Columns

MODULE - 5: LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS AND FOOTING
Friday, November 09, 2001 8:08:24 AM

Analysis and Design of short axially loaded R C columns, Design
of columns with uniaxial moment and biaxial moment. Design of Rectangular
and square footings with axial load and also for axial load and moment.
10 Hours L2 and L4 (Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy, RBT level)
COLUMNS
A column is defined as a structural member subjected to compressive force in
a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. As per IS 456 -2000, the columns or struts
are defined as the compression members, the effective length of which exceeds
three times the lateral dimension. When the effective length of a compression
member does not exceed three times the least lateral dimensions, then such
compression members is called as pedestal.
A R. C. column composes of concrete, longitudinal reinforcement and
transverse steel.
a) Concrete: Concrete being very strong in compression should not,
theoretically, need any reinforcement. But the stresses in steel are much
more than that of concrete. Its combination with concrete helps in reducing
the size of the column. Further, if a column is subjected to a moment, tension
may develop on some face which can be resisted by steel because column is
very week in tension. Even the tension in column can develop due to
transverse loads, or eccentric loads. Since the column can be subjected on
any face, the reinforcement is required to be provided along the length of the
column on all faces. This forms the longitudinal steel. The longitudinal
reinforcement is likely to buckle or there exists the possibility of splitting
concrete due to development of transverse tension. These actions are
prevented by provision of transverse reinforcement consisting of lateral ties or
closely spaced spirals.
b) Longitudinal Reinforcement:
The functions served by longitudinal reinforcement are as under:
(i) To resist the concrete in resisting compression jointly, so as to reduce
the overall size of column.
(ii) To resist any tension that may develop due to bending caused by the
transverse load, eccentric loads or moments.
(iii) To reduce the effect of creep and shrinkage. Creep and shrinkage
tend to increase the longitudinal steel stress and reduce the concrete
stress.
(iv) To impart ductility to the column to prevent sudden failure.
Longitudinal reinforcement (Cl: 26.5.3.1, P – 48)

a) The cross – sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than
0.8 percent nor more than 6 percent of the gross cross sectional area of the
columns.
Note: The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve practical difficulties in placing
and compacting of concrete; hence lower percentage is recommended. Where
bars from the columns below have to be lapped with those in the column
G.Ravindra Kumar, Associate Prof, CED, Government Engg College, Chamarajanagar Page 1 of 66
wwq under consideration, the

percentage of steel shall usually not exceed 4 percent.
b) In any column that has a larger

cross sectional area than that Dia of bar not less than 12mm
required to support the load, Cover
minimum percentage of steel shall
be based upon the area of concrete
required to resist the direct stress D
and not upon the actual area.
D
c) The minimum number of

longitudinal bars provided in a
column shall be four in rectangular b
columns and six in circular columns. PLAN of square
Column b
d) The bars shall not be less than 12 PLAN of
mm in diameter. Rectangular
Column
e) A reinforced concrete column having helical

Core dia (Dc)
reinforcement shall have at least 6 bars of
longitudinal reinforcement within the helical
reinforcement.
Clear cover
f) In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars

shall be in contact with the helical reinforcement and
equidistant around its inner circumference.
g) Spacing of longitudinal bars

measured along the periphery
of the column shall not exceed
300mm.
h) In case of pedestal in which

the longitudinal reinforcement
S
is not taken in account in
strength calculations, nominal
longitudinal reinforcement not
less than 0.15 percent of cross
– sectional area shall be
provided.
dh
Note: Pedestal is a compression member, the effective length of which does not
exceed three times the least lateral dimension.
c) Transverse reinforcement:
The transverse steel is in the form of ties or
closely spaced spirals. The functions served by
the transverse reinforcement are given below:
(i) To prevent buckling of longitudinal steel
(ii) To prevent longitudinal splitting of
concrete
(iii) To resist diagonal tension due to
transverse shear.
(iv) To confine the concrete
(v) To hold the longitudinal reinforcement in
position.
Longitudinal rft
Lateral Tie
Concrete confined
Buckling of Long rft Long splitting arrested Diagonal tension restrained
prevented
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH OF A COMPRESSION MEMBER (Cl : 25.1.3, P -42)
IS: 456-1978 defines the unsupported length, l of a compression member. It
shall be taken as the clear distance between and restraint except the following :
IS: 456-1978 defines the unsupported length for flat slab construction, beam
and slab construction, columns restrained laterally by struts and for columns
restrained laterally by struts or beams separately.
(a) Flat slab construction. The unsupported length, l shall be clear

distance between the floor and the lower extremity of the capital,
the drop panel or slab (whichever is less) as shown in Fig.
L L L
b) Beam and slab construction: The

unsupported length, l shall be the clear
distance between the floor and the underside L
of the shallower beam framing into the
columns in each direction at the next higher
floor level as show in Fig.
c) Columns restrained laterally by struts: The

unsupported length shall be the clear distance between
consecutive struts in each vertical plane, provided that be an
adequate support, two such struts shall meet the columns at
L1
approximately the same level and the angle between vertical
planes through the struts shall not vary more than 30o from a
right angle as shown in Fig. Such struts shall be of adequate
dimensions and shall have sufficient anchorage to restrain the L2
member against lateral deflection.
(d) Columns restrained laterally by struts or

beams with brackets used at the junction. The
unsupported length, l shall be the clear distance between Bracket
the floor and the lower edge of the bracket, provided that
the bracket width equals that of the beam or strut and is
at least half that of the column as shown in Fig. L
Assumption made in the limit state of collapse in compression (P-70)

