probability that student is not able to clear any of the three
subjects A, B and C?
OR
(iii) What is the value of P(A) + P(B) + P(C)?
4. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
In a set of 10 coins, 2 coins are with heads on both tossed five times.
(i) Find the probability that the selected coin has head on both sides.
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining a head on all the 5 outcomes when an unfair
coin is tossed.
OR
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining 5 consecutive heads when a fair coin is
tossed.
(iii) If all the 5 times, result was heads, find the probability that the selected coin
had head on both sides.
5. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
A building contractor under taken a building construction job. The probability that
there will be a construction worker’s strike is 0.65. If there is a strike and still
construction work will be completed on time, the probability is 0.32. The
construction work will be completed on time in absence of any strike has the
probability 0.80.
(i) What is the probability that there will be no strike?
OR
(i) What is the probability that the construction job will be completed in time?
(ii) What is the probability that there is a strike and the construction job is
completed in time?
(iii) If the construction job is completed on time, what is the probability of no
strike?
Probability
Level – 2
VSA
1. A coin is tossed 4 times. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the number
of tails.
2. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting a doublet.
3
3. Let E and F be the events with 𝑃(𝐸) = 5,
3 1
𝑃(𝐹) = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 5. Find whether the events are independent or not.
4. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards one-by-one without
replacement.
What is the probability of getting first card red and second card jack?
7 9 4 𝐴′
5. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 13 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 13 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 13 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )
SA
1. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
an ace card.
2. A die has two faces each with number 1, three faces each with number 2 and one
face with number 3. If die is rolled one, then determine probability of not getting 3.
𝐵
3. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0. 𝐴, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (𝐴) = 0.6, then find 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵).
4. A bag contains 1 red and 3 white balls. Find the probability distribution of the
number of red balls, if 2 balls are drawn at random from the bag one-by-one without
replacement.
1
5. If A and B are two events such that P(A)= 2,
1 𝐴 1
𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( ) − , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ )
3 𝐵 4
LA
1. A letter is known to have come either from LONDON or CLIFTON. On the envelope
just two consecutive letters ON are visible. What is the probability that the letter has
come from (i) LONDON (ii) CLIFTON ?
2. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17,
16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has the
same chance of being of chosen and the age X of the selected student is recorded.
What is the probability distribution of the random variable X? Find mean of X.
3. If a machine is correctly setup, It produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly
setup, it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the
setups are correctly done. If after a certain setup, the machine produces 2
acceptable items, then find the probability that machine is correctly setup.
4. There are three coins. One is a two tailed coin (having tail on both faces) another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 60% of the times and third is an unbiased coin. One
of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed and it shown tail. What is the
probability that it is a two tailed coin?
5. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. Agrey haired person is
selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male? (assume that
these are equal number of males and females)
Case Based
1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
A problem in mathematics was given to three students A, B and C. The following
observation were made. The probability that the problem is solved is 1. The
4
probability that the problem is solved by more than 1 person is 7 and that the
1
problem is solved by more than 2 is 7.
(i) Find the probability that exactly 2 out of 3 solves the problem.
(ii) Find the probability that exactly 1 out of 3 solved that problem.
2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
Two friends A and B are playing a game in which they throw a pair of coins
alternatively and decided who gets heads first will win the game. If A starts the
game, answer the following questions.
(i) What is the probability that A throws two heads in a particular throw of pair
of coins ?
(ii) What is the probability that B do not throw two heads on a particular throw
of pair of coins ?
(iii) What is the probability that A wins the game ?
OR
(iii) If instead of A, the game was started by B, then what is the probability that A
wins the game ?
3. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
Competitive exams are considered an egalitarian way to select worthy applicants
without risking influence peddling, bias or other concerns. Self motivated and hard
worker candidates find these exams very simpler. To clear a prestigious competitive
exam to got admission in a world reputed college, a student has 75% chances of
passing in at least one subject out of three subjects A, B and C, 50% chances of
passing in at least two subjects and 40% chances of passing in exactly two subjects.
(i) Find the value of P(A ∪ B ∪ C).
(ii) Find the value of P(A ∩ B ∩ C).
(iii) What is the probability that student is not able to clear any of the three
subjects A, B and C?
OR
(iii) What is the value of P(A) + P(B) + P(C)?
4. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
In a set of 10 coins, 2 coins are with heads on both tossed five times.
(i) Find the probability that the selected coin has head on both sides.
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining a head on all the 5 outcomes when an unfair
coin is tossed.
OR
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining 5 consecutive heads when a fair coin is
tossed.
