Pressure Balancing of Duct For Duct Extr

International
INTERNATIONAL Journal of Mechanical

JOURNAL Engineering and Technology (IJMET),
OF MECHANICAL ISSN 0976 –
ENGINEERING
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013) © IAEME
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print)

ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online) IJMET
Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013), pp. 186-200
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.7731 (Calculated by GISI) ©IAEME
www.jifactor.com
PRESSURE BALANCING OF DUCT FOR DUCT EXTRACTION SYSTEM
Anil Kumar Mishra*, Anup Kumar**

*Engineer, TRF Limited, Jamshedpur (India)
**Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
ABSTRACT
The paper includes dust emissions at different transfer point operations in iron ore crushing
plant that is critically examined and a design of a dust extraction system is presented for proposed
layout. The traditional methodology for design is relies on empirical relations, charts, multivariable
tables and monographs. A rational technique of design is employed for understanding of actual
mechanism of problem which is predicated on fundamentals of fluid and particle mechanics. In this
paper exhaust flow rate for hoods are critically examined for optimized results from theory of air
induction that is fairly well developed. Based on exhaust volume duct and its fittings are designed
and recommended. A parametric study is performed on flow pattern in duct network and balanced
flow is achieved by comparing two different methods of obtaining balanced flow.
Keywords: Rational Design, Exhaust Volume, Mine Dust, Dust Extraction System.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
One consequence of high degree of mechanization of recent mining techniques is production

of huge quantity of mine dust throughout the process of bringing ores from seam to surface. This
dust consists of tiny solid particles carried by air current and non- specific with respect to size, shape,
and chemical composition of the particles. In ore handling plant dust is ubiquitous and may be found
at fan, stack, conveyors and crushers. In mining dust is emitted due to (Moody. Jakhete.R, 1989)-
i. Breaking of ore by impact, crushing, blasting and grinding.

ii. Release of previously generated dust during handling operations such as dumping, loading
transferring.
iii. Recirculation of previously generated dust by wind or by movement of workers and
machinery.
186
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
Depending on factors like climate, geology, technique of mining and kind of ore the potential
exists for greatly increased dust levels in the environment of mine. Mine dust is not only detrimental
to flora and fauna but it is also harmful to buildings, structures, dams and monuments (Hilson. G).
This dust is additionally responsible for amendment in land form and loss of bulk solids. Dust
control is the science of reducing harmful dust emissions by applying sound engineering principle.
Properly deigned, maintained and operated dust control systems can reduce dust emissions
effectively [9].For an effective dust control the necessary preventive measures has to be adopted in
every process of dust generation. The controlling method of dust extraction system involves dry
collection, wet dust suppression system, combination system and electrostatic precipitators (Moody.
Jakhete.R, 1989). Dry collection involves hooding or enclosing dust producing points and exhausting
emissions to a collection device. The dry collection is used at several points and crusher discharge
i.e. screening and transfer operations. In dry significant fugitive dust emissions result during
formation of new aggregate piles and erosion from previously stock piles are controlled by wet dust
suppression and devices designed to minimize the free fall distance to which the material is subjected
thus lessening its exposure to wind. In wet suppression system, basic components are dust control
agent, proportioning equipment and a distribution system and control actuators. Distribution is
accomplished by spray nozzles. In combination control systems, the wet suppression is used to
control primary crushing stage and subsequent screens, transfer points and crusher feed. Control
devices for these emissions include telescopic chutes, stone ladders and hinged stacker conveyors.
Locating stock piles behind natural or artificial wind breaks also aids in reducing wind-blown dust
(Countess, R. J, Cowherd, C).
The most common type of dust collector used in mining industry is cyclone dust collector as
it is more efficient than the other air cleaners as it is simple in operation and relatively inexpensive in
construction [9]. In this work, a rational method of design is proposed by incorporating the important
aspects of traditional design and implementing the concepts of mechanics [9]. The initial design of
dust extraction system for iron ore crushing plant is critically examined and a new design is proposed
for better performance and reliability.
2.0 DUST EXTRACTION SYSTEM
Dust extraction systems are used to collect dust emissions at various transfer point. The
extraction system for dust is essentially a ducted system that prevents excessive employee exposure to
the dust in the working zone. It comprise of four mechanisms: -
i. Capture of contaminant by hood at transfer points
ii. Transport of contaminated air through the duct network
iii. Separation of dust in dust collector i.e. cyclone
iv. Exhaust of clean air through stack.
187
Fig. 1 Dust Extraction System
The four major components of a dust extraction system:-

