PROPESSIONAL STANDARD 21-1986

Group H
Socialist Republic of Pile foundation 20 TCN 21-86
Vietnam (supersedes 20 TCN 21-
72
Design standard
Ministry of Construction Valid from July 8th 1986
(Promulgated in attachment to decision No. 299/BXD-KHKT)

1. General principle.
1.1. When designing the pile foundations of houses and works, it is necessary to
follow up this standard.
Annotate:
1. Pile foundations of machines having moving loads must be designed
according to requirements of standard on designing machine’s foundations
having moving loading.
2. Pile foundations of houses and built works in places where are instable of
geology (in places where may appear sliding, cacto) and in special
conditions and circumstances, they should be designed in a consideration to
additional requirements to the construction and use of the houses and
buildings and works in the above-mentioned areas.
1.2. Choice of foundation structures (for example the pile foundations or
natural plane, which are reinforced by compact ramming, chemistry or with
thermal etc…) as well as various types of piles and type of pile foundations
(for example: piles driven according to groups, according to long lines, long
piles) must derive from the specific conditions of the construction site, which
are characterized by the documents of technical survey and on basis of the
results of the comparison of the real situations on economy and techniques of
the possible solutions of the solutions on foundation design, according to the
requirements of technical principles and saving the fundamental construction
materials.
1.3. Pile foundations should be designed on basis of results of investigating the
construction site’s geology and hydro meteorological conditions of the
construction site as per requirements of item 3 of this standard, according to
data on climate conditions of the construction site as well as according to the
characteristics of houses and building that are designed and according to the
experiences in construction of the locality. Not permitting to design the pile
foundations if without a rational foundations on the construction geology or
when lacking the geological ground of the construction site so as to choose an
appropriate structure of the foundations, type of piles and to determine
dimensions of piles.
1.4. In the construction drawings of the pile foundations, it is necessary to
specify the type of piles, its number and parameters of piles (sections, profiles,
length of piles, loading resistance and allowable loadings of the piles), these
parameters are not necessary to be made further accurate by testing the piles in
soils during the construction process.
Annotate:
Testing the piles, tubular piles or pile foundations (for example: pile group),
which are implemented during the construction process or after the
construction, it is necessary to follow up the standards on construction and
acceptance of the plane and foundation, and according to the acceptance and
put the finished works into operation, in order to determine the quality of the
pile foundation and the rationality of the foundation to design as well as to
determine the corresponding of the geographical conditions in construction site
to the documents gained in the design.
1.5. In the solutions of the pile foundation, it is necessary to estimate the actual
measurement of the deforming of plane and foundation according to special
benchmarks pre-made in the following cases: When using new structures for
houses and works or for pile foundations but have not yet studied sufficiently
in the mass construction; when having a special tasks, in design when having
individual requirements on measuring the deforming in order to study the
working of plane, foundation, structure of the houses and building or of the
technological equipments. Choice of the objects to measure the deforming
must be approved by the bid deliverer.
Program and results of the measurement during the construction must be
written in the documents of design and being transported to the acceptance
agency and user of that house or works.
1.6. Pile foundations used in the conditions of the corrosion environment must
be designed according to the additional requirements of standard on protecting
the anti-corrosion construction structures, regarding the woody structures of
pile foundations, it should be given an attention to requirements on protection
from being ruined and damaged as well as defects caused by intersects.
2. Types of piles.
2.1. In this standard, it is necessary to survey the following types of the piles:
a. Piles made of reinforcement concretes and woody materials, being placed on
soils with hammers, vibration machines and pressing vibration machines.
b. Tubular piles made of the reinforcement concretes.
c. Boring piles made of concretes and reinforcements concretes, redone in
soils.
d. Reinforcement concrete piles under lowering drill that are made of pre-
fabricated reinforcement concretes structures being lowered into pre-drilled
holes.
e. Piles tightened to the body made of steels or reinforcement concretes.
2.2. According to characteristics of soils under the pile tips, piles will be
divided into support piles and suspended piles.
Piles of various types and tubular piles, when they transmit the loading through
pile tips on soils actually they are not pressed and sprinkled, they are
supporting piles. Friction forces in sides of the support piles will be not
included in the calculation of the force and load resistance of piles according to
the plane soils when being suffered from pressing load.
All types of piles and tubular piles are lowered into soil areas that are capable
of pressing and sprinkle that belong to suspended piles. Suspending piles
transmit the load on ground via side areas and via pile tips.
Annotate:
Real soils can not be pressed and sprinkled that are various types of soils and
sands, rough soil pieces (gravels, macadam, grits) mixed with other substances
such as sands and clays having the solid viscosity, not including the covering
soils having the water sufficiency G <0.85 as well as not including the soils,
type of soil, expanded soils and salted soils.
2.3. Piles driven as reinforcement concrete and tubular piles are divided:
a. According to way of placing the reinforcement, piles and pile tubular
having the lengthwise part that are not stretch to horizontal reinforcement
and having lengthwise part or having the lengthwise steel strip that are
pulled in stretch before ( by steel fibre and steels of high strength), with
 horizontal reinforcement and without the horizontal reinforcement, at the
same time only the pile of cross section are square, which are fabricated
without horizontal part.
b. According to the shape of horizontal section, square piles, rectangular piles,
square piles having round holes that are empty diameter up to 800 mm,
including the tubular piles having a diameter of more than 800 mm.
c. According to the shape of lengthwise section, piles of cylinder shape and
piles having oblique surface (steel piles, rectangular pile, other –shaped
piles);
d. According to the characters of the structure of the pile body, intact pile and
connected piles (including the separated sections)/
e. According to the structure of the pile tips, sharp nose-piles, flat-nose piles,
piles having expanded or not expanded bottom, empty piles having tight or
opened tips, and piles having expanded bottom by blaster.
Annotate:
Driven piles having expanded bottom by blaster are fabricated by driving the
round piles with empty inner part. In the nose part, there is empty steel nose
and closed tips, after mixing the concrete mixtures into inner part of the piles,
implementing the blaster in tip section to make the deformed foot of the piles.
In the project of the pile foundation, when using the closed and opened piles,
expanding the bottom by blaster, it is necessary to specify the observation in a
strict manner to requirement of the construction and drilling, blaster. In which,
it is necessary to determine the allowed distance from the houses or works to
places of blaster.
2.4. Changes of the driven piles used as reinforcement concretes according
to the structure and method of lowering the piles are as follows:
a. Piles- pillars, part in ground of the piles will be used as house piles
( works). It is not allowed to use as piles, pillars for reinforcement piles that
are stretched in advance with the lengthwise reinforcement that are fibre
steels as well as pre-stretched piles not having the horizontal part to any
type of the piles.
b. Piles being lowered in pre-drilled holes, at the same time diameter of the
boring should be not more than the minimum side of the cross section or the
diameter of the piles. Regarding the dept of the bored holes, it should be
 less than that of the lowering the piles. Requirement according to the
calculation that is not less than 1 m.
Pre-drilled holes are allowed to use when there is a need of through the piles
via clays having solid viscosity and semi-solid one (example: expanded soils,
settled soils) in the cases when according to the result of driving piles or
according to the construction experience and determining that it is possible to
place piles through layers of that soils if without advanced drilling.
c. Piles, when being driven, use the water erosion method, then the erosion
must be not implemented in the last meters when placing the piles,
regarding piles should be further driven to reach the designed level.
Water erosion is permitted to be done mainly when driving the piles through
soil and sand layers having a large thickness.
2.5. Driving piles made of woody materials are divided into the following
types:
a. Intact piles made of a woody tree.
b. Piles connected in length;
c. Piles bundled include some intact piles or joined ones.
2.6. Boring piles, according to the fabrication method, are divided into the
following types:
a. Boring piles are fabricated by pre-driven methods, steel piles are sealed
with pipe’s tips which is left in soil or being sealed with concretes, and then
gradually drawing out the piles that depend on number of concretes poured
in to holes.
b. Boring piles of vibration and punching, that are formed in pre-drilled holes
or closed holes by pouring these holes with solid concrete mixtures.
Compact ramming with by vibration ram machines having the tubular shape
with sharp head and being installed into machine of lowering piles with
vibration method.
c. Piles bored in punched pipes are fabricated by method of pressing driller
into soils, generating pyramid-holes, or conical ones and then pouring the
concrete mixture into the holes.
d. Bored piles having the expansion, or not having expansion of bottom,
which are fabricated in clays not having sufficient waters, not necessary to
support the hole walls, and in soil inundated with water and in sands, it is
 necessary to retain the hole’s wall with clay solutions, or by chocked pipes
which then will be pulled up and only in special cases when having rational
foundations, the chocked pipes will be left in the soils.
e. Bored piles having expanded bottom by blaster are fabricated by drilling
holes and then holes are expanded by blaster and pouring the concrete
mixture into the holes.
2.7. Pre-fabricated piles and placed into the drilled holes, according to the
construction methods that are divided as follows:
a. Piles, pillars fabricated in the pre-drilled holes by placing in these holes
with the pre-fabricated components having the cylinder shape or similar
ones, having the condensed section with the side or diameters of 800 mm or
more. Them using the cement mortar or sands to pour into the apertures
(width of 5-10 cm), in mid of the drilled holes and these components.
b. Pre-fabricated piles placed into the drilled holes and having the expanded
bottom by blaster that is different from that of the drilled piles having the
blaster (item d of article 2.6), that: after pouring the concrete mixture and
expanding the bottom by blaster in the drilled holes where reinforcement
concrete piles have been placed before, being fabricated in factory.
2.8. Reinforcement piles and concrete piles, tubular piles and pile made of
the reinforcement concretes should be designed with the heavy
concretes.
Grade of the concrete and durability and force resistance for the driven piles
and tubular piles must be taken that should be not less than designed grade,
that are regulated by regulations and standard of the state applied to piles and
tubular piles.
For the bored piles, tightened piles and other types of the driving piles, without
the advanced striping and stretching when not having the state standards, they
should use the concretes having grade not less than 200 grade, if in case of
having the stretch, it should be not less than 300 grade.
Annotate:
For short bored piles (length is less than 3 meters), it is allowed to use the
heavy concretes whose design grade is not less than 100 grade.
2.9. Foundation of the reinforcement concrete piles should be designed with
heavy concretes, design according to the strength of the force resistance,
that is not less than:
a. For bridges, irrigation works and large-size pillars of outdoor power
transmission lines:
- Installing and connection with grade of 300.
- On spot pouring with grade of 200.
b. For house and works, excepting cases mentioned in point (a):
- Installing and connection with grade of 200.
- On spot pouring with grade of 50.
Concretes are used chocked in the reinforcement concrete piles in the nodes of
the pile foundations as well as used for chocking in the heads of piles to the
foundations, pre-fabricated ones, that should be in accordance with the
requirements of the design standard applied to the concrete structures and
reinforcement concretes, used for the concretes poured in joints and
connections, pre-fabricated structures but must be not less than grade of 150.
Note: When designing the water resource projects and bridges, design grade of
the concretes for choking the pre-fabricated components of the pile foundation
must be more than 1 level of digit with the design grade of the concrete belong
to the connected components.
2.10. Designed grade of water-proof concretes for the piles driven with the
reinforcement concretes, having the square sections (in which having the
round holes in the middle area) as well as for round and tubular piles of
reinforcement concretes, it is necessary to follow the requirements and
standards of the state applied to the above-mentioned types of the piles.
For the bored piles, tightened piles and other piles, without the state’s
standards as well as for the pile foundations, designed grade of the water-proof
concretes should be regulated according to the documents of the standards of
design of house and works. In which, use of the pile foundations. When not
having these requirements in the standard documents, then design grade of the
concrete of water proof should be regulated on basis of the temperature
conditions and climates of the construction site and geological conditions
where use the pile foundation, which are similar to the abovementioned
requirements in the state standards. For the piles having the square sections,
round and tubular piles.
2.11. Connections of the reinforcement piles are connected and that of the
tubular piles must be secured:
a. Having the equal durability of the joined connection and that of the pile
body when being pressed along with the axial and cross force as well as
bent torque, for foundations having the working piles under a small load
and being force of the pull.
b. Characteristics of the co-axial of the connected components.
2.12. Foundations are connected and joined with the reinforcement concretes,
and that of the pile groups, it is allowed to use the intact components as
we as that being connected partially. This depends on loading capacity
of the transport means and machines of cranes and hoists.
2.13. Woody piles must be fabricated with woody like the piddle leaves
(pipes, ……); having the diameter of 22-34 cm and 6.5 top 8.5 m long;
2.14. Wood used for the piles must be chipped the covers, removed the eyes
of wood and branches, physical flat of the wood body must be kept.
Sizes and cross sections and length of piles or bundle must be taken
according to the calculated results and comply to the designed objects.
Note: Capacity of using the woody piles having the body of more than 8.5 m is
only permitted when having the agreement of the pile fabrication enterprise.
2.15. Connection and joint according to the length in wood piles and bundle
piles, it is necessary to use the symmetric connection that are coated
with steel saddles or steel pipes. Connections and joint in the piles must
be arranged in co-axial and not be less than 1.5 m.
3. Requirement to the survey.
3.1. Volume and parts of the survey for the designed objects on the pile
foundations must be regulated by a program that is elaborated by a survey
agency, basing on the technical tasks in time of conducting the survey,
according to requirement of the bid deliverer (design agency and chair person
of the design) that are in accordance with the requirements of the survey
standards of the construction works, of the standards of the state and of the
existing standard documents relating to the survey work in order to research
the house floor’s soils and that of the works, as well as according to
requirements of part 3 of this standard.
Driven piles having expanded bottom by blaster are fabricated by driving the
round piles with empty inner part. In the nose part, there is empty steel nose
and closed tips, after mixing the concrete mixtures into inner part of the piles,
implementing the blaster in tip section to make the deformed foot of the piles.
3.2. In the project of the pile foundation, when using the closed and opened
piles, expanding the bottom by blaster, it is necessary to specify the
observation in a strict manner to requirement of the construction and drilling,
blaster. In which, it is necessary to determine the allowed distance from the
houses or works to places of blaster.
a. Changes of the driven piles used as reinforcement concretes according to
the structure and method of lowering the piles are as follows. Piles- pillars,
part in ground of the piles will be used as house piles works. (It is not
allowed to use as piles, pillars for reinforcement piles that are stretched in
advance with the lengthwise reinforcement).
b. That are fibre steels as well as pre-stretched piles not having the horizontal
part to any type of the piles. Piles being lowered in pre-drilled holes, at the
same time diameter of the boring should be not more than the minimum
side of the cross section or the diameter of the piles. Regarding the dept of
the bored holes, it should be less than that of the lowering the piles.
Requirement according to the calculation that is not less than 1 m. Pre-
drilled holes are allowed to use when there is a need of through the piles via
clays having solid viscosity and semi-solid one (example: expanded soils,
settled soils) in the cases when according to the result of driving piles or
according to the construction experience and determining that it is possible
to place piles through layers of that soils if without advanced drilling. Piles,
when being driven, use the water erosion method, then the erosion must be
not implemented in the last meters when placing the piles, regarding piles
should be further driven to reach the designed level.
Water erosion is permitted to be done mainly when driving the piles through
soil and sand layers having a large thickness. Driving piles made of woody
materials are divided into the following types, intact piles made of a woody
tree, piles connected in length; Piles bundled include some intact piles or
joined ones. Boring piles, according to the fabrication method, are divided into
the following types.
Annotate:
1. Tests of moving and static of the piles, tubular piles and pillar piles
should be made in accordance with requirements of the state standard
relating to the method of testing the piles in the construction site (20
TCN 88-82), regarding the test of soils by though static and moving,
by the horizontal pressing and by the compressing table, this will be
in comply with the state’s standards, corresponding with the methods
 of testing soils by through static and through moving. Regarding the
method of determining in the construction site the module of deform
of the soils by pressing horizontally and by compressing table.
2. Boring piles of vibration and punching item a of article 3.2, that are
formed in pre-drilled holes or closed holes by pouring these holes
with solid concrete mixtures. Compact ramming with by vibration
ram machines having the tubular shape with sharp head and being
installed into machine of lowering piles with vibration method.
3. Piles bored in punched pipes are fabricated by method of pressing
driller into soils, generating pyramid-holes, or conical ones and then
pouring the concrete mixture into the holes. Bored piles having the
expansion, or not having expansion of bottom, which are fabricated
in clays not having sufficient waters.
3.3. Number of the surveyed parts as mentioned in article 3.2 for each
house and each works must be not less than:
- Drilled holes: 2
- Excavated holes: 2
- Through: 5
- Testing move of piles: 5
- Testing static of piles, sample pipes or tubular piles: 2
- Testing soils by pressing tables with static load or horizontal pressing:
2.
Note: Number and sequence of taking samples of soils to make test in
the laboratory is regulated in the construction and survey program
according to the requirements of the existing standards. Regarding the
soils of the house floor and that of works, in which it is compulsory to
take the soil sample in the pile’s tips and under piles’ tip within a range
of 5 meters.
Note:
1. If the geological conditions of the construction site is similar the
conditions in the facing land areas, where there are a lot of
experiences on the pile foundation construction, then according to
the agreement of the design agency, author of the foundation project,
it is permitted to reduce the number of the researched objects.
2. It is not permitted to elaborate the drawing of the construction of pile
foundation, if within the circumstance of the building or the designed
works or in nearby locations (within 5 m) there are not drilled or
excavated holes that give the result on the determining the physical
and mechanical characters of soils.
3.4. Depth of the drilled holes estimated in the survey program will
mention the geological conditions of the specific construction site and
characters of the houses and works (works), that intent to be designed, it
should be regulated in a deeper than that of the pile tip, tubular piles and
pillar piles, in soils. Normally, this is not less than 5 meters.
For houses and works of frame one having a load on the suspended and
tubular piles that is more than 300 tones, as well as when piles are
arranged in a pile line under the whole construction works, then the
depth of 50% of the drilled holes must be regulated in a deeper than
depth of pipe tip and tubular piles, that is normally not less than 10 m.
When there is a need of a support or bury the piles in depth, tubular and
supporting piles, the depth of drilled holes in rocks must be not less than
5 meters under the pile tips, tubular piles and support piles. When in
rocks there is cactor, sub-layers of soils or several substances are weak
locally, then number and depth of the drilled holes must be regulated
according to the survey program. Deriving from the characters of the
geology of the construction site and that of the construction site that are
under the study.
Note:
1. In task of the technique in the survey and construction, to specify the
depth of the drilled dholes, it is permitted to determine the set of the
length of the piles, tubular piles and support piles according to data
of the soils that are available in the archived documents on the
geology of the construction site that have been done previously, or
according to the similar foundations of the houses and works in the
surrounding areas.
2. For the piles that under small force, then depth of the drilled holes
and through holes when making the survey, it is permitted to take up
to 1 meter that is deeper than tip of piles.
3.5. Compact of the sands and soils should be determined in condition of
location of physical lying according to the data of through, with
requirements of the state standards, and methods of testing soils in the
construction site according to methods of testing soils by through static
and moving, and when it is possible, according to the test result of the
soil samples, there are intact structures taken in the excavated holes or
drilled holes, according to requirements of the standard documents
relating to the soil condition of the house floor and that of the works.
4. Basic instructions on calculation.
4.1. Calculation of the pile foundation and pile basement must be taken
according to the limit status of 2 groups:
a. According to first group:
- Regarding the durability of the pile structure, tubular piles and
supporting piles (below, in this program, for a simplification, it will be
called as pile) as well as to pile foundation (article 4.2 of this standard).
- Regarding the load resistance of the soils of pile foundation and that of
piles (article 4.3 of this standard).
- Regarding the stability (load resistance) of the floor of the pile
foundation in general, if transmitting the horizontal loads in piles (stop
walls, foundations of structures having the horizontal forces) or the floor
is limited by oblique chutes or layers of soils in horizontal direction
(article 8.12 of this standard).
b. According to 2nd group:
- Regarding the settlement of the floor of the pile foundation caused by
the settlement loading (articles 4.4, 7.1 and 7.2 of this standard).
- Regarding the movement of the position of the piles (vertical direction
and horizontal one Δng and rotation angle of the pile ends ψ) together
with the floor soils caused by impact of the vertical and horizontal
loadings and torques (appendix of this standard).
- Regarding the form and expansion of the cracks in the reinforcement
concrete components of the pile foundation (article 4.2 of this standard).
4.2. It is necessary to calculate the structure of the piles and piles
foundation according to the durability of the materials used to fabricate
them (reinforcement concretes, concretes and woody). Basing on the
design standards of the concrete structures and reinforcement concretes
according to the standards of woody structure, in necessary cases it is
necessary to follow the design standards of bridges and sewerages, and
 design of the concrete structures and reinforcement concretes of the
irrigation works, it should be noted to the additional requirements as
mentioned in article 4.6, 5.2 and 5.3 and in appendix of this standard.
Calculation of the components of reinforcement concrete of the pile
foundation according to the forming and development of cracks, it is
necessary to follow the requirements of the design standards of
concretes and reinforcement concretes, in necessary cases, it is
necessary to meet requirements of the design standards of the concrete
structures and that of the irrigation works.
4.3. Pile foundations and piles according to the loading resistance of the
soil floor should be calculated according to the formula:
(1)

