Amhara Education Bureau

Curriculum Development and Implementation Directorate

Physics note and worksheet for Grade – 9

July, 2012 E.C

Bahir Dar

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Physics note and worksheet for Grade 9
Unit 5 : simple machine:
Simple machine: refers to a machine that is well simple! That means
 A device that only requires a single force to do work.
 A device for doing work that has only one part.
 A device that uses a single effort to do work against a single load force
Type of simple machine: There are six different type of simple machine
(1) Inclined plane (2) wedge (3) screw (7)
gear
(4) Lever (5) pulley (6) wheel and axel
EFFORT (E) : is the force applied to a machine.
LOAD (L) : is force applied on a machine.
Work input (w in): work done by effort w in =effort × distance moved by effort.
Work out put (w out): work done by a machine w out = load × distance moved by load
(a) Force multiplier machine: load is greater than the effort OR ( SL<SE)
(b) Speed multiplier machines: load is smaller than effort OR (SL>SE)
(c) Direction changer machines: load is moved in different direction to effort.
ACTUAL mechanical Advantage (AMA) ; is a ratio of load and effort taking into energy
losses due to friction. Mechanical advantage = load/effort MA = L/E
IDEAL mechanical Advantage (IMA): is the ratio of load and effort, assuming no energy
losses due to friction.
Velocity Ratio: is the ratio b/n the distance moved by the effort and distance moved by load.
Velocity ratio = distance moved by effort/ distance moved by load VR = SE/SL, both MA and
VR are unit less.
Efficiency (ἠ) of a machine: is a ratio b/n work output and work input. ἠ = w out/win OR ἠ=
MA/VR.
(1) Inclined plane (ramp) : used for to raise objects easily. (a) When there is no friction E
=mgsinθ and L = mg, MA = mg/mgsinθ = 1/ sin θ
VR = SE/SL = l/h =1/sinθ
(b) When there is friction: E =mgsinθ + f and L =mg MA =mg/mgsinθ+f
VR = l/h = 1/ sinθ and f =µFn; Fn =mgcosθ and ἠ= mgh/ (mgsinθ + f) l

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 (2) WEDGE: is piece of material such as metal or wood thick at one edge and tapered to a
thin edge at the other.
MA = L/E; VR = SE/SL = L/t ἠ= MA/VR = Lt/ EL
(3) Screw: is a cylindrical of material with a helical thread around it.
IMA = πd/P where πd circumference of screw and P is pitch of screw.
(4) LEVER: is a rigid bar which is free to turn about a fixed pivot point called fulcrum.
MA =L/E VR= dE/dL ἠ= AMA/VR
Different classes of lever: depending on the relative position of the load, fulcrum and effort.
1st class: fulcrum is between the load and effort. Example: craw bar, craw hammer, scissor…..
2nd class: load is between the effort and fulcrum.
3rd class: effort is between load and fulcrum. Example: tong, fishing rod, spade..
(5) GEARS: is notched wheel that can transmit turning effect by meshing with another
notched wheel.
VR = Number of teeth on driven gear/ Number of teeth on driving gear
(6) Wheel and axel : is the large wheel secured to a smaller wheel called axle.
MA = L/E AND VA =dE/dL But de= 2πr; dL= 2πr VR =R/r
(7) Pulley system: is a wheel with a grooved rim over which a rope or a chain is passed.
 There are different kind of pulley mostly( fixed ,moveable, compound)
(a) Fixed pulley: has a fixed axel with a rope passing over the top.
 Is a direction changer only and has velocity ratio (VR=1).
(b) Moveable pulley: has an axel that is free to move up and down .
 Has a velocity ratio of 2. VR =2
(c) Compound pulley: is a combination of fixed and moveable pulleys also called block and
tackle. VR is simple count number of ropes.
Complex Machine: is a device where two or more simple machine is combined to make
a single mechanism. Example bicycle, differential pulley, jackscrew etc…
Differential Pulley: is a pulley with combination of wheel and axel. Used for extremely large
mass with short distance. MA= L/E =W/F and VR = 2πR/π(R-r) = 2R/R-r.
Jack and screw : is a screw in combination with lever. Used to lift cars.
MA =L/E =W/F and VR =dE/dL =2πR/P
Work sheet on simple machine :
I. Choose the best answer of the given alternative.
1) Which of the following is not true about simple machine?