i. Hoods
ii. Ductwork
iii. Air cleaner
iv. Fan
i) Hoods: - The hood is the point where air with captured contaminants enters the system. Its
purpose is to direct the air flow so that its direction and distribution are appropriate for the conditions
at the site of contaminant generation. Capturing hoods create a directed air current with sufficient
velocity to draw contaminants from outside the hood itself (Goodfellow.H, Smith). Enclosing hoods
surround the contaminant source as completely as possible.
ii) Ductwork: - The ductwork is a network of piping which carries the captured contaminant out of
the workspace to its final disposition. The primary goals in designing ductwork are to maintain
sufficient air velocity in the piping, and to minimize the resistance to flow created by bends,
junctions and changes in cross-sectional area. Maintenance of air velocity is important for transport
of particulate contaminants, since if the air velocity falls below a critical value, the dust will deposit
on the inner surfaces of the ducts and impede flow (Goodfellow.H, Smith). Resistance can be the
major part of the energy required to operate the system, and a poorly designed duct system may
cause so much resistance that the fan is unable to move the required volume of air.
iii) Air Cleaner: - The air cleaning device removes the captured contaminant before the exhausted air
is discharged. Collectors may range from simple centrifugal collectors much like the cyclone used to
sample Respirable dust, to elaborate filters and gas/vapor absorbers specially designed for the
188
contaminant present. All air cleaners add to the total resistance of the system; generally, the more
efficient the collector, the greater the resistance added.
iv) Fan: - The final component provides the energy to accelerate the air as it enters the hood and to
overcome friction and dynamic losses between the moving air and the surfaces of the ductwork and
cleaning device. If possible the fan is almost always placed downstream of the air cleaner, to prevent
deposition of contaminant on the fan blades, or damage due to contact with corrosive contaminants.
3.0 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Figure 2 illustrates the dust extraction system for a crusher house, handling iron ore at a rate
of 200 tones per hour (tph). It has following components: enclosures, hoods, duct network and
mounting systems, pressure regulating valves, multi-cyclone dust collector, fan, motor and stack.
The dust collected in the multi-cyclone hopper is fed back to the conveyor belt C3. The crusher is
single roll of capacity 200 tones per hour (tph).
The system has to operate at an altitude of 760 m having an average ambient air temperature
of 450 C. The technical specifications of conveyor belts and roll crusher are presented in Table 1.
The plant for which the system has to be designed is studied in detail to identify the points
where dust generates and the factors responsible for the same. The plant layout, process flow-sheets,
drawings and other operational details are carefully examined. The contour of fugitive dust cloud
must be identified to delimit the zone of potential dust hazard. The optimum shape and position of
the hoods depend on the dust cloud behavior. The entire working space is surveyed for installation
and sampling and monitoring instruments to find out the dust loading, particle size distribution,
shape and density and chemical characteristics of airborne dust particles.
Fig. 2 Dust Extraction System for Crusher House of Iron Ore
189
4. SYSTEM DESIGN
The conveyor and crusher specifications are given in table as follows:
Table 1. Technical Specifications of conveyor belt and crusher