Where:
N- calculated load, tone, transmitted on the piles (lengthwise force in the
piles due to the calculated loading impacts on the foundation and
causing with the complex of the loading of the most disadvantage,
determining according to chapter 8 of this standard).
Ф – Calculated loading resistance of the floor soils for the single piles,
tone, below for the simplification, it will be called “Load resistance of
pile”, determined according to instructions in chapters 5 and 6 of this
standard.
Ktc – reliable coefficient which is taken:
a. If the load resistance is determined equal to calculation, in which
including the result of testing the pile with moving loadings, that not
include the elasticity deform of the soils, K tc is equal to 1.4.
b. If the load resistance of the piles is determined according to the result
of pile test in the construction site, that is equal to the static loadings,
or according to result of the through static of the soils, as well as
according to the pile test result by the moving loadings, including the
elasticity deform of the soils, Ktc is equal to 1.25.
c. For the pile foundations that is long and high, reliable coefficients
are chosen according to total number of the piles of one foundation
pillar.
- Foundations having 21 piles and more, Ktc = 1.4.
 - Foundation including 11 to 20 pipes, Ktc = 1.6.
- Foundation including 6 to 10 pipes, Ktc = 1.65.
- Foundation including 1 to 6 pipes, Ktc = 1.75.
P – Calculated loading, tone, that is permitted on each piles*.
Note:
1. When calculating the piles with type of small force resistance, for the
tubular and supporting piles that are under the pressing forces, apart from the
calculated loading and lengthwise forces that appear in the piles due to the
calculated loadings, N on each piles caused, it is necessary to add in the weight
of the pile itself, tubular piles and supporting piles.
2. If the calculation of the pile foundation, mentioning the wind load and crane
loadings, it is permitted to increase the calculated loading on the marginal piles
with 20% (excepting the pillar foundations of the power transmission line).
If the piles of the foundations and abutment of the bridge according to the
direction of the effect of the loading, apart from the structure into a line, or some
lines, when mentioning the loading (combined or separated one) caused by the
braking force, wind pressure, caused by the goods loading of the ships, it is
permitted the calculated loadings transmitted on each pile to 10% when 4 piles are
arranged into a line and up to 20% when there are 8 piles or more. With the
number of the piles located in the mid part of the above mentioned section,
percentage of the lifting the calculated loading must be calculated by the inner
calculation.
4.4. Pile foundations in general and piles when are calculated according to the
limit status of the second group (according to the deform), it is necessary to meet
the conditions:

S ≤Sgh (2)

* in the design standard of the pile foundation before, P is called as loading

resistance of piles.
In which:
S: - Value of the calculation of the deform (settlement, move of the position etc…)
of piles and pile foundation in general, determined as a calculation according to
the instructions of the articles 4.5 and 4.6, chapter 7, and appendix of this
standard.
Sgh: - Limit value, allowable of the deform (settlement, move of the position etc…)
of the pile foundation that area regulated in the design task, and when is not
regulated in the task, it will be taken according to the limit deform, allowable to be
regulated in the design standard of the house and works.
4.5. Loadings and impacts included in the calculations of the pile foundation must
be determined according to “load standards and impacts, basic reasons of the
design and construction structure and floor”. In the necessary cases, load and
impact must be determined according to standards: construction in the seism
areas; design of the houses and works in the mine areas, loads and impacts on the
irrigation works (waves, ships and boats).
Here, calculation of the pile foundation and its floor according to the resistance of
loading must be implemented on basis of the complex of the calculated loadings
with the coefficient of exceeding the loading that are taken according to the
requirements of loading standards and impact, regarding the calculation of the pile
foundation floor according to the deform, then base on the complex of the
calculated loadings and coefficient of overloading equal to 1.
Calculation of the settlement of the bridge abutment is only implemented under
the impact of the loadings, regularly having the calculation of the position
movement, horizontal of the abutment end according to lengthwise and horizontal
direction of the axial heads, with the complex of the regular loadings and
temporary loadings.
When designing the pile foundations constructed in the physical conditions,
especially being impacted by the loading (seism, impact by deform of the soil
surface when exploited the mines etc), apart from the above mentioned
calculations of foundation and floor of the pile foundation as above mentioned, it
is necessary to calculate according to the loading resistance with the special
complex of the loading, and in special cases and in need (for example in areas of
the mine exploitation), it is necessary to make calculation according to the deform.
4.6. It is necessary to support the hole walls P and in soil S inundated with water
and in sands, it is necessary to retain the hole’s wall with clay solutions, or by
chocked pipes which then will be pulled up and only in special cases when having
rational foundations, the chocked pipes will be left in the soils. Bored piles having
expanded bottom by blaster are fabricated by drilling holes and then holes are
expanded by blaster and pouring the concrete mixture into the holes. Pre-
fabricated piles and placed into the drilled holes, according to the construction
methods that are divided as follows:
Piles, pillars fabricated in the “pre-drilled holes” by placing in these holes with
(the pre-fabricated components C having the cylinder shape or similar ones,
having the condensed section E) with the side or diameters or more. Them using
the cement mortar or sands to pour into the apertures, in mid of the drilled holes
and these components. Pre-fabricated piles placed into the drilled holes and having
the expanded bottom by blaster that is different from that of the drilled piles
having the blaster that after pouring the concrete mixture and expanding the
bottom by blaster in the drilled holes where reinforcement concrete piles C have
been placed before, being fabricated in factory.
Calculation values of the characters of soils φ, C, E and γ should be determined
according to requirements of the design standard of the house floor and works,
limiting the safety values for soils K d = corresponding values 1.1 when
determining the angle of friction in diameter and 1.5 when determining the
adhesive force C1. In the calculations according to the allowed deform, taking K d
= 1 to calculated all calculation characters of soils.
Support of the soils R and F are used in the formulas of determining the loading
resistance of piles should be taken according to instructions in article 5.4, 5.11. of
this standard. Calculated values of the floor coefficient C, of soils when
calculating piles under the horizontal loading should be taken according to
formula 3, as explained in appendixes of this standard.
Typical characters of the calculation of the pile materials and pile foundation
should be taken according to standard of the design of the concrete structures and
reinforcement concrete and woody materials; regarding the bridge, it should be in
accordance with the design standards of bridges and sewerages.
4.7. Calculations on structures of the piles of all types should be based on the
force of the house and works transmitted on the piles, regarding the driven piles,
apart from the above-mentioned, it is also necessary to follow the forces caused by
the weights of oneself of the piles while the fabrication, store in warehouses and
transport of piles, as well as when lifting the piles on the hammer bracket in a
point that is distant from the pile a distance of 0.3 L (Here, L – length of the pile).
Inner force of the piles (like in the ramming) caused by the impact of the oneself
should be determined with the coefficient of dynamics is equal to:
- When calculating the durability of 1.5.
 - When calculating according to the forming and expansion of the cracks
1.25.
In these case, coefficient of the overloading caused by the weight of the oneself of
piles should be taken as 1.
4.8. Tight piles should be calculated like that of the reinforcement concrete piles,
it should be noted to the additional requirements as mentioned in chapter 14 of this
standard, as well as calculating according to the durability and stability like the
structures of this frame.
5. Calculation of the piles and tubular piles and supporting piles according to the
loading resistance.
General instructions.
5.1. Loading resistance of the piles of all types, tubular piles and support piles
should be determined according to the minimum values of the loading resistance
that are sought by the 2 conditions as below:
a. From the condition of the support force of the floor soils to the piles, tubular
piles and support piles according to requirements as mentioned in articles 5.4 and
5.12.
b. From the condition of the support force of the pile materials, tubular piles and
support piles according to the requirements in articles 5.2 and 5.3 and design
standards of the concrete structures and reinforcement concretes or woody ones. In
necessary cases, according to the design standards of bridges and sewerages.
5.2. When calculating the piles, tubular piles and support piles according to the
durability of the piles and pillars, tubular piles and support piles, they are
considered as a bar being solid sank in soils, and section is distant from the
foundation bottom with a l1, determined according to the formula:

(3)

Where:
Lo: length of pile section, tubular pile and support piles from bottom of the
foundation to the ground one, m.
λbd: Coefficient of deform, 1/m, determined according to formula 6 of the
appendix of this standard.
If for the bored piles, tubular piles and support piles that are buried in rocks,
quantitative:
 2/ λbd >1 (where: 1 – depth of the lowering the bored piles, tubular piles or
support piles), then it should be taken as l1 = lo + 1.
5.3. When calculating the loading resistance of the bored piles according to the
materials, resistance of the concretes, it should be determined and including the
coefficients of the working that is reduced in low level, m = 0.85, mentioned in
standard of concrete structure design and reinforcement concretes design. For
components that are poured with concretes in vertical positions and well as
coefficients of the condition of the additional working that are reduced to low
level, to include the method of the construction of piles.
a. In clay whose viscosity permit to make drilling and pouring concretes, but not
need to support the walls of the hole, when position of the underground water
level in time of the construction of the pile foot, m-1.
b. In soils where there is a need of supporting the walls of the drilled holes, when
making the drilling and pouring the concretes by withdrawing the support piles out
of the soils, when there is not water in the drilled holes (i.e, when pouring the
concretes with the dry method), m = 0.9.
c. In soils, when drilling it is necessary to make the support for the wall of the
drilled holes by withdrawing the support piles out of the soil and pouring
concretes under water m=0.8.
d. In soils where the wall of the drilled holes in that soils are still kept with the
clay solutions (not the support piles) and pouring the concretes under that
solutions m=0.7.
Note:
Pouring the concretes under water or under the clay solution should be taken by
the method of VPT (Vertical pile transmission).
Support piles.
5.4. Loading resistance Ф tone of the support piles being driven into soils, cross
section is a square and rectangular and empty inside part, having a diameter of 0.8
m and tubular piles, support piles and support piles, basing on the actual soils and
in fact they can be not sprinkled and compressed (annotate in article 2.2 of this
standard), if determining according to the formula:

= mRF (4)

Where:
m – coefficient of the working of pile in soils, m is taken as 1.
F – Area based on the soil of the tubular piles and support piles, m2 for the
condensed section piles, that is taken as area of the cross section. For the round
empty piles and tubular piles, they are taken as area of the cross section of the pile
walls when not poured the concretes in empty part and equal to the area of the
cross section of the whole piles when poured the concretes in empty part, up to a
height that is not less than 3 times of the piles diameter.
R- Calculated resistance of the soils in the tip of the support piles. t-m2 is taken as
follows:
a. For all types of the piles that are driven in tip of the piles basing on the rock, big
soils (stones, gravels, macadam, grits) having the mixed with sands as well as in
case when basing on the clay with the solid viscosity (excluding the cover layer
having the water level G is less than 0.85) as well as layer soils and expanded
soils, R = 2000 t/m2.
b. For the bored piles, tubular piles with the pouring concretes in rocks that are nor
weathered (not having the weak sub-layers), not less than 0.5 m according to
formula:

(5)

Where: Rtcn – One-axial pressing resistance, temporary standard, (average value)

in status of full of water, t/m2:
Kd- Safe coefficient according to soils, Kd is taken as 1.4.
h3 – calculated depth of the bored piles, tubular piles and support piles in rocks,
meters.
d3 – Outer diameter of buried part into the rock of the bored piles, support
pipes in the rock and m.
c. For the tubular piles and support piles in equal manner on the land surface
without being weathered, this layer is covered with the soil layer without being
eroded, having a diameter of the tubular piles according to formula:
 (6)

Where: Rtcn and kd – like symbols in formula 5.