(iii) If all the 5 times, result was heads, find the probability that the selected coin
had head on both sides.
5. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
A building contractor under taken a building construction job. The probability that
there will be a construction worker’s strike is 0.65. If there is a strike and still
construction work will be completed on time, the probability is 0.32. The
construction work will be completed on time in absence of any strike has the
probability 0.80.
(i) What is the probability that there will be no strike?
OR
(i) What is the probability that the construction job will be completed in time?
(ii) What is the probability that there is a strike and the construction job is
completed in time?
(iii) If the construction job is completed on time, what is the probability of no
strike?
Probability
Level – 3
VSA
1. A card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
an ace card.
2. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting a doublet.
3
3. Let E and F be the events with 𝑃(𝐸) = 5,
3 1
𝑃(𝐹) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = . Find whether the events are independent or not.
10 5
4. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards one-by-one without
replacement.
What is the probability of getting first card red and second card jack?
7 9 4 𝐴′
5. If 𝑃(𝐴) = , 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( )
13 13 13 𝐵
SA
1. A die has two faces each with number 1, three faces each with number 2 and one
face with number 3. If die is rolled one, then determine probability of not getting 3.
𝐵
2. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0. 𝐴, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (𝐴) = 0.6, then find 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵).
3. A coin is tossed 4 times. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the number
of tails.
4. A bag contains 1 red and 3 white balls. Find the probability distribution of the
number of red balls, if 2 balls are drawn at random from the bag one-by-one without
replacement.
1
5. If A and B are two events such that P(A)= 2,
1 𝐴 1
𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( ) − , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ )
3 𝐵 4
LA
1. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One
ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the
probability that it was drawn from bag II.
2. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 3 times. He throws a die and reports that it is
a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
3. If a machine is correctly setup, It produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly
setup, it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the
setups are correctly done. If after a certain setup, the machine produces 2
acceptable items, then find the probability that machine is correctly setup.
4. There are three coins. One is a two tailed coin (having tail on both faces) another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 60% of the times and third is an unbiased coin. One
of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed and it shown tail. What is the
probability that it is a two tailed coin?
5. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. Agrey haired person is
selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male? (assume that
these are equal number of males and females)
Case Based
1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
There are two antiaircraft guns, named as A and B. The probabilities that the shell
fired from them hits an airplane are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Both of them fired one
shell at an airplane at the same time.
(i) What is the probability that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the
plane ?
(ii) If it is known that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane, then
what is the probability that it was fired from B?
2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
Two friends A and B are playing a game in which they throw a pair of coins
alternatively and decided who gets heads first will win the game. If A starts the
game, answer the following questions.
(i) What is the probability that A throws two heads in a particular throw of pair
of coins ?
(ii) What is the probability that B do not throw two heads on a particular throw
of pair of coins ?
(iii) What is the probability that A wins the game ?
OR
(iii) If instead of A, the game was started by B, then what is the probability that A
wins the game ?
3. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
Competitive exams are considered an egalitarian way to select worthy applicants
without risking influence peddling, bias or other concerns. Self motivated and hard
worker candidates find these exams very simpler. To clear a prestigious competitive
exam to got admission in a world reputed college, a student has 75% chances of
passing in at least one subject out of three subjects A, B and C, 50% chances of
passing in at least two subjects and 40% chances of passing in exactly two subjects.
(i) Find the value of P(A ∪ B ∪ C).
(ii) Find the value of P(A ∩ B ∩ C).
(iii) What is the probability that student is not able to clear any of the three
subjects A, B and C?
OR
(iii) What is the value of P(A) + P(B) + P(C)?
4. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
In a set of 10 coins, 2 coins are with heads on both tossed five times.
(i) Find the probability that the selected coin has head on both sides.
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining a head on all the 5 outcomes when an unfair
coin is tossed.
OR
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining 5 consecutive heads when a fair coin is
tossed.
(iii) If all the 5 times, result was heads, find the probability that the selected coin
had head on both sides.
5. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
An automobile company manufactures scooters at two plants located at Pune and
Gurugram. Company manufactured two types of scooters. One is standard and other
is premium quality model.
Production in two plants is shown in the following table given below.
A scooter is chosen at random and is found to be of standard model.
(i) What is the probability that the selected scooter is produced in Pune plant?
OR
(i) What is the probability that the selected scooter is produced in Gurugram
plant?
(ii) What is the total probability of choosing a scooter of Standard model?
(iii) If the selected scooter is of standard model, then what is the probability that
it is from Pune plant?
Probability
Level – 4
VSA
𝐵
1. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0. 𝐴, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (𝐴) = 0.6, then find 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵).
2. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting a doublet.
3
3. Let E and F be the events with 𝑃(𝐸) = 5,
3 1
𝑃(𝐹) = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 5. Find whether the events are independent or not.
4. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards one-by-one without
replacement.
What is the probability of getting first card red and second card jack?
7 9 4 𝐴′
5. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 13 , 𝑃(𝐵) = 13 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 13 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )
SA
1
1. If A and B are two events such that P(A)= 2,
1 𝐴 1
𝑃(𝐵) − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (𝐵) − 4 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ )
2. A die has two faces each with number 1, three faces each with number 2 and one
face with number 3. If die is rolled one, then determine probability of not getting 3.
𝐵
3. If 𝑃(𝐴) = 0. 𝐴, 𝑃(𝐵) = 0.8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 (𝐴) = 0.6, then find 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵).
4. A bag contains 1 red and 3 white balls. Find the probability distribution of the
number of red balls, if 2 balls are drawn at random from the bag one-by-one without
replacement.
1
5. If A and B are two events such that P(A)= 2,
1 𝐴 1
𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 ( ) − , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ )
3 𝐵 4
LA
1. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls and bag II contains 5 red and 6 black balls. One
ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and is found to be red. Find the
probability that it was drawn from bag II.
2. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20, 17,
16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has the
same chance of being of chosen and the age X of the selected student is recorded.
What is the probability distribution of the random variable X? Find mean of X.
3. If a machine is correctly setup, It produces 90% acceptable items. If it is incorrectly
setup, it produces only 40% acceptable items. Past experience shows that 80% of the
setups are correctly done. If after a certain setup, the machine produces 2
acceptable items, then find the probability that machine is correctly setup.
4. There are three coins. One is a two tailed coin (having tail on both faces) another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 60% of the times and third is an unbiased coin. One
of the three coins is chosen at random and tossed and it shown tail. What is the
probability that it is a two tailed coin?
5. Suppose 5% of men and 0.25% of women have grey hair. Agrey haired person is
selected at random. What is the probability of this person being male? (assume that
these are equal number of males and females)
Case Based
1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
An automobile company manufactures scooters at two plants located at Pune and
Gurugram. Company manufactured two types of scooters. One is standard and other
is premium quality model.
Production in two plants is shown in the following table given below.
A scooter is chosen at random and is found to be of standard model.
(i) What is the probability that the selected scooter is produced in Pune plant?
OR
(i) What is the probability that the selected scooter is produced in Gurugram
plant?
(ii) What is the total probability of choosing a scooter of Standard model?
(iii) If the selected scooter is of standard model, then what is the probability that
it is from Pune plant?
2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
Two friends A and B are playing a game in which they throw a pair of coins
alternatively and decided who gets heads first will win the game. If A starts the
game, answer the following questions.
(i) What is the probability that A throws two heads in a particular throw of pair
of coins ?
(ii) What is the probability that B do not throw two heads on a particular throw
of pair of coins ?
(iii) What is the probability that A wins the game ?
OR
(iii) If instead of A, the game was started by B, then what is the probability that A
wins the game ?
3. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
Competitive exams are considered an egalitarian way to select worthy applicants
without risking influence peddling, bias or other concerns. Self motivated and hard
worker candidates find these exams very simpler. To clear a prestigious competitive
exam to got admission in a world reputed college, a student has 75% chances of
passing in at least one subject out of three subjects A, B and C, 50% chances of
passing in at least two subjects and 40% chances of passing in exactly two subjects.
(i) Find the value of P(A ∪ B ∪ C).
(ii) Find the value of P(A ∩ B ∩ C).
(iii) What is the probability that student is not able to clear any of the three
subjects A, B and C?
OR
(ii) What is the value of P(A) + P(B) + P(C)?
4. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
In a set of 10 coins, 2 coins are with heads on both tossed five times.
(i) Find the probability that the selected coin has head on both sides.
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining a head on all the 5 outcomes when an unfair
coin is tossed.
OR
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining 5 consecutive heads when a fair coin is
tossed.
(iii) If all the 5 times, result was heads, find the probability that the selected coin
had head on both sides.
5. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
A building contractor under took a building construction job. The probability that
there will be a construction workers strike is 0.65. If there is a strike and still
construction work will be completed on time, the probability is 0.32. The
construction work will be completed on time in absence of any strike has the
probability 0.80.
(i) What is the probability that there will be no strike?
OR
(i) What is the probability that the construction job will be completed in time?
(ii) What is the probability that there is a strike and the construction job is
completed in time?
(iii) If the construction job is completed on time, what is the probability of no
strike?