Description Design Detail
CONVEYOR C1 C2(2 numbers) C3
Mean diameter of iron ore (mm) 250 250 80
Capacity,tph 200 100 200
Volumetric flow rate of iron ore, m3/s 0.04 0.02 0.04
Belt width, Bbmm 0.12 0.08 0.065
Belt speed, Vb m/s 1.00 0.30 1.50
Surcharge angle, degree 25 25 25
Idler trough angle, degree 35 35 35
Skirt board length, m 4 3
Leakage area at belt loading zone, Ab, 0.08 0.08
m2
Falling material stream area, As , m2 0.40 0.25 0.15
Discharge chute cross section, Acs , m2 0.36X2 0.28X2 0.20
Leakage area at conveyor head pulley, 0.40 0.30 Nil
A1 , m2
Belt inclination, degrees 15 0 0
Chute inclination, c , degrees 60 60
Height of free fall of material on 3.4 4.1 1.25
conveyor, h ,m
Single Roll Crusher
Volumetric flow rate of iron ore, m2/s 0.04
Diameter, m 1.34
Receiving chute cross section , m2 0.56
Chute inclination, c , degrees 60
Height of free fall, m 4.1
Impact velocity of lumps at crusher top, m/s 8.97
Capture velocity, m2/s 1.5
Chute entry loss factor, , dimensionless 2.3
Coefficient of drag, cd , dimensionless 0.44
5. HOOD DESIGN
The concept of air movement induction from the surroundings takes place when a falling
material steam enters an enclosed space. This concept is used to find the exhaust volume in material
handling and processing plants for transfer point operation taking place in an enclosed space. The
theory of air induction is well developed for estimating exhaust flow rate through hoods for a number
of enclosed material flow rates through hoods for a number of enclosed material handling transfer
point operations. The rate of induced air flow depends upon the material flow rate, height of free fall
and size of falling particles. It is also influenced by the chute cross section and the open area through
which the induced air enters the enclosure. The effect of air induction will be reduced if the open
190
area is large. A high pressure zone will be created at the enclosure bottom when the falling material
hits the base of the enclosure. As a result dust particles would escape through the leakage area
around the impact zone. Hence, for effective control of dust emission, the net air volume flowing due
to induction should also include an additional component of air volume that provides the necessary
velocity for the capture of dust particles over the leakage area in material impact zone of the
enclosure. It is generally agreed that the there is no best method for finding exhaust flow rate for
hoods. In conveyor to conveyor discharge operations the component associated with capture velocity
is much larger than the induced air component because of presence of large openings. The net air
volume for exhaust ventilation consist of two components-
• Air flow to capture fugitive dust
• Induced air flow from surroundings
The exhaust air entering the hoods are estimated from given standards and practicing norms
that takes into account both the induced air and captured air components. The proposed model for
ventilation floe rate for material transfer from conveyor to conveyor/crusher/screen in an enclosure is
given by the following relations:
Qc = f(Al, Vc) and Qi = f(Vi , Qbs , Acs, dp, c )
Table 2. Exhaust flow rate through hood

Section Flow Rate Duct Diameter Velocity Length of Flow Reynolds No.
(m3/hr.) (mm) (m/sec.) Straight Duct
(m)
P-3 120960 1360 23 3.53 1646315.789
1-3 72997.2 1055 23 4.7 1277105.26
2-3 72997.2 1055 23 4.7 1277105.26
3-7 266954.4 2025 23 2.3 2451315.79
4-6 8685 360 23 8.7 435789.4737
5-6 75989.08 1075 23 3.2 1301315.79
6-7 84674.088 1140 23 3.2 1380000
7-10 351628.488 1160 23 2.5 1404210.526
8-10 3947.1 245 23 1.5 296578.9474
9-10 3947.1 245 23 2.2 296578.9474
10-11 359522.688 1160 23 1404210.526
11-12 359522.688 3250 12 2052631.579
12-13 359522.688 3250 12 2.2 2052631.579
Fan 359522.688 3250 12 2052631.579
Stack 359522.688 3250 12 5.0 2052631.579
191
5.1 Critical analysis of hood design

A critical analysis of induced air and velocity assists in proper location of hoods. If Qi is
greater than Qc, the hood must be located some distance away from the point of material impact to
prevent the capture of coarse dust particles. For larger value of Qc, the hood must be located close to
the source. Hood locations for enclosed transfer point operations of materials are shown in Figure 3.
The air velocity at the face of hood for all enclosed transfer point operation must be in the range of 2
to 5 m/s. The hood dimensions will have to be selected on the basis of hood face velocity of the
ventilated air and the available space of the casing on that it has to be installed. The following points
may be noted for location and design of hood for conveyor to conveyor discharge. If Qi is greater
than Qc, the hood must be located some distance away from the point of material impact to prevent
the capture of coarse dust particles. For a larger value of Qc the hood must be located close to the
source.
Fig. 3 HOOD LOCATION
In Figure 3.2, no hood has been provided at X but the hood at Y is nearer to the point of
material impact than in Figure. The hood at Y has been designed to capture the net ventilated air due
to induction and capture velocity. A hood has been provided at X in Figure and to provide a path for
the flow of ventilated air associated with capture velocity through the skirt seal gap. Hood at Y
collects the induced air and air flow associated with the moving material load. No hood will be
required at X if the ventilated air component associated with capture velocity for the skirt seal gap is
very low. It must always be tried to have a minimum number of hoods. A good skirt seal should be
192
provided to eliminate the hood at X. Usually; no hood is required at Z. However, a hood will have to
be provided at Z, if there is a perfect sealing at the impact zone of material in the downstream. The
hood in this case must be designed to handle the ventilated air associated with induction.
Thus, it is essential to redesign and relocate the hoods.
Fig 4. Revised Design of Dust Extraction System
Fig 5. Schematic Line Diagram for Dust Extraction System
193
Table 3. Flow rate for revised duct network