39.1 Assumptions
In addition to the assumptions given in 38.1 (a) to 38.1 (e) for flexure,
the following shall be assumed:
Cl: 38.1, P - 69
a. Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
b. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken
as 0.0035 in bending.
c. The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and
the strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or
any other shape, which results in prediction of strength in substantial
agreement with the results of test. An acceptable stress- strain curve is given
in fig 21. For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the
structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The
partial safety factor  m = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this.
Note: For the stress strain curve in fig 21 the design stress block parameters
are as follows
Area of stress block  0.36f ck x u

Depth of centre of compressive force
from the extreme fibre in compression  0.42 x u
d. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
e. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress –
strain curve for the type of steel used. Typical curves are given in fig 23. For
design purposes the partial safety factor  m , equal to 1.15 shall be applied.
Cl:39.1, P - 70
a) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken
as 0.002.
b) The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fibre in
concrete subjected to axial compression and bending and when there is
no tension on the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at
the least compressed extreme fibre.
Short Column Cl: 25.1.2, P – 41 and 42)
Minor
L ex L ey Axis
 12 OR  12
D b
Where, Major Axis
L ex  Effective length in respect of the major axis(X-X)
D
D = Depth in cross section at right angles to the major
axis.
L ey  Effective length in respect to minor axis(Y-Y)
b = Width of the member, at right angles to the minor b
axis.
When a short reinforced column is loaded with gradually increasing axial load
in compression, the column fails by crushing of concrete and yielding of the
reinforcement because the concrete and steel are
stressed to their maximum carrying capacity Y
simultaneously. The ultimate load for a short column X

is controlled only by the strength of materials and X
the dimensions of the cross-section.

Y
Long column or slender column
L ex L ey
If  12 &  12 Lex
D b
L ex L ey Long Column /
Ley
 12 &  12
D b Slender column
L ex L ey
 12 &  12
D b
In case of slender column, buckling effect give rise
to additional moments, which are required to be taken into account.
The columns and the compression members are treated as slender (viz.
long) when either (Lex/D) or (Ley/b) or both the slenderness ratios are more than
12. In the slender reinforced concrete columns, the lateral deflections have an
important effect on the strength of columns. The long columns may fail either due
to failure of materials or by buckling.
Effective length of compression members:

The effective length of a compression depends upon End restraint condition.
The end restraint conditions are of Two types, viz, (i) Position restraint and (ii)
Direction restraint.
(i) Position restraint: In position restraint, the end of a column Is not free to
change but rotation about the end of a column, may take place, e..g. hinged end
of a column as shown in fig
(ii) Direction restraint: In direction restraint, end of the column is free to change its
position but rotation at the end of the column cannot take place.
When any end of a column is having in position and direction both,
then the end is not free its position, and the rotation about the end of column
also cannot take place.
Stength of short axially loaded members in compression P-(71/2000)

Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 fy A sc
Pu = ultimate axial load
Ac = Area of concrete
Asc = Area of longitudinal rft
The column members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of the load in
two principal directions.
P-(63/1978) (P-42/2000)
CL 25.4 Minimum eccentricity
All the axially loaded reinforced concrete columns are considered as axially
loaded. In fact, these columns are not perfectly axially loaded. There remains
always small eccentricity in the loading due to inaccuracies is construction, lateral
deflection of column and/or inaccuracies of loading. The eccentricity, ‘e’ remains
small and the moment of load, P x e also remains small. Therefore, code IS : 456-
2000 recommends that all the axially columns shall be designed for minimum
eccentricity, emin equal to unsupported length of column/500 plus lateral
dimension/30, subject to a minimum of 20 min., viz.,
L D
emin   Subjected to min of 20 mm
500 30
Where ‘L’ is the unsupported length and ‘D’ is the lateral dimensions of the column.
Mostly the code specifies minimum eccentricity as above for rectangular

columns. However, the minimum eccentricity is not mentioned for other shapes of
cross-sections of the column. In the absence of any guideline, a value of has

been suggested.
All the reinforced concrete columns are subjected to some load ‘P’ and
moment ‘M’ due to the eccentricity of load (which may be due to inaccuracies of
construction lateral deflection of column, and inaccuracies in loading.
Actual eccentricity is calculated by analysis as and where the actual

eccentricity is large, the actual eccentricity obtained is taken into consideration and
the minimum eccentricity is ignored.
CLEAR COVER TO LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT(P-46, Cl: 26.4.2.1)