Note:
When in the basement of the driven piles, bored piles and tubular piles and
support piles, there are rocks of strongly weathered and weather until a risk of
collapse, then the regulation of the standard support resistance of soils R tcn must be
solved after testing the soil static by table if basing on the result of testing the
piles, tubular piles and support piles with the static loadings.
Suspended piles and driven piles of all types.
5.5. Loading resistance Ф t, of the suspended piles, driven piles (cross section
is square, square having round holes, round piles and empty thathave a diameter of
0.8 m), under a pressing loading should be determined as total capacity of the
support under calculation of the soils and floor under the pile tips and in side face
of the piles, according to the formula:

=m (mR RF+umffili) (7)

Where:
m – Coefficient of the working condition of the piles in soil, m is taken as 1.
R- Calculated resistance of soil under pile tipe, t/m2, according to table 1.
S- area of the support on the land and soil, t/m2, being taken according to the
area of the cross section of the whole or according to the area of the cross section
of expanded bottom by blaster according to the biggest diameter of the expanded
part.
u- Outer circumstance of cross section of piles, m.
fi – Calculated resistance of secondary soil layer (i), of floor on the side face of
the piles, t/m2, determined according to table 2.
li- length of the secondary layer of soil (i), contact of the side face of the piles,
m.
mg and mf: Coefficients of the working conditions of the soils in a sequent
manner in tips of the piles and in side area of the piles, including the impact of the
method of lowering piles, to the calculated resistance of the soils, being
determined according to table 3 and independently chosen from each other.
 In formula 7, taking the total number of the calculated strength of the soils
must be taken in all layers of the soils, where are through by the piles, excepting
for cases when leveling the floor, it is necessary to remove or erode the soils. In
these cases, it is necessary to take the total number of the calculated resistance of
all layers of soil that are sequent locating under the level of leveling the plane
(removal) and under the column of erosion when happening the floods.
Annotate:
(1) Level of the load resistance of the driven piles having the bottom expansion
(needle piles), being determined according to formula (7) in bottom and
circumstance u in body of the pile, which is circumstance and cross section of the
pile’s body, and in the expanded part it is circumstance of the cross section of the
expanded part.
 Table 1
Calculated support under driven pile tip and tubular piles without
Depth concrete pouring, R, t/cm2
of pile Of soils, sands of medium compact
tip, m Gravels Rough Medium Fine Dust
Rough
Of clay soils with index of viscosity L1 =
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

3 750 300 110 60

4 830 380 130 70

5 880 400 140 80

7 970 430 150 85

10 1050 500 165 90

15 1170 560 290 180 100

20 1260 850 620 320 195 110

25 1340 900 680 520 350 210 120

30 1420 950 740 560 380 225 130

35 1500 1000 800 600 410 225 140

Note: 1. In cases in table 1, values of R are explained in decimal, then terms

are belonged to sand, then domination are of clays.
2. In tables 1 and 2, depth of piles tip and tubular piles, and average depth of
the soil layer when leveling the floor with the removal method, or embanking with
waters, having a thickness of 3 m, it should be taken according to the physical
condition, and when removing and further embanking with a thickness of 3-10 m,
it should be taken from the regulated column locating in a higher position than that
being removed 3 m or less than the embanked part of 3 m.
Depth of the lowering the piles or tubular piles or average depth of the land
layers in the are having waters, it should be taken and noted to the possibility of
being eroded of the bottom of the flowed rivers in the calculated level of flood.
When designing the lines passing the fences for the piles, that are driven with
hammers without water erosion or must be made of bored drilled holes, then depth
of the pile tip or the pipe in the soil as mentioned in table 1 should be taken from
the column of the physical terrain in the construction site of the foundation.
1. For the mediate depths of the piles, and tubular piles and intermediate
values of the viscosity, Il of the clay must be determined the values of R
and f one by one according to tables 1 and 2.
2. For compact sands and soils whose compact level is determined according
to the static through documents, then values of R according to table 1 for
piles that are lowered not use the water erosion or test drill methods, it
should be increased up to 100%. When determining the compact of soils
according to other documents when making the survey of the construction
site, and not having data on the static through to compact sand. Then value
R according to table 1 should be increased by 60% but not more than 2000
t/m2.
3. It is allowed to use the values of the calculated support resistance R
according to 1 with condition that if the depth of the piles and tubular piles
in land and soil are not eroded and not be removed and not less than for the
bridge and irrigation works, it is 4 m, it is 3 m for houses and other works.
Table 2
Average Calculated resistance of side face of piles and tubular piles, f, t/m2
depth of Of soils, sand in medium compact
soil
layer, m Rough and Fine Dust
medium
rough
Of clay when index of viscosity Il =
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1 3,5 2,3 1,5 1,2 0,8 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,2

2 4,2 3 2,1 1,7 1,2 0,7 0,5 0,4 0,4

 3 4,8 3,5 2,5 2 1,4 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5

4 5,3 3,8 2,7 2,3 1,6 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,5

5 5,6 4 2,9 2,4 1,7 1 0,8 0,7 0,6

6 5,8 4,2 3,1 2,5 1,8 1 0,8 0,7 0,6

8 6,2 4,4 3,3 2,6 1,9 1 0,8 0,7 0,6

10 6,5 4,6 3,4 2,7 1,9 1 0,8 0,7 0,6

15 7,2 5,1 3,8 2,8 2 1,1 0,8 0,7 0,6

20 7,9 5,6 4,1 3 2 1,2 0,8 0,7 0,6

25 8,6 6,1 4,4 3,2 2 1,2 0,8 0,7 0,6

30 9,3 6,6 4,7 3,4 2,1 1,2 0,9 0,8 0,7

35 10 7 5 3,6 2,2 1,3 0,9 0,8 0,7

Note:
1. When determining the calculated resistance of soils in side face of piles and
tubular piles, f according to table 2, it is necessary to pay attention to the
requirements as mentioned in notes 2 and 3 of table 1.
2. When determining according to table 2 about the calculated resistances of
side face of pile and tubular pile, f, layers of soils should be divided into unified
layers having a thickness not more than 2 meters.
3. Size of the calculated support of soils and compact sands in side face of pile
and tubular piles f that should be increased by 30% against the values mentioned
in table 2.
Calculated support level of the soil R and fi in formula (7) for waters and semi-
clay in a big depth of lowering piles that is more than 5, they will be taken
according to the values mentioned in table 1 and table 2, in a depth of 5 meters.
Table 3.
 Method of lowering piles and type of soils Coefficient and working condition
of soils that are mentioned
independently from each other
when calculating the loading
resistance of suspended and driven
piles
Under pile tip mR In side face of
pile ml
1. Lowering condensed and empty piles whose noses 1 1
are sealed with vapour hammers (suspending,
machine hammers and Diesel hammer)
2. Lowering by driving in pre-drilled holes (test
holes) with level of depth of pile tip is not less than 1
m under the bottom of the drilled holes when
diameter of the drilled holes:
a. Equal to side of square piles.
b. Less than side of square pile 5 cm.
c. Less than side of square pile, diameter pile, round 1 0.5
piles (for pillars of the power transmission lines) 15 1 0.5
cm. 1 1
3. Lowering with the water erosion in soils and sands 1 0.9
with condition of continuing the pile driving in last
marginal without water erosion.
4. Vibration and vibration to press piles:
a. Sands and soil, compact in medium.
Rough sands and medium roughness 1.2 1
Fine sands 1.1 1
Dust sands 1 1
b. Clays having viscosity Il = 0.5.
Semi-clay 0.9 0.9
Semi-clay 0.8 0.9
Clay 0.7 0.9
c. Clays having viscosity Il = 0 1 1
5. Lowering with hammers with any structures,
empty piles and opening tips.
a. When diameter of empty holes of piles is 40 cm 1 1
and less.
b. When diameter of empty holes of piles is more
than 4 cm. 0.7 1

6. Lowering with any method of empty round piles,

sealed noses and till a depth of 1 m or more, then
expanding the pile’s tips by blaster in soils and sands
of medium compact and in clays Il = 0.5, when the
expanded diameter is:
a. 1 m, not depending on the abovementioned soil
types.
b. 1.5m in sand and semi-sand. 0.9 1
c. 1.5 m in semi-clay and clay

0.8 1
0.7 1

Annotate:
Coefficient mR and mf in item 4 of table 3, regarding the clay having the
viscosity of 0.5 bigger than Il and more than 0, which is determined by the inner
consideration.
5.6. For the driving piles and its tips, basing on soils and sands or on clays
having the viscosity: Il > 0.6, then the capacity of carrying the load of the piles
should be determined according to the result of testing static of the piles.
5.7. Calculating the level of carrying the loading of piles, piles, other piles
through the sands and clays, it should be taken and considering the further
increased support of the side face of piles, this support is dependent on the
deformed module of the soils, found out by the result of testing the pressing to
types of soils where the piles are through, Capacity of carrying loading of
chocking piles, rectangular piles and other piles, diameters, tones. In this case, it
should be determined according to formula:
 =m [RF+li (Uifi+UoicE’i p)] (8)

Where:
m, R, F, Li and Fi: being symbolized as in formula 7.
Ui: Outer circumstance of section i, of piles, m.
Uoi: Total sides of section, i, m, having the oblique of the pile axial.
ie: oblique level of the side face of piles, calculated as quantitative of unit, as a
rate of semi-side of the cross section in upper end and lower end, length of the
section having the oblique side, when ic is more than or equal to 0.025, it should
be taken ic = 0.025.
Ei: Module of deform of the secondary soil layer i in surrounding area of the
piles, determined according to result of test in the pressing machine.
K: Coefficient determined according to table 4.
Ξp: Coefficient of Ξp = 0.8.
Annotate:
For oval piles, total number of the support in side face having the oblique in
formula (8) is not included.
Table 4
Type of soil Coefficient K
Sand and semi-sand 0.5
Semi-clay 0.6
Clay: When Ip = 0.18 0.7
When Ip = 0.25 0.9

Note: For clays having the plasticity of 0.18, that is less than Ip and less than
0.25. Coefficient K is determined by inner consideration.
5.8. Capacity of carrying loadings Фnh, tone of piles (square, square with empty
inside part, rectangular one and empty piles), suffering a small force that should
be determined according to formula:
 nh = muMflifi (9)

Where:
u,mf, fi and li : Symbols are similat to formula 7.
m: coefficient of the working condition for the piles lowered into soils at a
depth of less 4 m, taking m = 0.6, at a depth of 4 m and more than 4 m, m should
be taken as 0.8 for all houses and works, excluding the foundations of exposed
power transmission lines, for this foundation, coefficient m will be taken
according to instructions in part 13 of this standard.
Suspended piles, tubular pile, bored piles and support piles.
5.9. Loading carrying capacity of bored piles having and not having the
expansion of bottoms as well as that of tubular piles and support piles under the
pressing loading, that are determined according to the formula:

 = m (mR RF+umffili) (10)

Where:
m : coefficient of the working condition in case of basing on the clay covering
having the level of full water: G < 0.85 and on the soils and soil cracked, m will be
taken as 0.8. And in rest cases, m = 1.
mr: coefficient of the working condition of soils under the tips of the bored
piles, tubular and support piles, mr = 1 in all cases unless the piles’ bottom are
expanded by blaster; for this case, mr will be taken as 1.3. And when constructing
the pile having the feet by pouring the concrete under water, mr will be taken as
0.9.
R: Calculated resistance under tips of the bored piles, tubular piles and support
piles. t/m2. This is taken according to the requirements of article 5.10 and article
5.11 of this standard. Fort bored piles that are made according to technology
mentioned in article 2, a.b, then according to table 1 of this standard.
F: Area of resting of bored piles, tubular piles and support piles, m2. It will be
taken as follows:
For bored piles whose bottom is not expanded and for the pile column, it will
be taken as cross section of piles and support piles; For bored piles whose bottom
are expanded – equal to the area of the cross section of the expanded part in place
of the biggest diameter of the pile; For tubular piles with pouring the concretes
having area equal to cross section of piles, including the wall of piles; For tubular
piles having core of soil, not pouring concretes in inner part of piles, equal to the
cross section of the pile’s wall.
u: Circumstance of the pile body, m is taken according to the diameter of
drilled holes, chocked pipes or that of the tubular pile.
mf: coefficient of the working condition in side face of the bored piles, tubular
piles and support piles, depending on the method of making the drilled holes and
body of piles, that are taken according to table 5.
fi: Calculated resistance of the soil layer i in side face of the bored piles,
tubular piles and support piles, t/m2 is taken according to table 2.
li: Same to formula 7.
Annotate:
Resistance capacity of the sands and soils in side face of piles, having the
expansion of bottom, it is necessary to mention the section from the level to
leveling the plane to level of the cross point of the pile body with the Conic tank
surface, imagining that there is a sin line basing on the expanded boundary under
an angle of φ1/2 against the piles pillar, in which φ – average calculation value
(according to each layer) of inner friction angle and of soils locating in the range
of Conic as abovementioned; being determined according to requirement of article
4.6 of this standard. Permitting to included the support strength of clay on the
whole length of the pile body.
Table 5
Type of piles and method of building Coefficient of working condition of soils in
piles m in
Sand Semi- Semi-clay Clay
sand
1. Bored piles as per article 2,6a, 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
when driving the empty pipes having
noses.
2. Bored piles of pressing vibration.
0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9

3, Bored and drilled piles, including

the expansion of bottom, pouring
concretes.
a. When not having waters in drilled 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,6
holes, (dry method).
b. Under waters or clay solutions. 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6

4. Tubular piles lowered by vibration 1 0,9 0,7 0,6

and taking soils out.
5. Pillar piles 0,7 0,7 0,7 0,7

5.10. Calculated resistance of soils R,t/m2 under the tips of the bored piles and
tubular piles and removing soils out from tubular piles, then pouring the concretes
into support piles, it is permitted to take as follows:
a. For big-size soils mixed with sands and for soils and sands in case of
construction, bored piles having or not having the expanded bottom, tubular piles
removing out of soil core and pile, pillars will be calculated according to formula
11. For case of lowered tubular piles, keeping the soil cores and having a height of
0.5 m, and bigger not being damaged, in types of soils as abovementioned that are
calculated according to formula 12:
R = 0,65 (11)

R= (12)

Where:
α, β, Aok and Bok – Coefficients of non-secondary ones, according to the
calculated values of the friction angle of the floor soils, being determined
according to the direction of the article 4.6 of this standard.
γ1: Calculated value of the weight and volume of soils: 1/m3 in the floor of the
bored piles, tubular piles and support piles (When soils are full of waters, it will
include the support and floating in water).
γ1: Average calculation value (according to layers) of weight and volume of
the soil volume, 1/m3, that is located in the bored piles, tubular piles and support
piles.
d: Diameter, m of the bored piles, of the expanded bottom (piles whose bottom
are expanded), tubular piles and support piles.

h: Depth, m of the pile tip of the bored piles or piles expanded bottom, of
tubular piles and support piles, calculated from the natural terrain or from the
column of the leveling the floors (when leveling the floor, it is necessary to
 reduce), for the bridge, from the water bottom, it is necessary to include to total
corrosion at the calculated flood level.

b. For the clays in case of the construction of bored piles: having and not
having the expanded bottom. Tubular piles under lowering and removing out the
soil cores, (taking partially and totally) and pouring the concretes in the tubular
piles and support piles in the houses and works as mentioned in table 7.

Table 6.