Section Flow Duct Velocity Length Elbows Branch Hoods and Flow
Rate Diameter (m/sec) of Angle Entry Connecting Reynolds No.
(m3/hr) (mm) Straight Number Pieces
Duct (Degree)
(mm)
1-3 72997.2 1055 23 4 90 3 Hood at 1 1.277x106

2-3 72997.2 1055 23 6 90 1 Hood at 2 1.277x106
60 1 30
3-5 14599.4 1499 23 2.3 2.45x106

E-E L= 575mm
F-F L= 800mm
4-5 8920.30 365 23 8 90 1 30 Hood at 4 4.418x106
60 1
5-7 275874.7 2055 23 2.1 2.487x106
G-G L=900mm
6-7 75989.08 1075 23 8.5 90 1 30 Hood at 6 1.301x106
60 1
7-8 351863.7 2325 23 2.7 Multicyclone 2.814x106
Inlet Piece
8-9 Multicyclone
9-10 351863.7 3220 12 2.2 90 2 Connecting 2.033x106

pieces at
multi cyclone
outlet and fan
inlet
10-11 351863.7 Fan
11-12 351863.7 3220 12 2.2 Fan outlet 2.033x106
connecting
piece
12-13 351863.7 3220 12 Stack 2.033x106
6. DUCT DESIGN
Many graphs and empirical relations for friction losses in straight ducts are available in
standard design manuals. However, most of them are used for new or clean ducts. The manufacturers
have their own proprietary standards and graphs for estimation of pressure drop but these are not
easily available for friction factor over the range of feasible operating conditions.
The turbulent or laminar nature of flow in duct is given by Reynolds number which is
expressed as-
Red = ( a/µ a)Vdd = aVdd
The air velocity in the duct must be equal to the transport velocity to move the dust particles
without settling. The norms for transport velocity in duct for coal dust are given as (Russian Norms
1996),
194
• For horizontal ducts and ducts aligned at less than 60o Vd>18 and 20<Vd (m/s) 25.
• For vertical ducts and duct with inclination greater than 60o transport velocity condition is
given by 10< Vd<18.
• For duct after the dust collector Vd >10 preferably between 14 to15 m/s.
• Duct diameter less than 100 mm should be avoided to prevent dust build up and duct
plugging.
• The transport velocity should be preferably uniform in the entire duct network.
The fluid flow is associated with two types of pressure namely Static Pressure (Ps) and
Dynamic or Velocity Pressure (Pg). Total pressure is the algebraic sum of Static Pressure (Ps) and
Dynamic or Velocity Pressure (Pg). Fluid flow through duct encounters resistance to flow from
friction and turbulence Friction loss takes place due to the shear forces between (i) fluid particles
resulting from the viscosity of the fluid and (ii) fluid particles and the boundary walls of the pipe.
Dynamic loss occurs due to fluid turbulence from changes in flow direction or variations. It is always
exerted in the direction of fluid flow and is expressed by the following equation,
Total pressure PT is algebraic sum of static pressure and velocity pressure.
7. FRICTION LOSS IN DUCT
Pressure drop due to friction in a duct is given by well-known Darcy Weisbach equation
which is given by,
Friction loss in a duct of length ld is given by,
7.1 Dynamic pressure loss

The co-efficient of dynamic resistance is used to find the dynamic pressure loss due to
turbulence or local resistance in duct accessories and fittings.
7.2 Total pressure loss
195
8. BALANCING
There are two common approaches for computing the pressure drop in a duct network. In the
first approach pressure drop of fittings expressed in terms of dynamic pressure is computed with the
help of standard tables and graph and added to the pressure drop of straight duct and in the latter
approach equivalent length of fittings is computed and added to the length of straight duct to find the
total pressure.
• Blast gate adjustment (by use of dampers, valves, diaphragms, venturis, etc)
• Balanced system design (by proper design of duct diameter)
8.1 Balancing by system Design