Nominal cover in a column shall not be less than 40 mm,
nor less than the diameter of such bars. In the case of Cover
columns of minimum dimension of 200 mm or under, whose
reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm, a cover of 25 mm may
be used.
D
The thickness of cover may be increased when the
surface of concrete members are exposed to the action of
harmful chemicals (as in the case of concrete in contact with
earth, faces contaminated with such chemicals), acid vapour,
saline atmosphere, sulphorous smoke (as in case of steam b
operated railways), etc., and such increase of cover may be
PLAN
between 15 mm and 50 mm beyond that specified above.
For reinforced concrete members totally immersed in sea water, the cover
shall be 40 mm more than that specified above. For the reinforced concrete
members, periodically immersed in sea water or subject to sea spray., the cover of
concrete shall be 50 mm more than specified. For concrete of grades M 25, M30, M
35 and M 40, the additional thickness of cover may be reduced to half. In all such
cases the cover should not exceed 75 mm.
l = unsupported length of the column

D = lateral dimension of the column in the direction under consideration.
P-71 Clause 39.3 emin  emin,permissible (0.05D)

Examples:
1) AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN:
L D
If e min   < e permissible (0.05 D ) , the column is designed as Axially loaded
500 30
column.
L D
Ex: 1) e min   = 18.62 mm < e permissible (19.22mm)
500 30
L D
2) e min   = 29.33 mm < e permissible (36.25mm)
500 30
2) AXIAL LOAD AND UNIAXIAL MOMENT.

L D
If e min   > e permissible (0.05 D ) and subjected to a min of 20mm, The
500 30
column is designed for Axial load and uniaxial moment.
Case 1:
L D
e min   = 18.62 mm > e permissible (15.29mm)
500 30
Since emin , is greater than epermissible, but less than 20 mm, so for calculation
of moment take 20mm.
Moment M = Pu x e = Pu x 20
Case 2:
L D
2) e min   = 29.33 mm > e permissible (26.25mm)
500 30
Since emin is greater than epermissible, and greater than 20 mm, for calculation
of moment take 29.33 mm.
Moment M = Pu x emin (29.33 mm)
Case 3:
In the direction of Shorter dimension (about Major axis – X - X
Axis)
L D
e x ,min  x   20mm
500 30
e min  e per  0.05D  21mm
In the direction of longer dimension (about Minor axis – Y-Y Axis)

Ly b
e y ,min    22.67mm
500 30
e y ,min  e per  0.05D  19mm
Since emin is less than epermissible, in shorter direction and emin is greater than
epermissible, in the longer direction, Eccentricity exists in one direction only, therefore
the column should be designed as column subjected to axial and uniaxial moment.
For calculation of moment take eccentricity as 22.67 mm.
Moment M = Pu x emin (22.67 mm)
Case 4:
In the direction of Shorter direction (Major axis – X - X Axis)
L D
e x ,min  x   20mm
500 30
e min  e per  0.05D  21mm
In the direction of longer direction (Minor axis – Y-Y Axis)

Ly b
e y ,min    18.55mm
500 30
e y ,min  e per  0.05D  15.22mm
Since emin is less than epermissible, in shorter direction and emin is greater
than epermissible, in the longer direction, Eccentricity exists in one direction only,
therefore the column should be designed as column subjected to axial and uniaxial
moment. For calculation of moment take eccentricity as 20 mm(min).
Moment M = Pu x emin (20 mm)
AXIAL LOAD AND BIAXIAL MOMENT.

Case1:
L D
e x ,min  x   22.34mm
500 30
e min  e per  0.05D  21.11mm

Ly b
e y ,min    32.22mm
500 30
e y ,min  e per  0.05D  26.32mm
Since emin is greater than epermissible, in shorter direction and also emin is
greater than epermissible, in the longer direction, Eccentricity exists in both the
directions, therefore the column should be designed as column subjected to axial
and biaxial bending.
Moment Mux = Pu x ex,min (23.34 mm)
Moment Muy = Pu x ey,min (32.22 mm)
Case2:
L D
e x ,min  x   14.66mm
500 30
e min  e per  0.05D  12.45mm

Ly b
e y ,min    18.27mm
500 30
e y ,min  e per  0.05D  16.87mm
directions but subjected to a min of 20mm, therefore the column should be designed
as column subjected to axial and biaxial bending.
Moment Mux = Pu x ex,min (20 mm)
Moment Muy = Pu x ey,min (20 mm)
Case3:
L D
e x ,min  x   24.66mm
500 30
e min  e per  0.05D  21.68mm