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 a) Machines cannot multiply both force and speed at same time.
b) No machine can create energy.
c) To do work, a machine must receive energy from some source, and the maximum
work it does cannot exceed the energy it receive.
2) A system of pulleys is used to raise a load of 1000N.what is the effort of 400N moves
through a distance of 10m, the load raise through 2m ; what is AMA?
a) 4 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.5 (d) 2
 A 100kg block is pulled up a inclined plane at angle of 30 o with uniform speed. The
coefficient of friction between the block and the surface 0.575. Answer question from 3-
5?
(3) What is the IMA of the inclined plane
(a) 1 (b) 2 c) 0.5 (d) 4
(4) What is AMA of inclined plane?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(5) What is the efficiency of the inclined plane?
(a) 100% (b) 60% (c) 70% (d) 50%
(6) A jack and screw has a lever arm of 40cm pitch of 5mm.If the efficiency is 30%, what is
the force F required to lift a load W = 2700N.
(a) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (d) 20
(7) A 7cm thick and 15cm long wedge is used to piece an object 2m long with diameter
20cm .What is VR of the wedge?
a) 10 (b) 2.14 (C) 0.1 (d) 0.47
(8) What is the purpose of an inclined plane?
a) Multiplying force (c) Multiplying energy
b) Multiplying distance (d) Multiplying speed
(9) What do you mean when we say a certain machine is 98% efficiency?
(a) The machine wastes 2 joules of an input energy.
(b) The machine wastes 2 percent of an input energy.
(c) The machine multiplying an input force by a factor of 98.
(d) The machine multiplying energy by factor of 98.
(10) On 1.5m long 2nd class lever, a load of 450N is placed 0.5m away from the
fulcrum. How large the velocity ratio of the lever?
(a) 0.5 (b) 2 (c) 0.33 (d) 3

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 (11) A pair of gear wheels, the number of teeth on the gear A is 32 and on B is 16.
Which statement is correct if B is driving gear?
a) The load is greater than the effort and A rotates slower than B.
b) The load is less than the effort A and rotates faster than B.
c) The load is less than the effort A and rotates slower than B.
d) The load is greater than the effort A and rotates faster than B.
(12) If the pulley system is friction less, the machine is:
(a) Force multiplier (b) speed multiplier
(c) Both speed and force multiplier (d) neither speed nor force multiplier
(13) A block is sliding down on a surface inclined at angle θ. If coefficient of friction is µ.
What is the MA of the plane?
(a) 1/cosθ (b) 1/sinθ (c) 1/sinθ+µcosθ (d) 1/µcosθ
II. Work out the following questions
(14) A 70% of efficient machine lift a 10 kg mass at a constant speed of 5m/s. What is
the required input power?
(15) A block of a weight 5000N is pushed up slope by force of 500N.Assume that
there is no friction. What will be (A) MA (B) VR (c) ἠ
(16) A wheel and axel is used to lift bucket of water out of the well. The radius of
wheel and axel are 20cm and 4cm respectively. Determine (a) VR (b) the theoretical
effort needed to lift a load of 30 N assumes no energy loss. (c) The efficiency of the
actual effort required is 10N.
Unit 6 : Fluid stastics

FLUID: Are substance that can flow. Gas and liquids are fluids. The study of fluid at rest is
called fluid stastics.

Pressure: the ratio of force to the contact area that is perpendicular to the force is known as
pressure. P =F/A. the SI unit is Pascal (Pa). 1Pa=1N/m2

Atmospheric pressure: is exerted by weight of air at any point on the earth surface.

1atm=101 kpa=1.01×105 pa.; altitude is affect atmospheric pressure.

Density: mass of substance divided by its volume.

Relative Velocity: is density of substance relative to water. Has no unit.

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Pressure and Depth: pressure at a depth (h) and fluid density is given by:

P= ƿgh

Pascal’s principle: “the pressure applied to a closed fluid is transmitted to every part of fluid, as
well as to the walls of container without reducing in values”.