A balanced system in any two branches at a junction may be obtained when (i) static and
dynamic pressure as well as total pressure are balanced or (ii) both the branches have the same
pressure losses (frictional and turbulence). It can easily show that the two approaches of balancing
are not different i.e. when Ps, Pg and are balanced P is also balanced. According to the first
approach, the flow at junction 3 will be in balance when any one of the following condition is
satisfied:
Therefore,
The junction at point 7 will be in balance when the following condition is met:
The duct diameter of the section having a lower pressure drop is reduced if the pressure. The
duct diameter of the section having a lower pressure drop is reduced if the pressure. By trial and
error and repetitive calculation a diameter can be chosen for that the difference in pressure is less
than 5%. Balanced flow may be obtained by increasing the exhaust air flow rate in the section of
lower pressure drop if the pressure differences of the two branches are less than 20%.
8.2 Balancing with Dampers

In this approach no attempt is made to balance the pressure resistance. At each section branch
flow is added to the main flow path and duct is sized to maintain the required transport velocity. The
balance is achieved by using pressure regulating devices, blast gates and dampers.
196
Table 4. Balance by design

Pressure Loss(N/mm2)
Length of Straight Duct
Local Loss Coefficient

Duct Diameter (mm)
Governing pressure
Flow Rate (m3/hr.)
Remarks
Turbulence
Friction
(N/mm2)
Velocity
Section
Branch
Total
Entry
1-3 72997.2 1055 23 4 90 3 0.88 5.269 236.12 241.38 241.38
2-3 72997.2 1055 23 6 90 1 30 0.88 4.36 236 240.36 241.38
60 1
The flow is balanced at junction 3.
3-5 14599.4 1499 23 2.3 19.92 19.92 770.7
1-3-5 261.3 770.7 Use

Damper
in 1-3
4-5 8920.30 365 23 8 90 1 30 0.462 2.87 767.83 770.7 770.7
60 1
Reduce the diameter of section 1-3 & 2-3 and recheck for balance. Section 1-3, 2-3 is balanced at flow rate 72997.2 m3/hr & duct
dia is 775 mm.
The flow is balanced at junction 5.
2-3 75025.97 775 42.9 6 90 1 30 0.73 26 683 709 770 2-3

8
5-7 277903.47 2055 23 2.1 19.5 19.5 790.2
4-5-7 790.2 790.2
6-7 78018.55 1075 23 8.5 90 1 30 0.89 4.26 243.69 247.9 790.5
60 1
Reduce the diameter of section 6-7 and recheck for balance. Section 5-7 is balanced at flow rate 78018.55 m3/hr & duct dia is
1075 mm
The flow is balanced at section 6-7
7-8 357453.43 2325 0.214 16.73 60 76.63 790.2 Use

Damper
in 6-7
4-5-7-8 866.6
8-9 357453.43 Multicyclone 1000 1866.6 Vendor’s
data
9-10 357453.43 3220 12.5 2.2 90 2 0.166 1.68 16.30 17.98 1884.58
Fan 357453.43 Fan 196 2080.58 Fan loss
is 10% of
total loss
11-12- 357453.43 3220 12 2.2 1.25 1.68 91.21 92.89 2173.47
13
197
Table 5. Balance by dampers