Ly b
e y ,min    18.27mm
500 30
e y ,min  e per  0.05D  16.87mm
directions but subjected to a min of 20mm in longer direction, therefore the column
should be designed as column subjected to axial and biaxial bending.
Moment Mux = Pu x ex,min (24.66 mm)
Moment Muy = Pu x ey,min (20 mm)
Prob:
A reinforced concrete column, 300 mm square is reinforced with 4 bars of 16
mm dia, determine the ultimate load capacity of the column, using M-15 grade
concrete and Fe-250 grade steel. What will be the allowable service load?
Solution:
Size of column = 300 mm x 300 mm
Rft = 4 –16 mm dia bar
M15 , fck  15 N / mm2
Fe250 , fy  250 N / mm2
A  300  300  90000 mm 2
 16 
2
A sc  4   804.2mm 2
4
A c  A  A sc  90000  804.2  89195 .8mm2 .
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67fy A sc
Pu  0.4  15  89195 .8  0.67  250  804.2
 669878N  669.88KN.
P 669.88
Allowable service load = u   446.585KN
1.5 1.5
DESIGN PROBLEMS
Prob:
Design an R.C.rectangular column to resist an axial load of 800 KN. Use M-20
concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution:
Axial load =800 KN
Factored axial load = 1.5 x 800 = 1200 KN
Assuming 2% steel of column area
A sc  2%A  0.02 A
A c  0.98 A
fck  20N / mm2
fy  415N / mm2
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 fy A sc
1200  10 3  0.4  20  0.98 A  0.67  415  0.02 A

1200  10 3
A  89545 .55mm 2
13.401
Assuming one of the side as 250 mm
89545.55
Other side =  358.18mm say 360mm
250
Provide 250 x 360 mm size column section.
A sc  0.02  250  360  1800mm2
Assuming 20 mm dia
1800
No of bars =  5.73 say 6 no’s
 20 
2
4
Provide 6 bars of 20 mm dia.
Lateral ties:Greater of the following
1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm
Spacing of lateral ties: Least of the following
1) Least lateral dimension = 400 mm
2) 16 x dia of main bar = 16 x 20 =320 mm
3) 300 mm
Provide 6 mm dia at 300 mm c/c
Prob:
Design necessary reinforcement for R.C.column 400 mm x 600 mm to carry
an axial load of 1800 KN. Use M-20 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution:
Axial load =1800 KN
Area of the column  240000mm2
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 fy A sc
A c  A  A sc  400  600  A sc  24  10 4  A sc
 
2700  10 3  0.4  20 24  10 4  A sc  0.67  415 A sc
 1.92  10 6  8 A sc  278.05 A sc
A sc  2888.35mm 2
100 A sc 100  2888.35
% of steel p    1.2%
bd 400  600
0.8%  p  6%
It is within limits
Assuming 20 mm dia
2888 .35
 20 
2
4

1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm

3) 300 mm
Problem:
Design necessary reinforcement for R.C. Column 250 mm x 400 mm to carry
an axial load of 650 KN. Use M-20 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution:
Axial load =650 KN
Area of the column  250  400  1,00,000mm2
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 fy A sc
A c  A  A sc  250  400  A sc  10  10 4  A sc
 
975  10 3  0.4  20 10  10 4  A sc  0.67  415 A sc
975  10 3  800000  8A sc  278.05 A sc
270.05 A sc  175000
175000
A sc   648.02mm2
270.05
100 A sc 100  648.02
% of steel p    0.64%
bd 250  400
 % of steelp  0.8% , min of 0.8% of column area has to be provided as
Longitudinal rft.
0.8  250  400
A sc  0.8%A   800mm2
100
Assuming 16 mm dia
800
 16 
2
4
Provide 4 bars of 16 mm dia as Longitudinal rft.
Dia of Lateral ties: Greater of the following
1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 16 = 4 mm
Say 6 mm
3) 300 mm
Problem:
Design necessary reinforcement for R.C. Column 250 mm x 400 mm to
carry an axial load of 1800 KN. Use M-20 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution:
Axial load =1800 KN
Area of the column  250  400  1,00,000mm2
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 fy A sc
A c  A  A sc  250  400  A sc  10  10 4  A sc
 
2700  10 3  0.4  20 10  10 4  A sc  0.67  415 A sc
2700  10 3  800000  8A sc  278.05 A sc
270.05 A sc  190000
190000
A sc   7035.73mm2
270.05
100 A sc 100  7035.73
% of steel p    7.035%
bd 250  400
 % of steelp  6% , Restricting the max % of steel to 4% of column area.
4  250  400 10 - #25

A sc  4%A   4000mm2 250
100
Assuming 25 mm dia
4000
 25 
2
400 #8@250
C/C
4
Provide 10 bars of 25 mm dia as main rft.
PLAN
1) 6mm Lateral tie
2) ¼ x 25 = 6.25 mm
Say 8 mm
Spacing of lateral ties: Least of the following 300 C/C
1) Least lateral dimension = 250 mm #8 @