We have; F1/A1 = F2/A2 is called Pascal’s principle.

Absolute, Atmospheric and Gauge pressure :

 Atmospheric pressure (Patm): is the pressure of surrounding air when measured surface
of earth. Depend on temperature and altitude.
 Gauge pressure (Pg): is pressure exerted by fluid. Without include atmospheric pressure.

Calculated as; Pg= Ps – Patm.

Manometer: is a simple instrument often used to measure the pressure of a gas supply. It
comprise a U shaped tube open of gas supply.

Pressure of gas = atmospheric pressure + pressure due to liquid.

Pressure of gas =Patm + ƿghbc

Force in Fluid;
 Buoyant force: is a force from the water which pushes a body upward against
gravity.
 Apparent weight: Objects seems less heavy in water this so because the buoyant
force pushes upward against the objects weight and so the weight appears to drop
and weight of a body immersed in the liquid we call apparent weight.
 Calculated as; Apparent weight =weight – buoyant force.

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 Archimedes’s Principle
 States that any object wholly or partially immersed in fluid is buoyant force equals to the
weight of fluid displaced by the object.
 Buoyant force = the weight of displaced fluid
 The greater the volume of the liquid displaced, the greater the buoyant force.
Floatation and sinking

Law’s of flotation:

 If density of the object is greater than the density of fluid it will sink ( relative density >1)
 If the density of the object less than the density of the fluid it will float (relative density
<1).
 If the object floats then: Density of object × volume of object = density of fluid ×volume
of fluid.

Worksheet on unit 6 fluid stastics:

I. Choose the best answer

(1) A Woman weighting 600N lies on a bed of 5000 nails. What is the pressure on her
body? If each nail has an area of 1mm2?
a) 8.22N/mm2 (b) 0.12N/mm2 (c) 3N/mm2 (d) 1.2N/mm2
(2) Atmospheric pressure of the earth is about 100000Pascal near the ground, by how
much force is the atmospheric pressure against each square cm of your body?
a) 0 N b) 10N c) 100N d)1000N
(3) Atmospheric pressure increases as;
(a) Latitude degree (b) air temperature increase
(b) Air density decrease (d) altitude decrease.
(4) The easier to swim in salty sea water than in pure pool water. What is the reason for
this?
(a) The density of sea water is larger than that of the pure water
(b) The volume of the sea water is larger than that of the pure pool water.
(c) The depth of the sea water is smaller than the depth of the pool water.
(d) The density of the pure water is larger than the density of sea water.

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 (5) Suppose that body D is 3 times as denser as body E .for equal volume of D and E,
how do the mass compare?
(a) Md=Me (b) Md=1/3Me (c) Md=3Me (d) Md=1/9Me
(6) A cylindrical piston of a mass M exerts a pressure P on the gas in a container. What is
radius of the cross sectional of the piston?
(a) (m/2p)2 (b) (mg/πp)2 (c) mg/πp (d) (mg/πp)1/2
(7) The mass of the rock 9.2g and the volume is 3.35cm3. What is the density?
(a) 2.246g/cm3 (b) 2.249g/cm3 (c) 2.75g/cm3 (d) 2.8g/cm3
(8) A hydraulic car lifts make use of a principle of a hydraulic press the smaller circular
piston and large piston has a diameter of 2cm and 10cm respectively . What force
must be applied to the smaller piston to obtain a force of 200N at the large piston?
(a) 5000N (B) 500N (C) 100N (D)1000N
(9) Assume that atmospheric pressure at sea level is 105 N/m2.at what depth below the
sea level in the red sea is the total hydrostatic pressure twice the atmospheric
pressure( take g=10m/s2 , density of water=103 kg/m3).
(a) 1m (b) 10m (c) 100m (d) 1000m
(10) A block of lead has a greater density than the block of iron, and both are denser
than water. Compared to buoyant force on the block of iron, the buoyant force on the
block of lead is ;
(a) The same if they have equal volumes
(b) The same if they have equal masses
(c) Greater if they equal masses
(d) Greater if they have equal volumes.
(11) Liquid and gas are collectively called fluids because;
(a) Both can be compressed (b) both can flow

© Both have no fixed volume (d) both fill the volume their container.