Pressure Loss(N/mm2)
Length of Straight Duct

(mm)
Local Loss Coefficient

Flow Rate (m3/hr)
pressure(N/m2)
Governing
Remarks
Velocity
Turbulence
Section
Branch
Duct Diameter
Entry
Friction
Total
1-3 72997.2 1055 23 4 90 3 0.88 5.269 236.12 241.38 241.38
2-3 72997.2 1055 23 6 90 1 30 0.88 4.36 236 240.37 241.38 Use
Damper
in 2-3
60 1
3-5 14599.4 1499 23 2.3 19.92 19.92 770.7
1-3-5 261.3 770.7 Use
Damper
in 1-3
4-5 8920.30 365 23 8 90 1 30 0.4622 2.87 767.83 770.7 770.7
60 1
5-7 275874.7 2055 23 2.1 19.5 19.5 790.2
4-5-7 790.2 790.2
6-7 75989.08 1075 23 8.5 90 1 30 0.89 4.26 243.69 247.95 790.2
60 1
7-8 351863.7 0.214 16.73 57.45 74.18 847.65 Use
Damper
in 6-7
4-5-7- 847.65 847.65
8
8-9 351863.7 1000 1847.65 Vendor’s
data
9-10 351863.7 0.1668 1.68 16.30 17.98 1865.63
Fan 351863.7 Fan 196 2062.51 Fan loss
is 10% of
total loss
11-12- 351863.7 3220 12 2.2 1.25 1.68 91.21 92.89 2155.40
13
9.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS
The mining industry is not generally regarded as a high technology sector. Nonetheless many
developments in advanced technology are revolutionizing mining by improving process efficiency
and capacity to achieve and sustain best practice environmental management. The traditional method
of design was not taken into consideration as the actual process and physical reality and most
empirical models lack sound theoretical basis. In many instances the traditional method of design
results in faulty system which includes additional cost and maintenance problems. This work results
saving towards maintenance and installation of dust extraction system. A number of standards are
available for pressure loss in duct fittings. Pressure loss can be obtained from complex multivariable
tables and charts. There are wide discrepancies in the results obtained from different sources. In this
work pressure loss coefficients for different fittings are presented in the form of mathematical
relations to facilitate easy computation for balanced flow design. Different approaches for balanced
flow is examined and it is found that there is no difference in the methods of balancing a duct
network.
198
Notations
Acs - cross sectional area of the chute, m2
Al - cross sectional area through that the dust escapes into the surroundings after
the material impact on the receiving system, m2
d - duct diameter, m
dp - particle mean diameter, m
ld - total length of the duct, m
Pg - dynamic pressure, N/m2
Pg1-3 - dynamic pressure in section 1-3 of the duct and so on, N/m2
PS1-3 - static pressure in section 1-3 of the duct and so on, N/m2
PS - static pressure, N/m2
Qbs - volumetric flow rate of the bulk solids being handled, m3/s
Qi - volumetric flow rate of air due to induction, m3 /s
Q1-3 - volumetric flow rate of air in the section 1-3 and so on
Qa - volumetric flow rate of air, m3 /s
Red - Reynold's number for fluid flow in duct, dimensionless
R1-3 - resistance to flow in the section 1-3 and so on
RS - total resistance to the flow, N s2 m-8
Rf - frictional resistant, N s2 m-8
Rt - turbulence resistant, N s2 m-8
Vc - capture velocity required to prevent the dust from escaping though the
leakage area Al of the material impact zone, m/s
VD - velocity of air in duct, m/s
Vi - mean velocity of the individual lump of falling stream of bulk solids at the
impact point, m/s
Pf - pressure drop due to friction per unit length, N/m2/m
PF - total pressure drop due to friction, N/m2
PT - total pressure loss,N/m2
P1-3 - pressure drop in section 1-3 of the duct and so on, N/m2
F - overall efficiency of fan
c - slope of chute, degree
µa - dynamic viscosity of air, kg/ms
a - kinematic viscosity of air, m2/s
a - air density, kg/m3
p - particle density, kg/m3
- local loss coefficient
REFERENCES
[1] Tsuji. Katsuhiko, H. Taro, S. Masaru,”Required Exhaust Volume for Lateral Hood” 1978.
[2] Moody. Jakhete.R,”Dust control hand book”, Noves data corporation, New Jersey, 1989.
[3] War Hurst. A, Bridge G,” Improving Environmental Performance through Innovation: Recent
Trends in Mining Industry”, Elsevier, vol. No. 9, pp. 907-921, 1996.
[4] Ullman A, Dayan A, “Exhaust Volume model for dust emission control of belt conveyor
transfer points”, Powder Technology, vol.96, pp. 139-147, 1998.
[5] Witt. P.J, Carey, K.G, Nguyen, T.V,”Prediction of dust loss from conveyor using
computational fluid dynamics”, Elsevier, vol. 26, pp. 297-309, 2002.
199
[6] “10 key steps for comparing dust extraction system”, SHAPA TECHNICAL BULLETIN, no.
6, pp. 1-13, 2002.
[7] Hilson. G, “Defining clear production and pollution prevention in the mining context”
Elsevier, vol. 16, pp. 305-321, 2003.
[8] Kissell, N. Fred, “Hand book for Dust Control in Mining”, NIOSH Publication, 143, 2003.
[9] Dwivedi, R., Sinha, A.N., “Design and analysis of dust extraction system”, bulk solid
handling, vol. 6:3, pp. 131-143, 2006.
[10] Silvester .S, Lowndes. I, Kingman. S,” Improved dust capture methods for crushing plant”,
Elsevier, vol. 31, pp. 311-331, 2007
[11] Countess, R. J, Cowherd, C,”Development of a fugitive dust handbook”, 1134.
[12] Goodfellow.H, Smith. Industrial Ventilation, pp 14.1-14.15.
[13] Norm 4.1,”Dust control strategies”, vol.4.1, Chamber of mineral and energy, 2010.
[14] Ramesh Chandra Mohapatra, Antaryami Mishra and Bibhuti Bhushan Choudhury,
“Investigations on Tensile and Flexural Strength of Wood Dust and Glass Fibre Filled Epoxy
Hybrid Composites”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology
(IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 180 - 187, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online:
0976 – 6359.
[15] Dr.N.G.Narve and Dr.N.K.Sane, “Experimental Investigation of Laminar Mixed Convection
Heat Transfer in the Entrance Region of Rectangular Duct”, International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 127 - 133,
ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.
[16] Anup Kumar and Anil Kumar Mishra, “A CFD Investigation and Pressure Correlation of
Solar Air Heater”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET),
Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 401 - 417, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.
200