2) 16 x dia of main bar = 16 x 25 = 400 mm 250 C/C
3) 300 mm
Provide lateral ties of 8 mm dia at 250 mm c/c
longitudinal rft
10- #25
Problem:
Design necessary reinforcement for R.C.column 400 mm x 600 mm to
carry an axial load of 1800 KN. The length of the column is 3 m. use M-20 concrete
and Fe-415 steel.
Solution:
Minor axis
Axial load =1800 KN Y
Check for slenderness ratio
L eff 3000
  7.5  12 Major axis
D
b 400
L eff 3000 X X
  5  12
D 600
Since the SR in both the direction are less
than 12, The column is designed as short column.
b
Check for minimum eccentricity (Cl: 25.4 P- Y
42/2000)
In the direction of longer dimension (wrt Major axis – X-X Axis)

L D 10 - #20
e x ,min  x  400
500 30
3000 600
   26mm
500 30
e x ,min  0.05D  0.05  600  30mm 600 #6@
300 C/C
In the direction of shorter dimension (wrt Minor

axis – Y-Y Axis) PLAN
Ly b
e y ,min   Lateral tie
500 30
3000 400
   19.33mm
500 30
e y ,min  e per  0.05b  0.05  400  20mm 300 C/C
emin  e permissibl e #6 @
300 C/C
Since the slenderness ratio is less than 12 and
eccentricity is within the permissible limits, the column is
designed as short axially loaded column.
longitudinal rft
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 fy A sc
10 - #20
A c  A  A sc  400  600  A sc  24  10 4  A sc
 
2700  10 3  0.4  20 24  10 4  A sc  0.67  415 A sc
3 6
2700  10  1.92  10  8A sc  278.05 A sc
A sc  2888 .35mm 2
100 A sc 100  2888.35
% of steel p    1.2%
bd 400  600
0.8%  P  6%
Percentage of reinforcement is within limits

Assuming 20 mm dia
2888 .35
 20 
2
4
1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm

3) 300 mm
Problem:
Design an R.C.C rectangular column to the following particulars.
1) Axial load = 1200 KN.
2) Effective length = 1.85 m.
3) Grade of concrete = M -20.
4) Grade of steel = Fe -250.
Solution;
Axial load =1200 KN
A sc  2%A  0.02 A
A c  0.98 A
fck  20N / mm2
fy  250N / mm2
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 fy A sc
1800  10 3  0.4  20  0.98 A  0.67  250  0.02 A

1800  10 3
A  160.87  10 3 mm 2
11.19
160.87  10 3
Other side =  459.59mm Say 475mm
350
Provide a column of size 350 x 475 mm
L eff 1850
  5.28  12
b 350
L eff 1850
  3.89  12
D 475
The column is a short column
Check for minimum eccentricity (p- Minor axis

42/2000) Y
In the direction of longer dimension (about

Major axis – X-X Axis) Major axis
D
L D 1850 475
e x ,min  x     19.53mm X X
500 30 500 30
e x ,min  eper  0.05D  0.05  475  23.75mm
In the direction of shorter dimension (about b

Minor axis – Y-Y Axis) Y
Ly b 1850 350
e y , min      15.37mm
500 30 500 30
emin  eper  0.05D  0.05  350  17.5mm
Since the slenderness ratio is less than 12 and eccentricity is within
the permissible limits, the column is designed as short axially loaded
column.
A sc  0.02  350  475  3325mm2
Assuming 20 mm dia
3325
 20 
2
4

1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm

3) 300 mm
Jan/Feb 2005 (VTU) – 10 Marks

Design a short axial column of effective span 3m to carry an axial load of
1600 kN. Use M25 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution;
Axial load =1600 KN
A sc  2%A  0.02 A
A c  0.98 A
fck  25N / mm 2 , fy  415N / mm 2
Pu for short axially loaded column
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 f y A sc

2400  10 3  0.4  25  0.98 A  0.67  415  0.02 A
2400  10 3
A  156.25  10 3 mm 2
15.36
156.25  10 3
Other side =  411.18mm say 430 mm
380
Provide a column of size 380 x 430 mm

L eff 3000
  7.89  12
b 380
L eff 3000
  6.97  12
D 430
Check for minimum eccentricity (P-42/2000)

In the direction of longer dimension (about Major axis – X - X Axis)
L D
e x ,min  x 
500 30
3000 420
   20mm
500 30
e min  e per  0.05D  0.05  420  21mm
In the direction of shorter dimension (about Minor axis – Y-Y Axis)
Ly b
e y ,min  
500 30
3000 380
   18.67mm
500 30
e y ,min  e per  0.05D  0.05  380  19mm
Since the slenderness ratio is less than 12 and eccentricity is within

the permissible limits, the column is designed as short axially loaded
column.
8 - #25
A sc  0.02  380  430  3268mm2 380
Assuming 25 mm dia
3268
 25 
2
430 #8 @
4 300 C/C
Provide 8 - # 25.
PLAN
1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 25 = 6.25 mm
Say 8mm

1) Least lateral dimension = 380 mm Lateral tie
2) 16 x dia of main bar = 16 x 25 = 400 mm
3) 300 mm
Provide # 8 at 300 c/c
300 C/C
P-715, Limit State design By Dr. Ramachandra #8 @