Symbol of the α and β in calculation values of the angles and coefficients

coefficients Aok, B ok inner friction of soil, φ 1, decree

23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

9,5 12,6 17,3 24,4 34,6 48,6 71,3 108 163

18,6 24,8 32,8 45,5 64 87,6 127 185 260

 when 4 0,78 0,79 0,8 0,82 0,84 0,85 0,85 0,86 0,87
h/d= 5 0,75 0,76 0,77 0,79 0,81 0,82 0,83 0,84 0,85

7,5 0,68 0,70 0,7 0,74 0,76 0,78 0,81 0,82 0,84

10 0,62 0,65 0,67 0,7 0,73 0,75 0,77 0,79 0,81

12,5 0,58 0,61 0,63 0,67 0,7 0,73 0,75 0,78 0,80

15 0,55 0,58 0,61 0,65 0,68 0,71 0,73 0,76 0,79

17,5 0,54 0,55 0,58 0,62 0,66 0,69 0,72 0,75 0,78

20 0,49 0,53 0,57 0,61 0,65 0,68 0,72 0,75 0,78

22,5 0,46 0,51 0,55 0,6 0,64 0,67 0,71 0,74 0,77

25 and > 0,44 0,49 0,54 0,59 0,63 0,67 0,7 0,74 0,77

0,8m and < 0,34 0,31 0,29 0,27 0,26 0,25 0,24 0,23 0,12
when 4m 0,25 0,24 0,23 0,22 0,21 0,20 0,19 0,18 0,17
d=

Note: For the intermediate values of φ 1, d/h and d, values A ok, B ok, α and β are
determined with the inner consideration.
Table 7
Depth Calculated support R, t/m2 under the bored piles, having and not
of the having the expanded bottom, tubular piles and support piles, with
pile tip taking soils and pouring concretes in inside part of pipes. In clay
h, m having the viscosity of Il equal
0 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
3 85 75 65 50 40 30 25

5 100 75 75 65 50 40 35

7 115 85 85 75 60 50 45

10 135 120 105 95 80 70 60

12 155 140 125 110 95 80 70

15 180 165 150 130 100 100 80

18 210 190 170 150 130 145 95

20 230 210 190 165 145 125 105

30 330 300 260 230 200 - -

40 450 400 350 300 250 - -

Annotate: For the pile foundation of the bridge abutment, values R as mentioned
in table 7, should be:
a. Increased (when the abutment of the bridge is in water area), one quantitative is
equal to 1.5 (γnhn) in which:
γn: Individual weight of water, 1t/m3.
hn: Depth of the water layer, m since the dried season to the erosion level of the
calculated flood.
b. Reducing when the empty coefficient of the soil e is more than 00.6m in that
time the coefficient is reduced to low level, m e should be determined by the inner
consideration: me = 1 when e = 0.6 and me = 0.6 and when e = 1.1.
Note:
Principles as mentioned in article 5.10, are cases when securing the depth of the
tips of the bored piles, tubular piles and support piles into the floor soils, in all
cases this will be not less than the diameter of the piles (or the expanded part to
the piles whose bottom are expanded).
Tubular piles and supporting piles but not less than 2 m.
5.11. Calculated resistance t/m2, of the soils under the tip of the tubular piles,
without the pouring of the concrete but remaining the soil core in the final period
in time of lowering the piles, having a height of 0.5 m and bigger than (with
condition that soil cores is formed by soils, having the same characters of the soils,
using in the floor of the tubular piles), that should be taken according to the table 1
of this standard.
With the coefficient of the working condition that mention the method of lowering
the tubular piles according to article 4, table 3 of this standard. At the same time,
the calculated resistance in this case of the area of the cross section of the wall of
the pile.
3.12. Capacity of carrying loading, φnh, t of bored piles, tubular piles and
support piles under loadings in pulling up and being determined
according to the formula:
nh = mu mffili (13)
Where:
m: mean similarly to that of formula 9.
u, mλ, λi and li: Symbolized similarly as in formula 10. Screw piles.
5.13. Resistance capacity of Ф, t of the screw piles having the diameter D < or
equal to 1.2 m and long L < or equal to 10 m, under the pressed loading or the
pulled loading, that should be determined according to formula 14, and when
the size f the panel D is more than 1.2 m and length of the pile L is more than
10m, it will be determined according to the data of testing the screw piles that
are equal to static loading.
=m [(AC1+B1h) F + fu (L-D)] (14)

Where:
m is coefficient of the working condition, depending on the type of loading that
impact on the piles and condition of soils that are determined according to
table 8.
A and B: Coefficients of non-secondary ones taken according to table 9.
According to calculated values of the friction angle of the soil in the working
area, φ1 (working area is soil layer having a thickness of D contacting with the
pile wing).
C1: Adhesive force of the calculated unit of clays or parameters of the lien of
sand and soils in the working area, t/m2.
γ: Volume and weight under calculation that have been calculated of soils
(including the water’s pulling and floating), on the upper level of the pile wing,
l/m2.
If the actual level of slope (measured) e f is less than 0.002 m, then in the piel
foundation project, it is necessary to consider the use of hammer having the
crash energy bigger to lower the piles, in this energy the strength e f is more
than or equal to 0.02 m, and in case of failure of replacing the pile driving
equipments and when having the machines of measuring the strength, then the
individual value of the limit support resistance of the piles, Ф gh should be
determined according to the following formula:

(18)

Where:
In formulas (17) and (18), the following symbols are used:
n is coefficient taken according to table 10, depending on the pile materials,
T/m2.
F is area that is limited by the outer circumstance of the cross section
(condensed or empty piles) of the pile body (not depending on whether having
or not having the pile tip), m2.
M is coefficient equal to M = 1, when driving the piles with hammers and the
crash impact and when lowering the piles with the vibration it will be taken
according to table 11, this depends on type of the materials under the pile tip.
єp is the calculated energy of the hammer’s crash, Tm taken according to the
table (12) or the calculated energy of the machine lowered with the vibration
and taken according to the table 13:
ef is the actual level of the strength equal to the settlement level of the piles
caused by a crash of the hammer, and when using the vibration machine, i.e the
settlement level of the piles impacted by the machine in a time of 1 minutes, m.
C is the elasticity strength of the piles (elasticity position moving of the soils
and piles), being determined with the strength measuring machine, m.
Qn is total weight of the machines or that of the vibration machine, T.
Q is weight of the crash part of the hammer, T.
Є is coefficient of recovering the crash when driving the piles and
reinforcement concrete tubular piles with the hammers, crashing impact uses
the woody cushion tips, being taken Є2 = zero.
Q is weight of the piles and pile tip, T.
q1 is weight of the lining and cushion (when lowering the piles with the
vibration q1 = 0), T.
ө is coefficient 1/T beign determined according to the following formula:

(19)

Here, F, Q and q are similar to that in the formulas (17) and (18).
nc, nh are coefficients changed from the moving support resistance (including
the plasticity resistance of the soil) to the static resistance of the soil, taken
respectively as follows: For the soil under the pile tip, n 0 = 0.0025gy, m/T and
for the soil in the surface without piles n h is equal to 0.25 gy, m/T.
Ω is area of the side of piles contacting with the soil, m2.
g is velocity of the gravity of the earth, g is taken as 9.81, m/gy 2.
h is initial height of the crashing part of the hammer, for the Diesel hammer, h
is taken as 0.5 m and for other types of hammer, h is zero.
H is height of the actual drop of the crashing part of hammer, m.
Annotate:
1. Values Qm, Q, q and q1 that are used in the above-mentioned calculation
formulas do not have the values of overloading.
 2. In case of having a differential more than 1.4 times, regarding the capacity
of carrying the load of piles, it is determined according to formulas (17) and
(19) with the capacity of carrying load is determined by the calculation
according to requirements of part 5 of this standard (basing on the result of
determining the mechanical characters of soils in laboratory), it is also
necessary to further inspect the capacity of carrying the load of the piles
according to the static pierce result.
Table 10
Type of piles Coefficient n, T/m2
1. Reinforcement concrete piles 150
having pile’s cap
2. Woody piles not having the cushion 400
piles
3. Woody piles having the cushion 80
piles

Table 11
Type of soil under the piles tip Coefficient M
1. Gravels and grits having the 1.3
chocking substances of sand
2. Rough sands, medium sands and 1.2
medium compact and solid semi-sands
3. Fine sands of medium compact 1.1
4. Dust sands of medium compact 1.0
5. Semi-sand of plasticity, semi-clay 0.9
and solid clays
6. Semi-clay and semi-solid clay 0.8
7. Semi-clay and dried plasticity clays 0.7
Note:
In the compact sands, value of M as mentioned in item 2-4 of table 11 should
be increased up to 60%, and when having the document on the static pierce, it
should be increased by 100%.
 Table 12.
Type of hammer Calculated energy of hammer’s crash
Эp, Tm
1. Suspended hammer or single impact QH
2. Diesel pipe hammer 0.9 QH
3. Diesel bridge hammer 0.4 QH
4. Diesel hammer when driving and re- Q (H-h)
inspecting with single crashing

Note:
In item 1h, initial height of the crashing part of Diesel hammer caused by
atmosphere cushion, determined according to measurer, m. To preliminarily
calculate, it is permitted to take h = 0.6 m for handle hammer and h = 0.1 for
pipe hammer.
Table 13
Size force of vibration 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
machine, T
Relatively Calculated energy 4.5 9 13 17.5 22 26 34 35
of vibration machine Эp, Tm

6.8. Load carrying capacity Ф, T of the suspended piles of driving and that of
screw piles working with the compressed loading according to the static pierce
result of soil, that should be determined according to following formula:

(20)

Where:
m is coefficient of the working condition, m is taken as 2 for the driving
hammer.
n is number of the pierce points,
Ф3 is individual value of the limit support capacity of piles, T, in the pierce
point, being determined according to requirement of article 6.9 of this standard.
kd is coefficient of safety according to soil that is regulated according to the
change of the individual values, finding the limit support capacity of the piles
Ф3 in the pierce points and number of these points in the reliable probability α
≡ 0.95 according to the requirement of standard of the result processing of soil
test.
6.9. Individual value of limit support capacity of the piles in the pierce point
Ф3. Its must be determined according to the formula:

3= R3F +fhu (21)

Where:
R3 is support capacity of soils under the driven pile tip or under the screw pile
panel according to the pierce data in the point under the consideration, T/m2.
F is area of cross section of the driven piles or the symmetric figure of the area
of working of the screw pile panel, i.e in case the pile is under the pulling
loading, excluding the are of the section of pile body, m2.
f is support capacity of the soil in the side face of piles according to the pierce
data in the point under the consideration, T/m2.
h is depth of lowering the piles from the ground near to piles, m, (in case of the
screw piles, h in this formula must reduce with a quantitative equal to diameter
of the screw panel).
u is circumstance of the cross section of the pile body, m.
Support capacity of the soil under the pile tip, R 3, T/m2 according to result of
the static pierce in the point under the consideration, that should be determined
according to the formula:

R3 = 1q3 (22)

Where:
1 coefficient is taken as follows:
When piercing with the equipment of type C-979, recording the total support
capacity of soil in the side face of the pierce, then according to table 14:
When piercing with the equipment of type C-832, recording the individual
support capacity of soil in the side face of the pierce near to pierce nose, then
1 = 0.5.
q3 is average value of the support capacity of soil, T/m2, under the pierce tip it
is found out from test in the section in range of 4d toward upper side and 1d in
lower part of the pile of the design (here, d is diameter or side of the square or
the biggest side of the piles having the rectangular section, m). And for screw
piles, this is average value of the pierce support capacity of roof in the working
area, taken as diameter of the screw panel.
Support capacity of soil in the side face of piles, f,T/m 2 according to data of
soil pierce result in the point under the consideration should be determined:
a. When piercing with the equipment of type C-979, according to formula:

f= sf3 (23)

b. When piercing with the equipment of type C-832, according to formula:

(24)

Where:
2 and 1 are taken according to table 14.
f3 is average value of the soil support capacity of side face, T/m2, being
determined as the quotient of dividing the total support capacity of soil,
measured in side face of the pierce, giving the area of the side face of pierce
within the range from ground of the pierce point to level of the position of pile
tip in chosen layer of carrying loading.
f3i is average support capacity of soil layer i in side face of the pierce, T/m2.
li is thickness of soil layer i, m.
h is similar to that in formula 21.
7. Calculation of the settlement of pile foundation and pile floor according to
deforming.
7.1. Calculation of the foundation of suspended pile and tubular pile and
support piles, (below, in this item, they will be called as “pile” for a
convenience) and floor of the foundation according to the deform will be
implemented in similar way to the nominal foundation, in accordance with the
requirements of the design standard of the house floor and works.
Boundary of nominated foundation (1) is determined as follows:
- In lower part, it is plane AB passing the pile tips.
- In side part, it is vertical faces AD and BC passing the outer edges of the
vertical line of marginal piles, in a distance of l tg - ………, and when having
the tilt piles, it will passé tip of this tilt piles.
- In upper part, it is ground of leveling CD.
Where:
φIIth is average calculation value of the inner friction angle of soils, determined
according to formula:

(25)

φII1, φII2 etc…. φIIn are calculation values of the inner friction angle of each soil
layers that pile passé having the thickness of l 1, l2 ….ln.
l is depth of lowering the pile in soil from the bottom of foundation l = l 1 + l2 +
l3 + ……..ln.

Figure 1
Diagram of determining boundary of nominal foundation when calculating the
settlement of pile foundation.

In the weight of the nominal foundation itself, when determining the settlement
level of the foundation, including weight of the volume of the nominal
foundations.
Value of deforming (settlement) of the pile foundation and its floor are found
out according to the calculation and must not exceed the allowable limit value
that is determined according to the formula 2 of this standard.
7.2. If when constructing, it is intended to raise up floor, (embanked with
injected waters), and height of more than 2 m or having other accessory load
(in long term) in relative with such embanking layer, in range of the dept of
lowering piles, there is a layer of muddy coal that is 30 cm thick or a muddy
layer, then value of the settlement level of the suspended pile foundation, it
should be determined with an attention to reducing the dimension of nominated
foundation. In this case, for the vertical piles as well as for tilt piles, it is
necessary to limit with the vertical faces passing from the vertical marginal line
of pile with a distance of Ltbtg………
In which, Ltb is distance from the pile tip to bottom of the muddy coal of 30 cm
thick or bottom of the muddy layer.
7.3. Pile foundation works similarly to the support pile, suspended piles, single
under the pressing force or force of pulling force. Apart from that, there is also
a group of piles working under the impact of pulling load, then it in
unnecessary to calculate them according to deform.
7.4. Calculation of the piles according to deform when having same impact of
the vertical loading and horizontal loading and torques that should be met
requirements mentioned in appendixes of this standard.
8. Design of the pile foundation.
8.1. According to way of the arrangement in the plane of piles, tubular piles
and support piles (afterward, for simply called as Pile), that pile foundation is
divided into the following types:
a. Single piles – under the independent abutment and pillars.
b. Reinforcement piles and concrete piles, tubular piles and pile made of the
reinforcement concretes should be designed with the heavy concretes.
Grade of the concrete and durability and force resistance for the driven piles
and tubular piles.
c. It must be taken that should be not less than designed grade, that are
regulated by regulations and standard of the state applied to piles and
tubular piles. For the bored piles, tightened piles and other types of the
driving piles.
 d. Without the advanced striping and stretching when not having the state
standards, they should use the concretes having grade not less than grade, if
in case of having the stretch, it should be not less than grade. For short
bored piles (length is less than 3 meters), it is allowed to use the heavy
concretes whose design grade is not less than 100 grade. Foundation of the
reinforcement concrete piles should be designed with heavy concretes,
(design according to the strength of the force resistance, that is not less than
etc…).
8.2. For bridges, irrigation works and large-size pillars of outdoor power
transmission lines, installing and connection with grade.
8.3. On spot pouring with grade, for house and works, excepting cases
mentioned in point, installing and connection with grade. On spot
pouring with grade. Concretes are used chocked in the reinforcement
concrete 5-10 cm piles in the nodes of the pile foundations as well as
used for chocking in the heads of piles to the foundations, pre-fabricated
ones.
8.4. That should be in accordance with the requirements of the design
standard applied to the concrete structures:
a. Reinforcement concretes, used for the concretes poured in joints and
connections, pre-fabricated structures but must be not less than grade etc.
b. When designing the water resource projects and bridges, design grade of the
concretes for choking the pre-fabricated components of the pile foundation must
be more than level of digit with the design grade.
c. Designed grade of water-proof concretes for the piles driven with the
reinforcement concretes, having the square sections (in which having the round
holes in the middle area as well as for round and tubular piles) of reinforcement
concretes, it is necessary to follow the requirements and standards of the state
applied to the above-mentioned types of the piles.
d. For the bored piles, tightened piles and other piles, without the state’s standards
as well as for the pile foundations.
e. Designed grade of the water-proof concretes.
8.5. It should be regulated according to the documents of the standards of design
of house and works. In which, use of the pile foundations. When not having these
requirements in the standard documents, then design grade of the concrete of
water proof should be regulated on basis of the temperature conditions and
climates of the construction site and geological conditions where use the pile
foundation, which are similar to the abovementioned requirements in the state
standards. For the piles having the square sections, round and tubular piles.
Connections of the reinforcement piles are connected and that of the tubular piles
must be secured.
Annotate:
Having the equal durability of the joined connection and (article 8.4 “d”) that
of the pile body when being pressed along with the axial and cross force as
well as bent torque, for foundations having the working piles.
8.6. Characteristics of the co-axial of the connected components. Foundations are
connected and joined with the reinforcement concretes, and that of the pile
groups, it is allowed to use the intact components as we as that being
connected partially.
Annotate:
This depends on loading capacity of the transport means (about 40 T) and
machines of cranes and hoists. Woody piles must be fabricated with woody like
the piddle leaves pipes; having the diameter long;
8.7. Wood used for the piles must be chipped the covers, removed the eyes of
wood and branches, physical flat of the wood body must be kept. Sizes and
cross sections and length of piles or bundle must be taken according to the
calculated results and comply to the designed objects.
8.8. Capacity of using the woody piles having the body of more than (it is only
permitted when having the agreement) of the pile fabrication enterprise.
Connection and joint according to the length in wood piles. Bundle piles, it
is necessary to use the symmetric connection that are coated with steel
saddles 3 d (or steel pipes, connections and joint in the piles must be
arranged in co-axial and not be less than 1.5 m. Requirement to the survey.
Volume and parts of the survey for the designed objects on the pile
foundations must be regulated by a program that is elaborated by a survey
agency), basing on the technical tasks in time of conducting the survey.
8.9. According to requirement of the bid deliverer (design agency and chair
person of the design) that are in accordance with the requirements of the survey
standards of the construction works, of the standards of the state and of the
existing standard documents relating to the survey work in order to research
the house floor’s soils and that of the works, as well as according to
requirements of part of this standard not less than 1.5d.
One axial pressing resistance, temporary standard, average value in status of full
of water less than 1m. Safe coefficient according to soils, kd is taken, calculated
depth of the bored piles, tubular piles and support piles in rocks, meters. Outer
diameter of buried part into the rock of the bored piles 0.5 m, support pipes in the
rock and 1 m.
8.10. For the tubular piles N and support piles in equal manner on the land surface
without being weathered, this layer is covered with the soil layer:

(26)

Where:
N, Mg, My: When in the basement of the driven piles, T and Tm bored piles
and tubular piles and support piles, there are rocks of strongly weathered and
weather until a risk of collapse.
N: is number of the piles in the foundation.
xi and yi: the regulation of the standard support resistance of soils, m.
x and y: It must be solved after testing the soil static by table if basing on the
result of testing the piles, tubular piles and support piles, m.
With the static loadings, suspended piles and driven piles of all types. Loading
resistance of the suspended piles, driven piles, cross section is square, square
having round holes, round piles and empty.
8.11. Having a diameter under a pressing loading should be determined as total
capacity of the support under calculation of the soils and floor under the pile tips
and in side face of the piles, according to the formula:
8.12. Coefficient of the working condition of the piles in soil, m is taken as
calculated resistance of soil under pile tip, according to table. Area of the support
on the land and soil, being taken according to the area of the cross section of the
whole or according to the area of the cross section of expanded bottom by blaster
according to the biggest diameter of the expanded part. Outer circumstance of
cross section of piles, m.
Calculated resistance of secondary soil layer, of floor on the side face of the piles,
determined according to table, length of the secondary layer of soil, contact of the
side face of the piles. Coefficients of the working conditions of the soils in a
sequent manner in tips of the piles and in side area of the piles, including the
impact of the method of lowering piles, to the calculated resistance of the soils,
being determined according to table and independently chosen from each other.
8.13. Taking the total number of the calculated strength of the soils must be taken
in all layers of the soils, where are through by the piles, excepting for cases when
leveling the floor, it is necessary to remove or erode the soils. In these cases, it is
necessary to take the total number of the calculated resistance of all layers of soil
that are sequent locating:
- Under the level of leveling the plane removal and under the column of erosion
when happening the floods: IL < = 0.1….0.5 m.
- In other types of soils.
Annotate:
Level of the load resistance of the driven piles having the bottom VI expansion
needle piles, being determined according to formula in bottom and circumstance
in body of the pile q <= 0.25, which is circumstance and cross section of the pile’s
body, and in the expanded part it is circumstance of the cross section of the
expanded part. In cases in table values are explained in decimal, then terms are
belonged to sand, then domination are of clays. In tables, depth of piles tip and
tubular piles.
8.14. And average depth of the soil layer when leveling the floor with the removal
method, or embanking with waters, having a thickness it should be taken
according to the physical condition, and when removing and further embanking
with a thickness, it should be taken from the regulated column locating in a higher
position than that being removed or less than the embanked part. Depth of the
lowering the piles or tubular piles or average depth of the land layers.
9. Characters of the design of the pile foundation in wet and settlement soil.
For the mediate depths of the piles, and tubular piles and intermediate values of
the viscosity of the clay must be determined the values of R and f one by one
according to tables. For compact sands and soils whose compact level is
determined according to the static through documents, then values of according to
table 1 for piles that are lowered not use the water erosion or test drill methods, it
should be increased up to one hundred percents. When determining the compact of
soils according to other documents when making the survey of the construction
site, and not having data on the static through to compact sand. Then value
according to table 1 should be increased by but not more than. It is allowed to use
the values of the calculated support resistance according to one with condition that
if the depth of the piles and tubular piles in land and soil are not eroded and not be
removed and not less than for the bridge and irrigation works, it is for houses and
other works. When determining the calculated resistance of soils in side face of
piles and tubular piles, according to table, it is necessary to pay attention to the
requirements as mentioned in notes of table.
Note: When determining according to table 2 about the calculated resistances
of side face of pile G >= 0.8.
9.2. And tubular pile layers of soils should be divided into unified layers
having a thickness not more than 2 meters. Size of the calculated support of soils
and compact sands in side face of pile and tubular piles 500 mm that should be
increased by 30% against the values mentioned in table 2. Calculated support level
of the soil and in formula 3d for waters and semi-clay in a big (d is of lowering
piles that is more than).
9.3. They will be taken according to the values mentioned in table and table, in
a depth of meters. Coefficient and mf in item of table, regarding the clay having
the viscosity of bigger than more than, which is determined by the inner
consideration. For the driving piles and its tips, basing on soils and sands or on
clays having the viscosity 50 mm.
9.4. Then the capacity of carrying the load of the piles should be determined
according to the result of testing static of the piles. Calculating the level of
carrying the loading of piles 8 , 0.02 at pressure of P = 3 kg/ cm2.
Piles and other piles through the sands and clays, it should be taken and
considering the further increased support of the side face of piles, this support is
dependent on the deformed module of the soils, found out by the result of testing
the pressing to types of soils where the piles are through, Capacity of carrying
loading of chocking piles, rectangular piles and other piles.

9.5. Diameters, tones. In this case, it should be determined according to

formula, oblique level of the side face of piles, calculated as quantitative of unit,
as a rate of semi-side of the cross section in upper end and lower end, length of the
section having the oblique side 30 mm, when ii is more than or equal to the certain
level, it should be taken.

Module of deform of the secondary soil layer in surrounding area of the piles,
determined according to result of test in the pressing machine. Coefficient
determined according to table. For oval piles, total number of the support in side
face having the oblique in formula is not included.
Note:
1. For clays having the plasticity of that is less than and less than. Coefficient
is determined by inner consideration. Capacity of carrying loadings, tone of piles
such as square, square with empty inside part, rectangular one and empty piles,
suffering a small force that should be determined according to formula.
2. Coefficient of the working condition for the piles lowered into soils at a
depth of less m, taking m, at a depth of m and more than m should be taken as 8 >
= 0.02 at a pressure of 3 kg/cm 2 for all houses and works, excluding the
foundations of exposed power transmission lines, for this foundation, coefficient
m will be taken according to instructions in part II of this standard. Suspended
piles, tubular pile, bored piles and support piles. Loading carrying capacity of
bored piles having and not having the expansion of bottoms as well as that of
tubular piles and support piles under the pressing loading, that are determined
according to the formula. Coefficient of the working condition in case of basing
on the clay covering having the level of full water and on the soils and soil
cracked, m will be taken as and in rest cases.
9.6. Coefficient of the working condition of soils under the tips of the bored piles,
tubular and support piles, in all cases unless the piles’ bottom are expanded by
blaster; for this case, this will be taken as. And when constructing the pile 5
having the feet by pouring the concrete under water, will be taken as follows.
a. Calculated resistance under tips of the bored piles, tubular piles and support
piles. This is taken according to the requirements of article and article of this
standard. Fort bored piles R (tables 1,2 and 7) that are made according to
technology mentioned pile f in article, then according to table of this standard.
Area of resting of bored piles, tubular piles and support piles. It will be taken as
follows, for bored piles whose bottom is not expanded and for the pile column, G
>=0.8 it will be taken as cross section of piles and support piles:

(27)

Where:
e is empty coefficient of wet and settlement soils.
γw is individual weight of waters, taking γ w = T/m3.
γw is individual weight of soils, T/m3.
Wp and WL is humidity of wet and settled soils in rolling limit and muddy limit
calculated by odd numbers of unit.
When IL < 0.4, it is necessary to taking IL = 0.4.
b. If it only happens the local wetting for bored piles whose bottom are expanded,
equal to the area of the cross section of the expanded part in place of the biggest
diameter of the pile; For tubular piles with pouring the concretes having area equal
to cross “a” section of piles, including the wall of piles; For tubular piles having
core of soil, R and f not pouring concretes in inner part of piles, equal to the cross
section of the pile’s wall md = 1.4.
c. Circumstance of the pile body, m is taken according to the diameter of drilled
holes, chocked pipes or that of the tubular pile. Coefficient of the working
condition in side face of the bored piles, tubular piles and support piles, depending
on the method of making the drilled holes and body of piles, that are taken
according to table. Calculated resistance of the soil layer i in side face of the bored
piles 1,2 and 7, tubular piles and support piles, it is taken according to table.
Resistance capacity of the sands and soils in side face of piles, having the
expansion of bottom, it is necessary to mention the section from the level to
leveling the plane to level of the cross point of the pile body with the w p conic tank
surface, imagining that there is a sin line basing on the expanded boundary under
an angle of wp against the piles pillar, in which average calculation value
according to each layer of inner friction angle and of soils locating in the range of
W= wp, Conic as abovementioned; being determined according to requirement of
article W> wp, of this standard. Permitting to included the support strength of clay
on the whole length of the pile body W.
d. Calculated resistance of soils class 2 under the tips of the bored piles and
tubular piles and removing soils out from tubular piles, then pouring the concretes
into support piles, it is permitted to take as follows, for big-size soils mixed with
sands and for soils and sands in case of construction, bored piles having or not
having the expanded bottom, tubular piles removing out of soil core and pile,
pillars will be calculated according to formula 9.10 for case of lowered tubular
piles.
e. Keeping the soil cores and having a height and bigger not being damaged, in
types of soils as abovementioned that are calculated C1 according to formula.
Coefficients of non-secondary ones, according to the calculated values of the
friction angle of the floor soils, being determined according to the direction of the
article of this standard G.=0.8.
9.7. Calculated value of the weight and volume of soils in the floor of the bored
piles, tubular piles and support piles, when soils are full of waters, it will include
the support and floating in water. Average calculation value according to layers of
weight and volume of the soil volume, that is located in the bored piles 9.6 of
tubular piles and support piles.
9.8. Diameter of the bored piles, of the expanded bottom piles whose bottom are
expanded, tubular piles and support piles. Depth of the pile tip of the bored piles
or piles expanded bottom, of tubular piles and support piles, calculated from the
natural terrain or from the column of the leveling the floors when leveling the
floor, it is necessary to reduce, for the bridge, from the water bottom, it is
necessary 5d (include d total corrosion at the calculated flood level. For the clays
in case of the construction of bored piles: having and not having the expanded
bottom. Tubular piles under lowering and removing out the soil cores, taking
partially and totally and pouring the concretes in the tubular piles and support
piles in the houses and works as mentioned in table. Note for the intermediate
values of G = 0.8 and d, values and are determined with the inner consideration.
Annotate for the pile foundation of the bridge abutment, values as mentioned in
table should be Wp < Wp.
Increased when the abutment of the bridge is in water area, one quantitative is
equal to in which individual weight of water. Depth of the water layer, m since the
dried season to the erosion level of the calculated flood. Reducing when the empty
coefficient of the soil e is more than in that time the coefficient is reduced to low
level, me should be determined by the inner consideration.
9.9. Principles as mentioned in article are cases, when securing the depth of the
tips of the bored piles, tubular piles (support piles into the floor soils, in all cases)
this will be not less than the diameter of the piles or the expanded part to the piles
whose bottom are expanded. Tubular piles and supporting part 6 piles but not less
than calculated resistance.
Without the pouring of the concrete but remaining the soil core in the final period
in time of lowering the piles, having a height and bigger than with condition that
soil cores is formed by soils, having the same characters of the soils, using in the
floor of the tubular piles, that should be taken according to the table 1 of this
standard. With the coefficient of the working condition that mention the method of
lowering the tubular piles according to article 4, table 3 of this standard. At the
same time, the calculated resistance in this case of the area of the cross section
article 9.10 of the wall of the pile.
9.10. Capacity of carrying loading, φnh, of bored piles, tubular piles and support
piles 2 mean similarly to that of formula under loadings in pulling up and being
determined according to the formula:

11=  - a(mu (28)

Where:
φ: mean similarly to that of formula. Symbolized similarly as in formula.
Resistance capacity of the screw piles having the diameter or equal to m and long
or equal under the pressed loading or the pulled loading, that should be articles 9.6
and 9.8 determined according to formula, and when the size f the panel is more
than and length of the pile is more than m.
a - it will be determined according to the data of testing the screw piles that are
equal to static loading a = 14.
m is coefficient of the working condition, m = 1.
U - depending on the type of loading that impact on the piles and condition of
soils that are determined according to table. Coefficients of non-secondary ones
taken according to table.
f1 is according to calculated values of the friction angle of the soil in the working
area, working area is soil layer having a thickness of contacting article 9.6 with the
pile wing.
L1 is adhesive force of the calculated unit of clays or parameters of the lien of
sand and soils in the working area.
hn is volume and weight under m calculation that have been calculated of soils.
Reinforcement piles and concrete piles, tubular piles and pile made of the
reinforcement concretes should be designed with the heavy concretes. Grade of
the concrete and durability and force resistance for the driven piles and tubular
piles must be taken that should be not less than designed grade, that are regulated
by regulations and standard of the state applied to piles and tubular piles. For the
bored piles, tightened piles and other types of the driving piles.
Note:
Without the advanced striping and stretching when not having the state standards,
they should use the concretes having grade not less than grade, if in case of having
the stretch, it should be not less than grade.
10. Characters of the design and calculation of the pile foundation in expanded
soils.
10.1. For short bored piles length is less than meters, it is allowed to use the
heavy concretes whose design grade is not less than grade. Foundation of the
reinforcement (concrete piles should be designed with heavy concretes, design
according) to the strength of the force resistance that is not less than. (For bridges,
irrigation works and large-size pillars of outdoor power transmission lines).
10.2. Installing and connection with grade of spot pouring with grade of house and
works, excepting cases mentioned in point. Installing and connection with grade,
on spot 3 pouring with grade. Concretes are used chocked in the reinforcement
concrete piles in the nodes.
a. Of the pile foundations as well as used for chocking in the heads of piles to the
foundations, pre-fabricated ones, that should be in accordance with the
requirements of the design standard AIL applied to the concrete structures.
b. And reinforcement concretes used for the concretes poured in joints and
connections, pre-fabricated structures but must be not less than grade. When
designing the water resource projects and bridges, design grade of the concretes
for choking the pre-fabricated components of the pile foundation must be more
than level of digit with the design grade of the concrete belong to the connected
components.
c. Designed grade of water-proof concretes for the piles driven with the
reinforcement concretes, having the square sections (in which having the round
holes in the middle area as well as for round and tubular piles.
Annotate:
Reinforcement concretes, it is necessary to follow the requirements and standards
of the state applied to the above-mentioned types 0.9 of the piles, for the bored
piles ΔIL.
10.3. Tightened piles and other piles, without the state’s standards as well as for
the pile foundations, designed grade of the water-proof concretes should be
regulated according to the documents of the standards of design of house and
works. In which, use of the pile foundations. When not having these requirements
in the standard documents, then design grade of the concrete of water proof should
be regulated on basis of the temperature conditions and climates of the
construction site.
10.4. And geological conditions where use the pile foundation, which are similar
to the abovementioned requirements in the state standards. For the piles having the
square sections, round and tubular piles R and f of connections of the
reinforcement piles are connected and that of the tubular piles must be secured.
Having the equal durability of the joined connection and that of the pile body
when being pressed along with the axial and cross force as well as bent torque, for
foundations having the working piles under a small load and being force of the
pull. Characteristics of the co-axial of the connected components. Foundations are
connected and joined with the reinforcement concretes, and that of the pile groups,
it is allowed to use the intact components as we as that being connected partially.
This depends on loading capacity of the transport means and machines of cranes
and hoists R woody piles must be fabricated with f woody like the piddle leaves,
pipes, having the diameter of long; Wood used for the piles must be chipped the
covers tables 1, 2 and 7 removed the eyes of wood and branches, physical flat of
the wood body must be kept. Sizes and cross sections and length of piles or bundle
must be taken according to the calculated results and comply mH = 0.5 to the
designed objects. Capacity of using the woody piles having the body of more than
is only permitted when 3 and 5 tables having the agreement of the pile fabrication
enterprise.
10.5. Requirement to the survey Δc volume and parts of the survey for the
designed objects on the pile foundations must be regulated by a program that is
elaborated by a survey agency, basing on the technical tasks in time of conducting
the survey, according to requirement of the bid deliverer, design agency and
formula:

(29)

Where:
Δp is the design that are in accordance with the requirements, m.
Δk is the survey standards of the construction works of the state and of the
existing standard documents relating to the survey work Δk = 0.m.
Ω and ω are research the house floor’s soils according to table 15 and that Ω of
the works λ, as well as according to requirements of part of this standard. Value of
the calculation of the deform settlement, move of the position of piles and pile
foundation in general, determined as a calculation according to the instructions of
the articles sarmataki 0.31 m-1, aranski 0.36 m-1, and kvalinski 0.42 m-1.
u: Limit value allowable of the deform, m.
N - Settlement, move of the position of the pile foundation that area regulated n =
1.T.
Table 15
Depth of Coefficient Ω in values λ, m-1 Coefficient
lowering 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 ω (m2/T)
piles
3 0,72 0,62 0,53 0,46 0,4 -

4 0,64 0,53 0,44 0,36 0,31 15

5 0,59 0,46 0,36 0.29 0,24 –11

6 0,53 0,4 0,31 0,24 0,19 7

7 0,48 0,35 0,26 0,20 0,15 5

8 0,44 0,31 0,22 0,17 0,13 4

9 0,4 0,27 0,19 0,14 0,11 3

10 0,37 0,24 0,17 0,12 0,09 2,5

11 0,34 0,21 0,15 0,1 0,08 2

12 0,31 0,19 0,13 0,09 0,07 1,5

Note:
In the design task, and when is not regulated in the task, it will be taken according
Dn to the limit deform, allowable to be regulated in the design Dk standard of the
house and works. Loadings and impacts included in the calculations of the pile
foundation.
10.6. It must be determined according to load standards and impacts, basic reasons
of the design and construction structure and floor. In the necessary cases, load and
impact must be determined according to standards:

(30)

Where:
N is Construction in the seism areas; design of the houses and works n = 1 in the
mine areas, loads and impacts on the irrigation works such as waves, ships and
boats.
T is calculation of the pile foundation and its floor according to T the resistance of
loading must be implemented on basis of the complex of the calculated loadings
with the coefficient of exceeding the loading that are taken according to the
requirements of loading standards and impact, regarding the calculation of the pile
foundation floor according to the deform, then base on the complex of the
calculated loadings and coefficient of overloading equal to n = 1.2.
Φ is calculation of the settlement of the bridge abutment is only implemented
under the impact of the loadings.
ktc is regularly having the calculation of the position movement to formula (1).
10.7. Horizontal of the abutment end according to lengthwise and horizontal
direction of the axial heads, with the complex of the regular loadings and
temporary loadings. When designing the pile foundations constructed in the
physical conditions, especially being impacted by the loading, example seism,
impact by deform of the soil surface when exploited the mines, apart from the
above mentioned calculations of foundation and floor of the pile foundation as
above mentioned, it is necessary to calculate according to the loading resistance
with the special complex of the loading N y:

Ny = N + II v® -T (31)

Where:
N and T are special cases and in need to make calculation according to the deform
(30).
γH is support the hole walls and in soil S inundated with water. T/m3
vd is sands and it is necessary to retain the hole’s wall with clay solutions, m 3 or by
chocked pipes which then will be pulled up and only in special cases H when
having rational foundations (the chocked pipes) will be left in the soils D and
bored piles having expanded bottom by D t = H + D blaster are fabricated by
drilling holes and then holes are expanded by blaster and pouring the concrete
mixture into the holes. (Pre-fabricated piles and placed into the drilled holes,
according to the construction methods that are divided as follows).
10.8. Piles pillars fabricated in the pre-drilled holes by placing in these holes with
the pre-fabricated components having the cylinder shape or similar ones, having
the condensed section with the side or diameters or more. Them using the cement
mortar or sands to pour into the apertures, in mid of the drilled holes and these
components.
Annotate:
Pre-fabricated piles placed into the drilled holes and having the expanded bottom
by blaster that is different from that of the drilled piles having the blaster that after
pouring the concrete mixture and expanding the bottom (30).
11. Characters of designing the pile foundation in area of mine exploitation:
11.1. By blaster in the drilled holes where reinforcement concrete piles have been
placed before, being fabricated in factory. Calculation values of the characters of
soils and should be determined according to requirements of the design standard
of the house floor and works, limiting the safety values for soils corresponding
values when determining the angle of friction in diameter and when determining
the adhesive force. In the calculations according to the allowed deform, taking to
calculated all calculation part 3 characters of soils. Support of the soils and are
used in the formulas of determining the loading resistance of piles should be
taken.
11.2. According to instructions in article of this standard. Calculated values of the
floor coefficient of soils when calculating piles under the horizontal loading
should be taken according to formula as explained in appendixes of this standard.
Typical characters of the calculation of the pile materials:
η is pile foundation should be taken, mm.
i is tilt, mm/m.
εng is according to standard of the design of the concrete structures and
reinforcement concrete, mm/m.
Rk is woody materials; regarding the bridge, it should be in accordance, km. S ng is
the design standards of bridges and sewerages, mm.
11.3. Calculations on structures of the piles of all types should be based on the
force of the house and works transmitted on the piles, regarding the driven piles,
apart from the above-mentioned, it is also necessary to follow the forces caused by
the weights of oneself of the piles while the fabrication, store in warehouses and
transport of piles.
11.4. As well as when lifting the piles on the hammer bracket in a point that is
distant from the pile a distance. Inner force of the piles like in the ramming caused
by the impact of the oneself should be determined with the coefficient of
dynamics is equal when calculating the durability according to article 8.5 of this
standard.
b. When calculating according to the forming and expansion of the cracks. In
these case, coefficient of the overloading caused by the weight of the about 5-10
cm oneself of piles should be taken.
Note:
Tight piles should be calculated like that of the reinforcement concrete piles, it
should be noted to (the additional requirements as mentioned in chapter etc) of
this standard, as well as calculating according to the durability and stability like
the structures of this frame. Calculation of the piles and tubular piles and
supporting piles according to the loading resistance. Loading resistance of the
piles of all types, tubular piles and support piles should be determined according
to the minimum values of the loading resistance.
11.5. From the condition of the support force of the floor soils to the piles, tubular
piles and support piles according to requirements as mentioned:
a. Condition of the support force of the pile materials, tubular piles and support
piles according to the requirements in articles 11.6 of design standards.
b. Concrete structures and reinforcement concretes or woody ones. In necessary
cases, according to the design standards of bridges and sewerages. When
calculating the piles, tubular piles and support piles according to the durability of
the piles and pillars article 11.7 of tubular piles and support piles.
c. They are considered as bar being solid sank in soils φ kt, T, and section is distant
from the foundation bottom with, determined according to the formula:
 kt = mkt (32)

Where:
mkt: length of pile section, tubular pile and support piles from bottom of the
foundation to the ground one. Coefficient of deform determined according to
formula 6 of the appendix of this standard table 16.
φ means the bored piles, tubular piles T and support piles that are buried in rocks,
quantitative, part 5 depth of the lowering the bored piles, tubular piles or support
piles, then it should be taken. (When calculating the loading resistance of the
bored piles according to the materials, resistance of the concretes), it should be
determined and including the coefficients of the working that is part 6 reduced in
low level.
Table 16

Types of piles, house and works Coefficient of the working condition

mkt in case of conducted survey
Before the exploitation After the
exploitation
1. Support piles in foundations of 0.9 1
any house and works
2. Piles suspended in
foundations: 0.9 1
a. Elasticity houses and buildings
(ex. 1 floor framed house and
clutched rests).
b. House and works (ex. Multi- 1.1 1.2
floor house without frame having
the solid locations, silo bodies)

Annotates for table 16: Mentioned in standard of concrete structure design and
reinforcement concretes design. For components that are poured with concretes in
vertical positions and well as coefficients of the condition of the additional
working that are reduced to low level, to include the method of the construction of
piles. In clay whose viscosity permit to make drilling and pouring concretes, but
not need to support the walls of the hole, when position of the underground water
level in time of the construction of the pile foot.
11.7. In soils where there is a need of supporting the walls of ±ΔN the drilled
holes, when making the drilling and pouring the concretes by withdrawing the
support piles out of the soils, when there is not water in the drilled holes when
pouring the concretes with the dry method. In soils, when drilling it is necessary to
make the support for the wall of the drilled holes by withdrawing R k the support
piles out of the soil and pouring concretes under water.
a. In soils where the wall of the drilled holes in that soils are still kept with the
clay solutions, not the support piles and pouring the concretes under that solutions
of this standard.
b. Pouring the concretes under water or under the clay solution should be taken by
the method of loading resistance tone of the support piles being driven into soils,
(cross section) is a square and rectangular and empty inside part.
And tubular piles, support piles and support piles ±ΔN basing on the actual soils
and in fact they can be not sprinkled and compressed.
11.8. Annotate in article this standard, if determining according to the formula,
coefficient of the working of pile in soils. Area based on the soil of the tubular
piles and support piles, m2 for the condensed section piles, that is taken as area of
the cross section. For the round empty piles and tubular piles, they are taken as
area of the cross section of the pile walls.
When not poured the concretes in empty part and equal to the area of the cross
section of the whole piles when poured the concretes in empty part, up to a height
that is not less than times of the piles diameter Δ ng.
11.9. Calculated resistance of the soils in the tip of the support piles Δ ng is taken as
following formula:

ng = n m ngx (33)

Where:
Nc and mε: For all types of the piles that are driven in tip of the piles basing on the
rock, big soils, stones, gravels, macadam, grits having the mixed with sands as
well as in case when basing on the clay with the solid viscosity.
εng: excluding the cover layer having the water level as well as layer soils and
expanded soils, for the bored piles, tubular piles with the pouring concretes in
rocks that are nor weathered.
x is not having the weak sub-layers not less than according to formula one-axial
(pressing resistance), temporary standard, average value in status of full of water,
safe coefficient according to soils. Calculated depth of the bored piles, tubular
piles and support piles in rocks, meters.
11.10. Outer diameter of buried part into the rock of the bored piles, support pipes
in the rock and m. For the tubular piles and support piles in equal manner on the
land surface without being weathered.
This layer is covered with the soil layer without being eroded:
a. Having a diameter of the tubular piles according to formula when in the
basement of the driven piles, bored piles and tubular piles.
b. And support piles, there are rocks of strongly weathered and weather until a
risk of collapse, then the regulation of the standard support resistance of
soils must be solved after testing the soil static by table.
c. If basing on the result of testing the piles, tubular piles and support piles
with the static loadings. Suspended piles and driven piles of all types.
Loading resistance of the suspended piles, driven piles cross section is
square, square having round holes.
d. Round piles and empty that have a diameter article 11. 4 under a pressing
loading should be determined.
Annotate: As total capacity of the support under calculation of the soils and
floor under the pile tips and in (side face of the piles), according to the
formula. Coefficient of the working condition of the piles in soil, m is taken as.
Calculated resistance of soil under pile tips, according to table. Area of the
support on the land and soil.
11.11. Being taken according to the area of the cross section of the whole or
according to the area of the cross section of expanded bottom by blaster
according to the biggest diameter of the expanded part (less than 45 O).
a. Suspended piles - outer circumstance of cross section of piles 2 and 4.
Calculated resistance of secondary soil layer.
b. Supporting piles - floor on the side face of the piles 3 and 4 groups,
determined according to table. Length of the secondary layer of soil, contact of the
side face of the piles. Coefficients of the working conditions 5 group of the soils in
a sequent manner in tips of the piles and in side area of the piles, including the
impact of the method of lowering piles.
The calculated resistance of the soils, being determined according to table 1
and independently chosen from each other 1 and 2 groups. In formula, taking the
total number of the calculated strength of the soils must be taken in all layers of
the soils.
Note:
1. Where are through by the piles, excepting for cases when leveling the floor,
it is necessary to remove or erode the soils. In these cases, it is necessary to take
the total number of the calculated resistance of all layers.
2. Soils that are sequent locating under the level of leveling having a diameter
of more than 600 mm the plane the column of erosion when happening the floods.
Level of the load resistance of the driven piles having the bottom expansion,
needle piles, being determined according to formula in bottom and circumstance u
in body of the pile, which is circumstance and cross section of the pile’s body
(article 14 of this standard).
3. In the expanded part it is circumstance of the cross section less than 4 m, the
expanded part construction in the seism areas, design of the houses and works.
11.12. In the mine areas, loads and impacts on the irrigation works such as
waves, ships and boats. It is calculation of the pile foundation and its floor
according to Δng the resistance of loading must be implemented on basis of the
complex of the calculated loadings with the coefficient of exceeding the loading
that are taken according to the requirements of loading standards and impact,
regarding the calculation of the pile foundation floor.
a. According to the deform, then base on the complex of the calculated (article 14
of this standard) equal 2 cm.
b. Calculation of the settlement of the bridge abutment – 5 cm.
c. It is only implemented under the impact of the loadings – 8 cm.

Annotate:
It is regularly having the calculation of the position movement to formula.
Horizontal of the abutment end according to lengthwise and horizontal direction
of the axial heads, with the complex of the regular loadings and temporary
loadings. When designing the pile foundations constructed in (the physical
conditions), especially being impacted by the loading, example seism, impact by
deform of the soil surface when exploited the mines, apart from the above
mentioned calculations of foundation and floor of the pile foundation as above
mentioned, it is necessary to calculate (2 cm) according to the loading resistance
with the special complex of the loading. These are special cases and in need to
make calculation according to the deform.
11.14. It is support the hole walls and in soil inundated with water. This is sands
and it is necessary to retain the hole’s wall with clay solutions or by chocked pipes
which then will be pulled up and only in special cases when having rational
foundations (the chocked pipes) will be left in the soils and bored piles having
expanded bottom by blaster are fabricated by drilling holes and then holes are
expanded by blaster and pouring the concrete mixture into the holes.
11.15. Pre-fabricated piles and placed into the drilled holes, according to the
construction methods that are divided as follows. Piles pillars fabricated in the
pre-drilled holes by placing in these holes with 8 cm the pre-fabricated
components having the cylinder shape or similar ones, having the condensed
section with the side or diameters or more. Them using the cement mortar or sands
to pour into the apertures, in mid of the drilled holes and these components. Pre-
fabricated piles placed into the drilled holes and having the expanded bottom.
12. Characters of the foundation design in areas having the earthquakes (seism).
12.1. When designing the pile foundation, tubular piles and tightened piles (below
in this program they are called as Piles), in areas having earthquakes and seism,
apart from requirements of this standard, it is necessary to follow the standard
requirements on the construction in the areas having the earthquakes and seism.
Here, it is necessary to use the documents on the earthquake and seism “or areas”,
building to supplement in the requirements of the survey of the construction site
geology for the pile foundation design, as mentioned in chapter 3 of this standard.
12.2. Pile foundations of houses and the works will consider the impact of the
earthquakes, it is necessary to calculate the complex of the loads, especially
according to the status of the 1st limit. Here, it should be noted that:
a. Determining the load resistance of piles under impact of the loadings on
pressing and pulling piles according to requirements of chapter 5 of this standard.
b. Inspecting the section according to the durability of the materials under the
simultaneous impact of the calculated forces (pressing force, bending torques and
cutting forces) whose values are determined according to formula 7 in the
standard’s appendix and that of the calculated values of the earthquakes.
c. Inspecting the soil’s stability according to the limit condition of the pressure
that transmitting on the foundation through the side faces of the piles according to
requirements specifying in article 6 of the standard’s appendix.
With the information mentioned in “a”- “c”, it is also necessary to implement in
the calculation with the additional requirements as pointed out in the articles 12.3
and 12.8 of the standard.
Note:
For the pile foundations having a height, calculated values of the earthquake force
must be determined similar to that of the houses and works having low and soft
parts, increasing the coefficient of moving β up to 1.5 times if during the
fluctuation of wave is 0.4 seconds or more. Here, values of the move coefficient
must be not more than 3 and less than 1.2.
12.3. Impact of the earthquake and seism to the values R and F when calculating
the pressing loading resistance and pulling piles, it is necessary to calculate with
multiplying them with the coefficient of reducing the working condition of the
floor soils mc as mentioned in table 17.
12.4. When determining the loading resistance of the piles Ф c working under the
pressing and pulling loads, calculating the earthquake’s impact (article 12.2 of this
standard). Loading resistance on side face of the piles calculated to the calculation
depth htt, (article 12.5 of this standard).
12.5. Calculated depth htt, when in less than this depth, resistance of soils on the
side faces of the piles that are not considered, and beign determined according to
formula:

(34)
Where:
αbd : Coefficient of deforming, being determined according to formula 6 in the
standard appendix.
Level of the Coefficient of the working condition mc to show the value R
calculated and f with various types of soil
earthquake of Compact sands and Clays in status
medium compact one
 house and Seldom Water Solid, Soft Melting*
works humid and saturation* semi- plasticity* plasticity
medium clays solid,
plasticity
7 0,95 0,9 0,95 0,85 0,75

8 0,85 0,8 0,9 0,8 0,7

9 0,75 0,7 0,85 0,7 0,6

Annotate:
1. In piles marked with (*), they are only used for the resistance of the soils on the
side faces of the piles.
2. Determining the load resistance of the support piles, basing on the rocks and
soils or big-size soils, that are implemented not including the coefficient of the
additional working conditions mc.
12.8. Capacity of resisting the loads of the piles Фc, T that work under the pressed
loadings, according to the site test result, it is necessary to be determined in
considering the impact of the earthquake according to the formula:

c = kc (35)

Where:
φ – Capacity of the loading resistance of the piles, T determined according to the
test result of the moving or static or according to the through static as instructed in
chapter 6 of this standard (excluding the impact of the earthquake)
kc, coefficient that equal to rate between the values of the load resistance capacity
of the piles, Ф, which is received by guidance in articles 12.3 and 12.4 of this
chapter, in a consideration of the impact of the earthquake and chapter 5, not
including the impact of the earthquake.
12.9. Calculation of pile foundation in a consideration of the earthquake’s impact
according to guidance in articles 12.2 and 12.8 in wet and settled soils, in possible
cases, there is a raising up of the underground water level, during the use of the
houses or works as well as in case of a failure of avoiding the humanizing the
floor due to techniques or other reasons. It is necessary to implement in a rational
manner for the wet and settled soils and wet. This totally is within the range of
raised water level in estimation. In case of only capacity of wetting and watering
caused by troubles, partially by thickness of the settled and wet soils, it is
necessary to suitable with the status of the settled and wet soils, physical humidity
(not including the capacity caused by troubles). Here, it is necessary to conduct all
necessary calculations at the same time to all pile foundations in a suitable with
the use of he wet and settled soils when not having the earthquake forces as
specified in chapter 9 of this standard.
12.10. When designing the pile foundation in earthquake area, it is necessary to
research to rest the pile tip on the rocky soils and big-size soils, compact sands and
medium ones, solid clays, semi-solid one and plasticity soils. It is not permitted to
rest the pile’s tip on the bulk sands saturated with water, soft clays and melting
plasticity ones and melting in the areas having the earthquake.
12.11. Quantity of the burying the pile under soils in areas having the earthquakes
less than 4 meters, excepting for cases of resting on the soils and stones.
12. Characters of designing the pile foundations for axial of the power
transmission line in overhead routes.
13.1. When making the survey of the overhead power transmission lines for the
power stations having a big distance of transmitting, a comprehensive research on
soils must be implemented with total content specified in part 3 of this standard. In
rest cases, it is permitted to limit by one of the researches on an area located from
the power pillars in a condition that not less than 3 points of the research for each
kilometer of the length of the route.
Annotate:
Categorizing pillars of the overhead power transmission lines and distance of the
transit are specified in the standards of the assemble of the power equipments.
13.2. It is necessary to determine the depth of the drilled holes when making the
survey for the pile foundations of the power stations intermediate and distance of
more than 2 m, with the maximum depth of the pile tip, for the pile foundations
that have pillars in standard angles not less than 4 m under the pile tips.
13.3. It is not permitted to use the piles having shapes of needles, saddles for the
pile foundations. Pillars of the overhead power transmission lines.
13.4. Depth of the lowering the piles into the soils for the piles under the
horizontal loading or protruding loading, they must be not less than 4 meters, for
the foundations of the woody pillars, it must be not less than 3 meters.
13.5. It is permitted to use the woody piles for the pillar foundation, power
transmission lines made of woody materials, not depending on the presence of the
underground water level, in this case, it is necessary to adopt measures for
avoiding wood from being damaged by waters, changed humidity.
13.6. It is necessary to determined the capacity of loading resistance of the
suspended piles, constructed by driving method and working under the pressed
load and according to formula 7, in a consideration of the additional instructions,
as specified in articles 13.8, 13.10 of this standard.
Here, coefficient of the working condition m in the formula (7) must be taken
according to:
For the mediate standard pillars - m = 1.2.
For the other pillars and angle ones as well as large-distances- m=1.
13.7. Loading resistance of the driven piles working with the pulling –up loadings,
it is necessary to be determined according to formula (9), in a consideration of the
additional instructions, as specified in articles 13.8 and 13.10 of this standard.
There, coefficient of the working condition in the formula (9) must be taken:
For the mediate standard pillars - m = 1.2.
For the other pillars and angle ones as well as large-distances- m=1.
For pillars having large distance, if the force retained by the weights of the piles
and pile foundation account for 65% or bigger than loadings of the pulling up
loading, m = 0.8. If the force retained as abovementioned is less than 65% of the
calculated loading, m = 0.6.
13.8. Capacity of the driving piles being calculated according to formula (7), that
must be reduced to a number of g = 1.1gФ, and according to formula (9), it should
be increased to an number of g = 0.9 gФ. (in which gФ is weight of the piles, tone,
when calculating the pile foundation under being pulled in soils under the
underground water level, it is necessary to consider the impact of the floating and
pulling of waters).
13.9. Calculated capacity of the soil under the driven pile’s tip R and calculated
capacity of resistance on the side faces of the driven piles f in the pillar
foundation, power transmission line taken according to tables 1 and 2, at the same
time, the calculated value f for the pillar foundation in standard for clays having
the viscosity index of IL >=0.3, it is necessary to be increases by 25%.
13.10. Calculated resistance capacity of the piles on the side faces of the closed
piles f that will be calculated according to requirements of article 13.9, that is
necessary to multiplied with the additional condition of working m g as specified in
table 18.
Table 18
Coefficients of additional working conditions mg
Type of foundation, when length of piles
characters of soil and 1 ≥ 25d 1 ≤ 25d and rate
loadings
Q/N ≤ 0.1 Q/N = 0.4 Q/N = 0.6
1. Foundations under the
standard mediate pillars
when calculation
a. Single piles resisting
against pulling load
- In soil and sands 0,9 0,8 0,55
- In clays with IL ≤ 0.6 0,7
1,15 1,05
- In clays with IL > 0.6 0,9
1,5 1,35
b. Single piles resisting
against pressing load and
piles in groups of resisting
against pulling load
- In soil and sands 0,9
- In clays with IL ≤ 0.6 0,9 0,9
1,5
- In clays with IL > 0.6 1,15 1,15
1,5
1,5 1,5
2. Foundations under
anchor and under pillars in
angles, in points when
making the calculation.
a. Single piles resisting
against pulling load
- In soil and sands
- In clays 0,8 0,7 0,5
1 0,9 0,6
b. Piles in groups of
resisting against pulling
load
0,8 0,8 0,8
- In soil and sands
1, 1, 1,
- In clays
c. Under pressing in all 1, 1, 1,
types of soils

Annotate:
1. Symbols used in table 18; d – diameter of round piles, side of the square piles or
long side of the rectangular section of the piles; Q- complex of the cross loading
under calculation.
N: complex of the vertical loading under calculation.
2. When lowering the single piles toward the impact of the complex of the cross
loadings with the tilt angle against the vertical direction, that is more than 10 O,
coefficient of the additional working condition m g, taken as similarly to that of the
vertical piles working in the pile group (according to point 1b or 2b).
13.11. When calculating with the pulling loadings for the piles working in the
group of the piles consisting of 4 piles or less, then capacity of the resisting the
loading under the calculation must be reduced by 20%.
13.12. For piles under the resisting the pulling load, it is only permitted to lower
the piles in the drilled holes when the diameter of the drilled diameter is less than
that or side of the pile section with 15 cm or more.
14. Characters of the design of the pile foundation of agricultural houses with a
few floors.
14.1. It is necessary to calculate piles according to the limited conditions of the
pressure on the soil on the side faces of the piles, with the formula in the standard
appendix. When having the impact of the earthquake loading, taking the value of
the friction angle in the calculation, less as the following value, for the calculated
earthquake, levels of when calculating the pile foundation of bridges, impacts of
the soil vibrations and seism on the condition of saddling the piles into water-full
ducts and sands, 15 tones/m and clays and semi-clays, plasticity in melting and
soft ones 40 tones.
14.2. Semi-sands must be calculated by reducing by of the rate coefficient in table
of the standard’s appendix. When inspecting the pressure on the soil, it is
permitted to consider the short term characters of the loading’s impact of the
earthquake by increasing the coefficient 2m in formula.
14.3. The standard appendix, when calculating the foundation of one line of 1
floor the piles with the impacting loading on the plane that is perpendicular to that
line, value of the coefficient η 2 is increased. In other cases, this is increased by that
is different from that of the drilled piles having the blaster that after pouring the
concrete mixture and expanding the bottom in article 2.6 “b” in this standard table.
Annotate:
1. Characters of designing the pile foundation in area of mine exploitation. By
blaster in the drilled holes where reinforcement concrete piles have been placed
before. Calculation values of the characters of soils and should be determined
according to requirements with depth of 2 m and more.
2. The design standard of the house floor and works, limiting the safety 3 m
values for soils corresponding values when determining the angle of friction in
diameter and when determining the adhesive force not less than 10 m.
14.4. In the calculations according to the allowed deform R, T/m3, taking to
calculated all calculation. Characters of soils with 2 m support of the soils and are
used in the formulas of determining the loading 3 m according to table 1 of this
standard.
14.5. Resistance of piles should be taken. According to instructions R, T/m3, in
article of this standard. Calculated values of the floor coefficient 2-3 m of soils
when calculating piles under table 19 the horizontal loading should be taken
according to table 20 formula as explained in appendixes of this standard. Typical
characters of the calculation of the pile materials is pile foundation should be
taken, according to standard of the design of the concrete structures 1.3 times.
14.6. This is woody materials; regarding the bridge, it should be in accordance, it
is the design standards of bridges and sewerages. Calculations on structures of the
piles of all types should be based on the force of the house and works transmitted
on the piles, regarding the driven piles, apart from the above-mentioned, it is also
necessary to follow the forces caused by the weights of oneself of the piles while
the fabrication, store in warehouses and transport of piles.
 = m (RF+RkFk +ufili) (36)

Where:
m, R, F, u, f1 and li: symbols similar to that in formula (7) of this standard.
Rk is calculated strength of soils under the bars, T/m2 when lowering these bars
into soils with 0.5 – 1 m it should be taken according to table 21.
14.7. For piles of all types, their sizes are determined in the design according to
their structures and capacity of loading resistance that have not been used
maximum, it will be permitted to use test of static loading when value of
settlement is less than 30 mm, if at that time the maximum loading reaches
account for more than 1.5 times of the calculated loadings, and piles permitted to
use in the design.
Table 19.
Type of Empty e Calculated strength of clay, R, T/m2 under tips of
clays the bored drill piles with a depth of 2-3 m when the
index of viscosity Ls is:
≤ 0.02 0.2 0.4 0.6
Semi-sand 0,5 80 65 55 45

Semi-clay 0,7 65 55 45 35

Clay 1,0 55 45 35 25

0,5 140 110 90 70

0,6 110 90 75 60

0,8 70 60 50 40

Table 20:
Types of sands and soils with medium Calculated strength of sands and soils
compact R, T/m2 under tips of the bored drill
piles with a depth of lowering piles of
2-3 m
coarse grain size sand 200

middle grain size sand 150

small grain size sand 90

wet small grain size sand 70

low water dusty sand 70

wet dusty sand 50

Table 21
Type of soils Calculated strength
Status of soils Rk of soils under
bars of tight piles
Viscosity Empty coefficient
index ls and
saturation G
Semi-sand ls = 0,2 0,5 55

Semi-clay 0,7 40

Clay ls = 0,5 0,5 40

0,7 30

ls = 0,2 0,5 80
Sands
1 50

ls = 0,5 0,5 60

Lining soil and 1 35

saturated semi-clay
Semi-sand and semi- <0,55 90
clay that are rammed in 0<G1
each layer with
optimum humidity
0,55-0,7 75

0<G1 <0,55 90
 0,55-0,7 65

<0,6 65

0<G0,5

0,6-0,75 55

0< G0,8 <0,6 55

0,6 -0,75 40

0,75 35

G = 0,8

1 20

G =0,5 0,65 30

G=0,8 0,65 20

Standard appendix
Appendix 1

Calculating piles, tubular piles and tightened piles

under the simultaneous impact of the vertical loading,
horizontal loading and torques
A. Basic methods.
1. Calculating piles, tubular piles and tightened piles (below, for a purpose of the
simplification, they are called as Piles).Under the simultaneous impact of the
vertical loading, horizontal loading and torques according to diagram specified in
Figure 1, including:
a. Calculating piles according to the deform, this render the inspection of the
following up to the regulations and codes under the permission of the calculated
values, in term of the horizontal moving the positions of the pile ends, Δ n and its
twisting angle ψ:
 n  Sgh (1)

  gh (2)

Where:
Δn and ψ: values of the corresponding calculations of the horizontal moving of
the position and twisting angles, decree of the pile ends. Determined according to
guidance in article 4 of this standard.
Sgh and ψgh: Values of permitting the corresponding calculations of the horizontal
moving of the position and twisting angles, decree of the pile ends. These are set
in the design task of houses and works.
b. Calculating the stability of the floor soil around the piles, that are implemented
according to article 6 of this appendix.
c. Inspecting the sections of the piles according to the durability of the materials
and according to the 1st and 2nd limit statuses (as per the durability and the forming
and development of the cracks). Under the simultaneous impact of the calculated
forces: pressing force, bending torque and cutting force. This calculation must be
implemented according the materials used for the piles, that will be suitable with
the requirements of article 4.2 of “Standard of the design of the pile foundation”.
Calculated value of the bending torques of the horizontal and lengthwise forces,
impacting in different sections of the piles that must be determined according to
requirements of article 7 of this appendix. In case of firmly saddling the piles in
the pile foundation, if eradicating the rotation capacity of the pile ends (ex. In the
solid pile foundation having 2 lines of the piles or more according to the impact
direction of the horizontal force). In the calculation it is necessary to consider the
torque of the saddling M = M ng that locally impact and meeting each other of the
piles and the foundation and determined according to article 8 of this appendix.