Workout the following questions;

(12) A brass block with a mass of 600g and density of 9000kg/m3 is suspended from
the string. Calculate (a) the tension of string if the block is in air?
(b) What is the tension if it is completely immersed in water?

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 (13) The liquid in the u tube manometer are water and mercury. If column of the
mercury is 3cm what will be the column of water ( take density of water= 1000kg/m 3
density of mercury 13600kg/m3)
(14) A wooden block of mass 1kg is 30cm thick, half cm wide and 20 cm tall. What
will be; (a) the minimum and (b) maximum pressure the block exert on the surface?
(15) A block of lead weights 6N in the air AND 5N when immersed in the liquid what
is buoyant force?
(16) A large ocean liner floating in the sea has a volume of 400000m3 and displaced
60000m3 of sea water. Determine density and mass of the ship?

Unit 7

Temperature and heat

Temperature is the measure of the average random kinetic energy of particles or molecules with
in a substance. Temperature describes the direction of heat flow .Accurate measurement of
temperature is made with instrument known as thermometer. Celsius scale, Fahrenheit scale and
Kelvin scale are the three thermometric scales which are in general use today.

1. Explain how Nurses and Doctors measure the body temperature of their patient?

2. The body temperature of a healthy person is . Convert this temperature to

A) Kelvin and B) Fahrenheit scale.

Heat

Heat is a form of energy in flow or transit. Its SI unit is joule. Heat flows from hotter object to
colder object until both attain the same temperature by means of conduction, convection and
radiation. Expansion, change of temperature and change of state are the three effects of heat. The
quantity of heat absorbed by a substance and removed out of the substance can be calculated
using Q=mc . Where ‘m’ mass of the substance, ‘c’ the specific heat capacity of the substance
and is change in temperature of the substance. Heat transfer obeys the law of conservation of
energy if no heat is lost to the surroundings. = .

1. What is the difference between heat and temperature?

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2. A metal bar of 80 gm is warmed from to .How much heat is absorbed by the metal

bar if the specific heat capacity of this metal is 450

First law of thermodynamics

This law is the result of conservation of energy. The internal energy of a system increases when
heat is supplied to it and when work is done on it by external agent. According to this law the
increase in internal energy of the system is equal to the sum of the heat added to the system plus
the work done on the system. The above statement can be expressed by the following
mathematical equation where, (the total
sum of all potential and kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules of a substance).

Example

1) 500J of heat energy is transferred to a gas in a closed compressible cylinder at the same
time 200J of work is done on the gas by compressing it. Calculate the change in internal
energy of the gas?
Given,

2. What happens the temperature of the gas during the event? Does it decrease or increase?

Internal energy is positively correlated with temperature so, the temperature of the gas increases.

When

Second law of thermodynamics

According to this law,

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  Heat never flows from colder object to hotter object by itself naturally. In other
words unless work is done by outside agent heat always flows from objects at
higher temperature to objects at lower temperature.
 There is no perfect heat engine that convert all heat input to useful work. The
efficiency of heat engine is less than 1 or 100%
 The overall entropy in the universe never decreases. Naturally, objects in the
universe altered themselves from more ordered states to more disordered states.
Note, entropy is the measure of disorder or disarrangement.

Expansions of solids

Expansion is one of the effects of heat energy. The area, length and volume of an object may be
changed when heat is either absorbed by the body or removed from it.

Linear expansion of solids

When a solid substance is heated, its particles move further apart and hence the solid expands
(increase in size).How much the solid expand on heating depends on the nature of the object and
the amount of its change in temperature but solids that undergo cooling contract. The change in
length due to linear expansion can be calculated using, where is initial length of
the object, is coefficient of linear expansion for the solid object and is change in
temperature. , Describes characteristics of the object.

Calculate the increase in length of a 27 cm brass rod which is heated from to , if

=1.9

Surface (area) expansion of solids

The surface area of a solid object may change when the object either absorb heat energy from its
surrounding or reject the energy toward its surrounding and the change in area can be calculated
using , = .where
is change in temperature.