A 400 x 200 mm rectangular concrete column is reinforced 300 C/C
with 20 mm diameter 8 steel bars. The effective length of column is
2.2 m. The lateral ties of 8 mm diameter have been provided as
transverse reinforcement at appropriate spacing. Determine the
ultimate load carrying capacity of the column. M20 grade of longitudinal rft
8 - #25
concrete and HYSD steel bars of grade Fe 415 shall be used.
Solution:
Rft = 8 –20 mm dia bar
M20 , fck  20 N / mm2
Fe 415 , f y  415 N / mm2
L eff 2.2  1000
  11  12
b 200
L eff 2.2  1000
  5.5  12
D 400
Minimum Eccentricity
L D
e min  
500 30
2200 400
   17.73mm
500 30
emin  eper  0.05D  0.05  400  20mm
A  200  400  80000mm2
 20 
2
A sc  8   2513.27mm2
4
A c  A  A sc  80000  2513 .27  77486 .73mm 2 .
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 fy A sc
Pu  0.4  20  77486 .73  0.67  415  2513 .27
 1318708 .56N  1318 .71kN.
Short Columns with axial and Uniaxial Bending
Columns, such as the external columns of framed building, or columns carrying

crane loads through corbels of a column, are subjected not only to direct loads (P),
but also to moments (M) due to the eccentricity in application of the load. In the
above columns, the eccentricity is with respect to one axis only and these columns
are said to be under uniaxial bending. On the other hand, a corner column of a
building is subjected to eccentric load along both the X and Y axes. Such columns
are said to be under biaxial bending.
P Y P
P Y Y
X X
X
X X
X
Y Y
Y
Y Y Y
My
ey
Mx
My ex Mx ex
D X D X X
X D
ey
b Y b
Y Y b
Y
My
X D X
Mx
b
Y
1995 Feb.-20 marks B.U.

8a) A reinforced concrete square column of 400 side is required to resist an
ultimate load of 900 KN and ultimate moment of 75 KN-m. Design the
reinforcement adopting M-20 and Fe-415.
Solution: d’
Ultimate load Pu   900KN.
D
Ultimate moment Mu   75KN  m.
M-20, fck  20N / mm2 .
Fe-415, fy  415N / mm2 .
Assuming effective cover d  50mm . b
d 50
  0.125, say0.15
D 400
The non-Dimensional parameters are
Pu 900  10 3
  0.28
fck bD 20  400  400
Mu 75  10 6
  0.06
fck bD 2 20  400  400 2
Ref SP charts
d
For,  0.15 & fy  415 N / mm2 .
D
Chart No.33 for reinforcement distributed equally on two sides.
p
 0.01
fck
% 0f steel p = 0.01  fck  0.01  20  0.2
Min % of steel to be considered is 0.8 % of gross area
100  A sc
p
bD
pbD 0.8  400  400
A sc    1280mm 2
100 100
Assuming 16 mm dia
1280
 16 
2
4
Provide 8 - #16.
1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 16 = 4 mm
Say 6 mm
3) 300 mm
1995 Aug.-20 marks B.U.

8a) A rectangular column of 300 wide and 450 mm deep is subjected to an axial
load of 1200 KN and moment of 30 KN-m along the major axis. Calculate the
necessary reinforcement adopting M-20 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution:
Axial load = 1200 KN. d’
Ultimate load Pu   1.5  1200  1800KN.
Moment = M  30KN  m. D
Ultimate moment Mu   1.5  30  45KN  m.
M-20, fck  20N / mm2 .
Fe-415, fy  415N / mm2 .
b
Assuming 20 mm dia bar and clear cover = 40 mm.
20
d  40   50mm
2
d 50
  0.11  0.1
D 450
Ref SP charts
d
For,  0.1   &   fy  415N / mm2 .
D
Pu 1800  10 3
  0.67
fck bD 20  300  450
Mu 45  10 6
  0.04
fck bD 2 20  300  450 2
p
 0.1
fck
% 0f steel p = 0.1  fck  0.1  20  2%
100  A sc
p
bD
pbD 2  300  450
A sc    2700mm 2
100 100
Assuming 20 mm dia
2700
 20 
2
4
Provide 10 - # 20.
1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm

3) 300 mm
Problem:
Design a short reinforced concrete column of rectangular section of 250mm x
300 mm deep to carry an axial load of 90 KN and ultimate moment of 60 KN-m
acting about an axis bisecting the width of the column. Use M-25 concrete and Fe -
500 steel.
Solution: d’ Y
Axial load = 90 KN.
Ultimate load Pu   1.5  90  135 KN.
Ultimate moment Mu   60KN  m. D
M-25, fck  25N / mm2 .