Figure 1 PL
Diagram of loading on piles
Annotate:
Calculation of the stability of the floor soil around the piles is not required to the
piles having the size of the cross section of d <= 0.6 m, lowering into soil with a
depth of more than 10 d, excepting for case of lowering the piles in muddy or clay
in the status of melting or plasticity and melting (Here, d means outer diameter of
rounded piles, side of the piles having square section or long side of the
rectangular section of piles).
Table 1

Type of soils around the pile Coefficient of rate k, T/m4 for piles
sand its characters Driving Boring, tubular
piles and tightened
piles
Clays, semi-clays at 60-250 20-200
plasticity and, melting (0.75
< Is < J)
Clays and semi-clays of soft 250-500 200-400
plasticity (0.5 < ls < 0.75)
and plasticity semi-clays (0 ≤
ls ≤ 1); Sand and dusts (0.6 ≤
e ≤ 0.8)
Clays, semi-clay of little 500-800 400-600
plasticity, semi-solid (0 ≤ ls ≤
0.5); Semi-sand (ls < 0), fine
sand (0.6 ≤ e ≤ 0.75); Sands
with medium granular (0.55
≤ e ≤ 0.7);
Clays and semi-solid clays (ls 800-1.300 600-1.000
< 0); Rough sand (0.55 ≤ e ≤
0.7);
Gravels and sands 0.55 ≤ e ≤ 1.000-2.000
0.70; Gravels and macadam
having sands for chocking.
Note:
1. Small value of coefficient k in table 1 is corresponding to the big value
of the viscosity index Is of clays and empty coefficient e of soils and sands that are
written in the blankets. For big values of the k coefficient, that are corresponding
to small values of Is and e. For soils having the characters I s and e in the
intermediate distance, then the coefficient k is determined according to the inner
consideration.
2. Coefficient k for the compact sand must be taken higher than 30% than
the maximum value, as written in table 1 of the coefficient k for the clay soils.
2. When calculating the piles resisting the horizontal loading that are placed
around the piles, they will be considered as deformed elasticity of typical linear
with the floor coefficient Cz. T/m3.
It is permitted to determine the calculated value of the floor coefficient C z of the
soils on the face around the piles, when not having the testing data according to
the formula:
Cz = KZ
Where:
K is rate coefficient, T/m 4 that is taken according to the soils around the piles
according to table 1.
Z: Level of the depth of the location of the pile section, m where we will
determine the coefficient of the floor against the surface of the soils, when the pile
foundation is higher than against the bottom of the pile foundation when the pile
foundation is low.
3. All calculations must be implemented that is suitable with the depth of the
change of the location of the pile’s section in the soil z and the changes depth of
lowering piles in soil I, determined according to formulas:
z = bdz (4)

e = bdI (5)

Where:
z and I: actual depth of the location of the section in soils and actual depth of
lowering the piles (pile tip) in soil from the surface of soil; to the foundation piles
and from the bottom of the pile foundation with the low pile foundation m.
αbd: Coefficient of deform 1/m, determined according to formula:

(6)

Here, K is similar to that in formula (3).

Eb is module of initial deform of the pile concretes when pressed and pulled T/cm 2,
taken according to standard on the design of the concretes structures and
reinforcement concretes; For woody piles, it is elasticity modules of wood, taken
according to standards on the design of woody structures.
I: is inertia torque of cross section of piles m 4.
bc: is nominal width of piles, m, taken as similarly to tubular piles and piles and
bored piles having diameter of 0.8 m and more b c = d + 1m, and for other types of
the piles and sections, bc = 1.5 d + 0.5 m.
d is outer diameter of the piles having round section, side of the section of square
or rectangular piles according to the planes perpendicular to the impacted load m.
4. Determining the calculated values of horizontally moving the position of the
piles at level of the bottom of pile foundation, Δ n, m and its rotation angle ψ decree
according to formula as follows:

(7)

(8)

Where:
H and M: are calculated values of the cutting forces, T and bending torque T, m,
impacting from sides of the foundation to end of the piles (refer to figure 1).
l0: Length of pile section, m, equal to distance from the bottom of the pile
foundation to the ground.
Eb and I: are symbols similar to that in formula (6).
yo and ψ0 are horizontal moving of m and twisting angle of cross section of piles,
decree, at level of the ground surface with the foundation’s high piles. For low
piles of the foundation it is at level of bottom of the foundation it will be
determined according to requirements of article 5 of this appendix.
Annotate:
In this appendix, it is regarded ad positive:
- Torque is horizontal force placed on pile’s ends, if the torque and force are
directed toward the clockwise and toward right side:
- Bending torque and cutting force in the pile sections, if the torque and force
transmit from the cut part to nominal level above the piles down to lower part,
directed toward the clockwise and toward right side.
- Horizontal moving of the pile section and its rotation angle if not directed to
right side and clockwise.
5. Determining the horizontal moving Y 0, m and rotation angle ψ 0, decree
according to formula:

Yo=HoHH +M0HM (9)

o = HoMH +MoMM (10)

Where:
H0 and M0 are calculated values of the cut force, T and bending torques, T, m, at
the pile’s section that are considered to be taken equal to H 0 equal to H and M0 =
M + HL0 (here, H and M are similar to that in formulas 7 and 8).
σHH is horizontal moving of the section, M/T, because of force H 0 = 1 (Figure 2a).
σHM is horizontal moving of the section, 1/T, because of force H 0 = 1 (Figure 2b).
σMH is rotating angle of the section, 1/T, because of force H 0 = 1 (Figure 2,a).
σMM is rotating angle of the section, 1/Tm, because of torque M0 = 1 (Figure 2,a).
Horizontal moving σHH, σMH = σMH and σMM are determined according to formula
as follows:

(11)

(12)

(13)

Where:
αb, Eb, I are similar to that in formula (6).
A0, B0, C0 are coefficients of non-secondary and taken according to table
depending on the depth of the change of the pile’s section buried in soil I,
determined according to formula (5). When value of I is in medium section among
the values in table 2, it is necessary to make a round up to the nearest value in the
table.

Figure 2PL: Diagram of moving position of piles in soils

a. Due to the impacting force H0 = 1 located in level of the ground.
b. Due to the impact of torque M0 = 1.
6. Calculation of the floor around the piles must be implemented according to
condition (14),limiting the calculating pressure σ z to soil from side faces of the
piles.

(14)

Where:
σz is calculated pressure on soil, T/m2 of side face determined according to
formula 16, at a dept of Zm that is calculated from the ground for high pile of the
foundation and from the bottom of the foundation for low piles.
a. When I <= 2.5, at 2 levels of depth of Z= 1/3 and Z = 1.
b. When I > 2.5, at depth of Z= 0.85/ αb where, αb is determined according to
formula (6).
γl is calculated volume of soil in intact structure, T/m 3 determined in soils full
of water and considering the force of pulling in floating.
φ1, C1 : calculated values of friction angles in soils, decree and single adhesive
of soils T/m2 taken according to guidance of article 4.6 of this standard.
ξ : Coefficient taken equal to 0.6 for bored piles and tubular piles, and as 0.3
for rest piles.
η1 is coefficient taken as 1, for cases of calculating foundations of stop works
(ex. Structure of stop spans) taken as 0.7.
η2 is coefficient taken the regular loading among the total loading and taken
according to formula:

(15)

Where:
Mtx is torque due to outer loading of regular calculation at section of the
foundation at level of the pile tip T m.
Mnh is similar to the above because of the temporary outer loading and
calculation, T,m.
n is coefficient taken as n = 2,5, excepting for the following cases:
a. For special works holding an important role when I <= 2.5, n will be taken
as 4, and when I > = 5, n will be equal to 2.5 > m is taken as 2.5 with mediate
I, it is necessary to use the inner consideration method.
b. With foundations having only one line of piles that are under the vertical
loading and symmetrical one, m will be taken as 4 and not depending on I.
Annotate: If the horizontal pressure on the calculated soils σ z that is not
satisfied the condition (14), but here the capacity of resisting loading of the pile
according to the materials has been not promoted in maximum one and moving
of the pile sis less than the allowable limit, it is necessary to reconsider the
changed depth I > 2.5 of the pile that use the smaller values of the rate
 coefficient K (Article 2 of this appendix) with a new value of K, it is necessary
to re-inspect the durability of the pile according to the materials, its movement
and the following up to the condition (14).
7. Calculated pressure on the soils σz, T/m2 on the area contacting with the side
face of the piles at the depth of Z as well as torque that want to be calculated
Mz, T, m, cut force, Qx, T, lengthwise force, Nz, T impacting at depth of z in
the section of piles, being determined according to formula as follows:

Mz =  (17)

Qx =3h Eb Eh lyoA4 +b2Ebo B4+bMoC4+HoD4 (18

Nz = N (19)

Where:
K is ratio coefficient being determined according to table 1 of this appendix.
αb, Eb, I : similar to that in formula (6).
Depth of the change and calculation is determined according to the formula
(4), according to values of the actual depth z where they want to make the
determination σz, Mz and cut force, Q2:
H0, M0, Y0 and ψ0: similar to that of articles 4 and 5 of this appendix.

A1, B1, C1 and D1: Coefficients having values will be

A3, B3, C3 and D3: taken according to table 3

A4, B4, C4 and D4:

N is force caused by the calculated force along with the axial, T transmitted on
the pile ends.
Σ is saddle torque under the calculation, M 3, T, m, being considered when
calculating the pile shaving the solid saddles in the pile’s end and that can not be
twisted and being calculated according to the following formula:
 (20)

Where:
All symbols are similar to that of the abovementioned formulas, mark “-” means
with the horizontal force H toward from left to right, torque transmitted to the
pile’s end from the saddle having direction of anti-clockwise.
Table 2
When resting pile son soils When resting piles on When soaking piles
not rocks rocks in rocks
Ao Bo Co Ao Bo Co Ao Bo Co
0,5 72,004 192,026 576,243 48,006 96,037 192,291 0,042 0,015 0,5

0,6 50,007 111,149 278,060 33,334 55,609 92,942 0,072 0,18 0,6

0,7 36,745 70,023 150,278 24507 35,059 50,387 0,244 0,244 0,699

0,8 28,14 46,943 88,279 18,775 23,533 29,763 0,17 0,319 0,795

0,9 22,211 33,068 55,307 14,851 16,582 18,811 0,211 0,402 0,896

1 18,03 24,106 36,486 12,049 12,149 12,582 0,329 0,494 0,992

1,1 14,916 18,16 25,123 9,983 9,196 8,836 0,434 0,593 1,086

1,2 12,552 10,041 17,944 8,410 7,159 6,485 0,556 0,698 1,176

1,3 10,717 11,103 13,235 7,208 5,713 4,957 0,695 0,807 1,262

1,4 9,266 8,934 10,05 6,257 4,661 3,937 0,849 0,918 1,342

1,5 8,101 7,349 7,838 5,498 3,889 3,24 1,014 1,028 1,415

1,6 7,154 6,129 6,268 4,887 3,308 2,758 1,186 1,131 1,48

1,8 6,387 5,189 5,133 4,391 2,868 2,419 1,361 1,232 1,535

1,8 5,73 4,456 4,299 3,985 2,533 2,181 1,532 1,321 1,581
1,9 5,19 3,878 3,679 3,653 2,277 2,012 1,693 1,397 1,617

2 4,737 3,418 3,213 3,381 2,081 1,894 1,841 1,46 1,644

2,2 4,032 2,756 2,591 2,977 1,819 1,758 2,08 1,545 1,975

2,4 3,526 2,327 2,227 2,713 1,673 1,707 2,24 1,586 1,685

2,6 3,163 2,048 2,013 2,548 1,6 1,687 2,33 1,596 1,687

2,8 2,905 1,869 1,889 2,153 1,572 1,693 2,371 1,593 1,687

3 2,727 1,758 1,818 2,406 1,568 1,707 2,385 1,586 1,691

3,5 2,502 1,644 1,757 2,391 1,597 1,739 2,339 1,584 1,711

4 2,444 1,621 1,751 2,419 1,68 1,75 2,401 1,6 1,732

Depth of
the pile Coefficients
section in
soil z

1 A1 B1 C1 D1 A3 B3 C3 D3 A4 B4 C4 D4
2 A1 B1 C1 D1 A3 B3 C3 D3 A4 B4 C4 D4

3 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

4 1 0,1 0,05 0 0 1 1 0,1 -0,005 0 0 1

5 1 0,2 0,2 0,001 -0,001 0 1 0,2 -0,02 -0,003 0 1

6 1 0,3 0,045 0,005 -0,005 -0,001 1 0,3 -0,45 -0,009 -0,001 1

7 1 0,4 0,08 0,011 -0,011 -0,02 1 0,4 -0,08 -0,021 -0,003 1

8 1 0,5 0,125 0,021 -0,021 -0,005 0,999 0,5 -0,125 -0,042 -0,008 0,999

10 0,999 0,6 0,18 0,036 -0,036 -0,011 0,998 0,6 -0,18 -0,072 -0,016 0,994

11 0,999 0,7 0,245 0,057 -0,057 -0,02 0,699 0,699 -0,245 0,114 -0,00 0,989

12 0,997 0,799 0,32 0,085 -0,085 -0,034 0,992 0,799 -0,32 0,171 -0,051 0,98
13 0,995 0,899 0,405 0,121 -0,121 -0,055 0,985 0,897 -0,404 -0,243 -0,082 0,957

14 0,992 0,997 0,499 0,167 -0,167 -0,083 0,975 0,994 -0,499 -0,33- -0,125 0,916

15 0,987 1,095 0,604 0,222 -0,222 -0,122 0,96 1,09 -0,603 0,443 -0,183 0,917

16 0,979 1,192 0,718 0,188 -0,287 -0,173 0,938 1,183 -0,716 -0,573 -0,259 8,876

17 0,959 1,287 0,841 0,365 -0,365 -0,238 0,907 1,273 -0,838 -0,73 -0,356 0,821

18 0,955 1,379 0,974 0,456 -0,455 - 0,866 1,358 -0,967 -0,91 - 0,717
0,0319 0,7479

19 0,937 1,468 1,115 0,56 -0.599 -0,042 0,811 1,437 -1,105 -1,116 -0,63

20 0,913 1,553 1,264 0,678 -0,678 +0,543 0,739 1,507 -1,248 -1,35 -0,815 0,652

21 0,882 1,633 1,721 0,678 0,808 -0,691 0,646 1,556 -1,396 -1,613 -0,136 0,529

22 0,843 1,706 1,584 0,812 0,956 -1,868 0,53 1,612 -1,547 -1,906 -1,299 0,374

23 0,795 1,77 1,752 0,961 -1,118 -1074 0,335 1,64 -1,699 -2,227 -1,608 0,0818

24 0,735 1,823 1,924 1,308 -1,295 -1,314 0,207 1,646 -1,848 -2,578 -1,966 -0,057

25 0,575 1,887 2,272 1,72 -1,693 -1,906 -0,272 1,575 -2,125 -3,36 -2,849 -0,692

26 0,347 1,874 2,609 2,195 -2,141 -2,663 -0,949 1,352 -2,339 -4,228 -3,973 -1,592
27 0,033 1,755 2,907 2,724 -2,724 -3,6 -1,877 0,917 -2,437 -5,14 -5,355 -2,821

28 - 1,49 3,128 3,288 -3,103 -4,718 -3,108 0,197 -2,346 -6,023 -6,99 -1,44
0,385

29 - 1,037 3,225 3,858 -3,541 -6 -4,688 -0,891 -1,969 -0,765 -8,84 -6,52
0,298

30 - -1,272 2,463 4,980 -3,919 -9,544 10,34 -5,85 -1,074 - -13,89 -

2,928 13,692 13,826

31 - -5,941 -0,927 4,548 -1614 - - -5,046 -9,244 0,358 - -23,14

5,853 11,731 17,919 15,611

Table 3
 Internal Technical Document

Appendix 2
Some types of widely-used pierce machines

1. C. 979 Pierce machine (Russia-made)

Diameter of nose: 36 mm, angle of 60O
Diameter of handle: 18 mm.
Maximum pressing force: 10 tones
Depth of pierce: 15 m
Permitted to measure separately the capacity of nose pierce and total resistance.
2. C. 832 Pierce machine (Russia-made)
Diameter of nose: 36 mm, angle of 60O
Diameter of handle: 34 mm.
Friction cover: S = 350 cm3 due to local friction
Depth of pierce: 15 m
Maximum pulling force: 10 tones
Maximum pierce speed: 3 m/minute
Force on nose: 7 m
3. Pilicon Pierce machine
Diameter of nose: 36 mm, angle of 60O
Maximum pierce force: 10 tones
Maximum resistance of nose: 400 bars
Pierce speed may be changed, normally is 2 cm/s.
Pressing mechanism: hydraulic jack
Measurement mechanism: discontinuous measurement, every 20 cm of deep due to
total resistance and nose resistance.
4. PVS Vibration pierce machine (France -made)
Diameter of nose and handle: 45 mm
Measured nose resistance: 0 – 300 bar
Automatically recording in simultaneous manner thanks to sensor mechanism,
electricity of nose resistance, side friction and total pierce resistance.
5. SGI static pierce machine (Sweden-made)
Pierce nose of 60O, section of flower mouth, S = 10 cm2

Construction Dept. - Internal translation only (TCN 21-1986) 85

 Internal Technical Document

Diameter of handle is 22 mm.

Total maximum pierce force is 1 tone.
Automatically recording pierce resistance, nose resistance and side friction
according to deforming mechanism of changing bars.
Manually operating or hydraulic engines.

6. Penetrating machine AT 3-2-82 (Vietnam -made)

Penetrating bit’s diameter is 49 mm, angle 60M 0
Rig diameter is 22 mm;
It is only able to measure the at bit penetrating resistance
Constant measuring, for each 20 cm, measured using the deformation of the
circumstances
Driving mechanism: manual rotation, one speed only.

Construction Dept. - Internal translation only (TCN 21-1986) 86