Show that, for a given solid material

Volume expansions of solids

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 =

Show that, for a given solid material

Expansion of gas

The volume of a gas is dictated by a number of factors like; its temperature, pressure and
numbers of moles of gas present. Their relation with each other can be shown using the ideal gas
equation: pv =nRT where , ‘T’ is temperature of gas in Kelvin scale, ‘n’ is numbers of moles of
gas and ‘R’ is universal gas constant (8.314 .

Specific heat capacity

It is the measure of the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a given substance
by one Kelvin. The specific heat capacity of an object changes when it passes from one state to
another. For example the specific heat capacity of water in liquid state, solid state (ice) and gas
state are different. It is also different for different materials related to the density and atomic
molecular arrangement of a substance. The specific heat capacity of an object can be calculated
using the following mathematical equation.

c= where ‘c’ specific heat capacity, ‘m’ is mass of the object and is change in

temperature.

Calculate the specific heat capacity of 2kg block of solid object that requires 63700J heat energy
to raise its temperature by 35k?

Heat capacity

Heat capacity is the measure of the energy required to raise the temperature of a given substance
by one Kelvin. Here, mass of substance is not considered.

Latent heat of fusion

It is the amount heat energy required to change the state of a substance from a solid to a liquid at
constant temperature.

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Latent heat of vaporization

It is the measure of the amount of heat energy required to change the state of a substance from a
liquid state to a gas state at constant temperature.

Questions

1. Which one is false about temperature?

A) Temperature can describe the direction of heat flow.

B) The temperature of an object can be measured using thermometer.

C) When the motion of molecules within an object increases its temperature also increases.

D) Temperature and heat have the same unit.

2. Which one is true about heat energy?

A) Heat is a form of energy in transit

B) Heat may flow from colder object to hotter object naturally

C) Objects can hold or posses heat energy

3) Which one is the effect of heat?

A. change of state B. expansion C. change of temperature D) all

4. during change of phase?

A. temperature is constant, B, temperature increases C) temperature decreases

5. First law of thermodynamic is the result of,

A) Conservation of mass B) conservation of momentum C) conservation of energy

Workout

6. How many joule of heat energy is required to convert 1kg ice at completely to water

at ? Heat of fusion of water is 3.3

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7. The volume of lead ball at is 100 but at it is100.85 . Calculate the linear
expansion of lid?

Unit 8

Wave motion and sound

Wave can be thought of a series of disturbances. Wave propagates from one point to other point
without giving permanent displacement to the medium as a whole. All waves transfer energy
from one place to another place.

Types of waves

1. longitudinal wave

The direction of wave propagation is along the direction of the vibrating particles of the
medium. Examples, sound wave, p-wave in earthquake, etc.

2. Transversal wave

The direction of the disturbance at each point of the medium is perpendicular to the direction
of wave motion. All electromagnetic waves are examples of transverse wave.

Terms frequently used to analyze wave motion.

Wave speed

It is the ratio of the distance travelled by the wave to the time required for the wave to
propagate the distance. Wave speed depends on the nature of the medium through which it
propagates. It doesn’t depend on wavelength and frequency even if, it is the product of the
two.

Note, the speed of vibrating medium and speed of wave are not the same.

V= but =f so, v=

Amplitude (A)

It is the maximum displacement of vibrating object from its equilibrium position.

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Wavelength

It is the distance travelled by the wave when the oscillator completes one full cycle. For
transversal wave the adjacent distance between two crests or two troughs is equal to
wavelength. But in longitudinal wave it is equal to the adjacent distance between two
compression points and two adjacent rarefaction points.

Period (T)

It is the time taken for one complete cycle of oscillations.

Frequency (f)

It is the reciprocal of period. It is the measure of the numbers of complete cycle per unit time.

f=

Mechanical vs. electromagnetic wave

Mechanical wave need material medium to propagate from one region to other region. e.g.
sound wave.