Fe-500, fy  500N / mm2 .
Assuming, clear cover = 50 mm. b Y
d 50
  0.2
b 250
Ref SP charts
d
For,  0.2   &   fy  500 N / mm2 .
b
Pu 135  10 3
  0.072
fckbD 25  250  300
Mu 60  10 6
  0.13
fckb 2D 25  250 2  300
Chart No: 50 for reinforcement distributed equally on four sides.
p
 0.1
fck
% 0f steel p = 0.1  fck  0.1  25  2.5%
100  A sc
p
bD
pbD 2.5  250  300
A sc    1875mm 2
100 100
Assuming, 16 mm dia
1875
 16 
2
4
Provide 12 - # 16.
1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 16 = 4 mm
Say 6 mm

12-#16
3) 300 mm #6@ 250 c/c
D =300
OR
Chart No: 38 for reinforcement distributed equally on two sides.

p
 0.08 b = 250
fck
% 0f steel p = 0.08  fck  0.08  25  2.0%
100  A sc
p
bD
pbD 2.0  250  300
A sc    1500mm2
100 100
Assuming, 20 mm dia
1500
 20 
2
4
Provide 6 - # 20. Axis of
bending
1) 6mm #6@ 250 c/c
2) ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm
D =300
6 - #20

2) 16 x dia of main bar = 16 x 20 = 320 mm b = 250
3) 300 mm
Jan/Feb 2005 (VTU) – 10 Marks

A column of size 300 mm x 400 mm is subjected to an axial factored load of
1200 kN and a factored moment of 250 kN-m. Design the column using M25
concrete and Fe-415 steel. Use of SP-16 is permitted. Provided 40 mm cover.
Problem: –
A rectangular column of 300 mm wide and 500 mm deep is
subjected to an axial factored load of 1200 kN and a factored d’
moment of 200 kN-m. Calculate the necessary reinforcement
distributing equally on all four sides. Adopt M25 concrete and Fe – D
500 grade materials. Sketch the reinforcement details.
Solution:
Axial factored load (Pu) = 1200 KN.
b
Factored Moment = Mu  200KN  m.
For, M-25 grade concrete, fck  20N / mm2 .

For, Fe - 500 grade steel, fy  500N / mm2 .
Assuming, effective cover (d’) = 50 mm.
d 50
  0.1
D 500
Ref SP charts
d
For,  0.1   &   fy  500N / mm2 .
D
Pu 1200  10 3
  0.32
fck bD 25  300  500
Mu 200  10 6
  0.11
fck bD 2 25  300  500 2
Chart No. 48 for reinforcement distributed equally on four sides.
p
 0.06
fck
% 0f steel p = 0.06  fck  0.06  25  1.5%
100  A sc
p
bD
pbD 1.5  300  500
A sc    2250mm 2
100 100
Assuming 25 mm dia
2250
No of bars =  4.58 Say 5 no’s
25 
2
4
Provide 5 - # 25 as longitudinal reinforcement.
1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm

3) 300 mm
P-316 LSD by Varghese Minor axis

A column 300 x 400 mm has an unsupported Y
length of 3 m and effective length of 3.5 m. It is
subjected to Pu =1100 KN and Mu = 230 KN-m about
the major axis, determine the longitudinal steel using Major axis
D
fck = 25 N/mm2 and fy = 415 N/mm2. Assume d’ = 60
mm. X X
Solution:
Factored load (Pu) =1100 kN
Factored Moment (Mu)= 230 kN – m
b
Check for slenderness ratio Y
L eff 3500
  11.67  12
b 300
L eff 3500
  8.75  12
D 400
Check for minimum eccentricity (P-42/2000)
In the direction of longer dimension (about Major axis – X – X axis)
L D 3000 400
e x ,min      19.33mm
500 30 500 30
e x ,min  0.05D  0.05  400  20mm
In the direction of shorter dimension (about Minor axis – Y- Y axis)

L b 3000 300
e y ,min      16mm
500 30 500 30
e per  0.05b  0.05  300  15mm
 emin  epermissibl e , The column is subjected to a moment due to eccentricity
Moment due to min eccentricity Mu = Pu x e = 1100 x 20 = 22000 kN –mm,
Mu = 22 kN – m < 230 kN –m (Given) 10 - #25
The design Moment M = 230 KN-m. 300
d 60
  0.15
D 400
Ref SP charts 400 #8 @
d 300 C/C
For,  0.15   &   fy  415N / mm2 .
D
PLAN
Pu 1100  10 3
  0.37
fck bD 25  300  400
Mu 230  10 6
  0.19
fck bD 2 25  300  400 2
p
 0.15
fck
% of steel p = 0.15  fck  0.15  25  3.75% > 0.8% and < 6%

100  A sc Lateral tie
p
bD
pbD 3.75  300  400
A sc    4500mm 2
100 100
Assuming 25 mm dia 300 C/C
4500
No of bars =  9.16 say 10 no’s #8 @
 25 
2
300 C/C
4
Provide 10 - #25.
Lateral ties: Greater of the following longitudinal rft
1. 6mm 10 -#25
2. ¼ x 25 = 6.25 mm
Say 8 mm
1. Least lateral dimension = 300 mm
2. 16 x dia of main bar = 16 x 25 = 400 mm
3. 300 mm
1996-Aug-20 marks (B.U)