Pressure Balancing of Duct For Duct Extr

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Pressure Balancing of Duct For Duct Extr

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pressure Balancing of Duct For Duct Extr

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

International

INTERNATIONAL Journal of Mechanical

ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print)

PRESSURE BALANCING OF DUCT FOR DUCT EXTRACTION SYSTEM

Anil Kumar Mishra*, Anup Kumar**

One consequence of high degree of mechanization of recent mining techniques is production

i. Breaking of ore by impact, crushing, blasting and grinding.

2.0 DUST EXTRACTION SYSTEM

i. Capture of contaminant by hood at transfer points

ii. Transport of contaminated air through the duct network

iii. Separation of dust in dust collector i.e. cyclone

iv. Exhaust of clean air through stack.

Fig. 1 Dust Extraction System

The four major components of a dust extraction system:-

3.0 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Fig. 2 Dust Extraction System for Crusher House of Iron Ore

The conveyor and crusher specifications are given in table as follows:

Table 1. Technical Specifications of conveyor belt and crusher

• Air flow to capture fugitive dust

• Induced air flow from surroundings

Qc = f(Al, Vc) and Qi = f(Vi , Qbs , Acs, dp, c )

Table 2. Exhaust flow rate through hood

5.1 Critical analysis of hood design

Fig. 3 HOOD LOCATION

Fig 4. Revised Design of Dust Extraction System

Fig 5. Schematic Line Diagram for Dust Extraction System

Table 3. Flow rate for revised duct network

1-3 72997.2 1055 23 4 90 3 Hood at 1 1.277x106

3-5 14599.4 1499 23 2.3 2.45x106

9-10 351863.7 3220 12 2.2 90 2 Connecting 2.033x106

Total pressure PT is algebraic sum of static pressure and velocity pressure.

7. FRICTION LOSS IN DUCT

Friction loss in a duct of length ld is given by,

7.1 Dynamic pressure loss

7.2 Total pressure loss

8.1 Balancing by system Design

8.2 Balancing with Dampers

Table 4. Balance by design

Length of Straight Duct

Local Loss Coefficient

2-3 72997.2 1055 23 6 90 1 30 0.88 4.36 236 240.36 241.38

The flow is balanced at junction 3.

3-5 14599.4 1499 23 2.3 19.92 19.92 770.7

1-3-5 261.3 770.7 Use

2-3 75025.97 775 42.9 6 90 1 30 0.73 26 683 709 770 2-3

7-8 357453.43 2325 0.214 16.73 60 76.63 790.2 Use

Table 5. Balance by dampers

Length of Straight Duct

Local Loss Coefficient

9.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS

You might also like