Electromagnetic wave

This wave is transversal wave and can travel through vacuum. It is generated due to the
fluctuation of electric and magnetic fields. Electric field, magnetic field and direction of
wave propagation are all perpendicular with each other. All electromagnetic waves have the
same speed in vacuum; it is near to 3 x .

Sound wave

Sound wave is mechanical wave. So, it requires material medium to propagate. The audible
range of sound is around 20Hz to20, 000Hz .Audibility of sound vary from person to person.
It is quite subjective.

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 The Speed of sound

Like other waves, the speed of sound also depends on the nature of the medium through
which it propagates. Speed of sound wave change when medium change but the speed of
sound is constant through homogeneous medium. Speed of sound through air increases as the
air gets warmer. V= , ‘V’ is speed of sound
through air. ‘T’ is temperature of air in Kelvin scale

Intensity of sound

Intensity is the measure of the energy received on each square meter of surface per second
(power delivered per unit area).Intensity decreases as the distance between the source of wave
and observer |detector increases.

Intensity=

Area is equal to 4π to sound wave which makes almost spherical shape when it propagates
through air and ‘r’ is the distance between source of sound and observer |detector.

When there is no power loss due to absorption and conversion.

Questions

1. Echoes of sound is an example of,

A. refraction B. reflection C. diffraction D. interference

2. For------- wave the direction of wave propagation and the direction of medium oscillations are
perpendicular.

A. transversal wave B. longitudinal wave

3. Sound wave is an example of,

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A), longitudinal wave

B), transversal wave

C), electromagnetic wave

4. What is the frequency of a sound of wavelength 2cm in sea water? If the velocity of sound in
sea water is 1530 A)700Hz B)8000Hz C)331Hz D) 76500Hz

5. Wave speed through a medium depends on,

A) Its frequency B) its wavelength C) the nature of the medium D)all

6. X-ray, radio wave, gamma rays are examples of,

A) Mechanical waves B) longitudinal waves C) electromagnetic waves

7. One is true about constructive interference?

A. similar waves overlap at a point when they are in phase

B. similar waves overlap or combine when they are out of phase

C. the amplitude of resultant wave is less than the individual overlapping waves

Workout

8. The intensity of a sound is measured 3 meter from its source and it found to be 4 calculate

the intensity received at,

a) 1 meter from the source of sound.

b) 6meter from the source of sound

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Answer key,
7. B WORK OUT
Unit 5-Choose 8. A
14. M=100 sinθ=0.5 µk=0.575
(1) C 9. B
MA=mg/mgsinθ+µkmgcosθ =1000/997.96 =1
(2) B 10. D
15. ἠ=po/pi pi=po/ἠ = mgv/0.7 =500/0.7=
(3) B 11. A
714watt
(4) A 12. A
16. (a) VR= R/r =20/4=5
(5) D 13. C
(b) MA= L/E= 30/10=3
(6) B © ἠ=MA/VR =3/5=0.6 or 60%

Unit 6-Choose
7. C
(1) B
8. D
(2) B
9. B
(3) D
10. A
(4) A
11. B
(5) C
(6) D

WORK OUT

(7) T=mg =(0.6)10=6N

When immersed T+Fb-mg=0
T=mg-Fb =mg-ƿwvg
=(0.6)(10)-(1000)(0.5/9×103)(10)
= 6-0.555 = 5.444N
(8) Ƿatm +ƿwghw= ƿatm+ƿHgghHg
=ƿwghw =ƿHggHg
=hw= (13600)(3)/1000= 40.8m
(9) (a) P=mg/A = (1)(10)/(0.3)(0.2)= 166.6 pa minimum pressure
(b) P=mg/A = (1) (10)/(0.2(0.1) = 500N pa maximum pressure

(15) Fb =Wair-Wwater =6N-5N = 1N

(16) ƿsvs = ƿwvw , ƿs= vw(ƿw) /vs =60000(1000)/400000 =600kg/m3

=ms =ƿsvs = (400000)(600)= 2.4×108 kg

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Unit 7

1) D 7)2.83x

2) A

3) D

4) A

5) C

6) 3.3

Unit 8
1) B 6) C
2) A 7) A
3) A 8a) 36

4) D 8b) 1

5) C

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