Prob:
7a) Design an axially loaded short rectangular column of width of 300 mm to
carry a service load of 1250 KN. Adopt M-20 concrete and Fe-500 grade of
steel.
b) If the column is of an effective height of 5 m and in addition is resisting a
factored moment of 100 KN-m. Design the column using charts of SP-16.
Model question paper (VTU) - 10 marks

Design a column of effective length 3 m subjected to an axial load of 2000 kN
(unfactored) and a uniaxial moment of 200 kN-m (unfactored) use M 20 grade
concrete and Fe415 steel.
SP-16-PAGE 103
PROB:
Determine the rft to be provided in a square column subjected to uniaxial bending
with the following data.
Size of column = 45 x 45 cm.
Concrete mix = M - 25
Characteristic strength of rft = 415 N/mm2
Factored load = 2500 KN
Factored moment = 200KN
Arrangement of rft a) On two sides.
b) On four sides.
Solution:
Factored load Pu   2500KN.
Factored moment Mu   200KN  m

M-25, fck  25N / mm2 .
Fe - 415, fy  415N / mm2 .
Assuming, Effective cover d’ = 50 mm.
d 50
  0.11  0.1
D 450
Ref SP charts
d
For,  0.1   &   fy  415N / mm2 .
D

Pu 2500  10 3
  0.49
fck bD 25  450  450
Mu 200  10 6
  0.09
fck bD 2 25  450  450 2
Case-I
p
 0.08 b = 450
fck
% 0f steel p = 0.08  fck  0.08  25  2% Axis of
5-#25
100  A sc bending
p
D = 450
bD
pbD 2  450  450
A sc    4050mm2
100 100 5-#25
Assuming 25 mm dia
4050
No of bars =  8.25 say 10 no’s #8 @ 300 c/c
 25 
2
4
Provide 10 - #25.
1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 26 = 6.25 mm
Say 8 mm
3) 300 mm
Provide #8 at 300 c/c
Case-II
Chart No.44 for reinforcement distributed equally on four sides.
p
 0.09
fck
% 0f steel p = 0.09  fck  0.09  25  2.25%
100  A sc
p b = 450
bD
12-#25
pbD 2.25  450  450 Axis of
A sc    4556.25mm 2 bending
100 100
D = 450
4556.25
 25 
2
4
Provide 12 - # 25. #8 @ 300 c/c
Lateral ties: Greater of the following

1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 25 = 6.25 mm
Say 8 mm

3) 300 mm
N.K.R P-245
Prob:
A reinforced concrete column 400mm, square is constructed of concrete
having a 28 day cube strength of 28N / mm2 and steel with characteristic strength of
250N / mm2 . Design the reinforcement in the section if it has to support a design
ultimate load of 800KN at an eccentricity of 200 - mm. Effective cover to steel = 40
mm.
Solution:
Factored load Pu   800KN.
Factored moment Mu   Pu  e  800  200  16  10 4 KN  mm  16  107 N  mm.
fck  20N / mm2 , fy  250N / mm2 .
Effective cover = 40 mm.

d 40
  0.1
D 400
Ref SP charts
d
For,  0.1   &   fy  250N / mm2 .
D
The Non-Dimensional parameters are
Pu 800  10 3
  0.25
fck bD 20  400  400
Mu 160  10 6
  0.125
fck bD 2 20  400  400 2
Case-I
p
 0.09
fck
% 0f steel p = 0.09  fck  0.09  20  1.8%
100  A sc
p
bD
pbD 1.8  400  400
A sc    2880mm 2
100 100
Assuming 20 mm dia
2880
No of bars =  9.17 say 10 no’s b = 400
 20 
2
5-#20
4 Axis of
bending
Provide 10 - # 20.
D = 400
1) 6mm 5-#20
2) ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm
#6 @ 300 c/c
3) 300 mm
Case-II
Chart No.40 for reinforcement distributed equally on four sides.
p
 0.11
fck
% 0f steel p = 0.11  fck  0.11  20  2.2%
100  A sc
p
bD
pbD 2.2  400  400
A sc    3520mm2
100 100
Assuming 20 mm dia
3520
 20 
2 b = 400
4 12-#20
Axis of
Provide 12 - # 20. bending
D = 400

1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm
#6 @ 300 c/c

3) 300 mm
Provide #6 at 300 c/c.
Friday, August 31, 2001 12:43:59 PM

BIAXIAL BENDING
Problem: (2001 Aug 10 marks) V.T.U.

Determine the reinforcement required for a short column for the following
data
Column size : 400 x 600 mm
Pu : 2000 KN
Mux : 160 KN
Muy : 120 KN
Solution:
Size = 400 mm x 600 mm
Mux  160KN  m
Muy  120KN  m
Assuming M-20 grade concrete and Fe – 415 steel.
The column is subjected to biaxial bending.
Assuming moments due to minimum eccentricity are less than the values given
above
Assuming % of steel p = 2 %, dia of bar = 20 mm bars and clear cover = 50 mm.
20
d  50   60mm
2
Calculation of various ratio’s
p 2
  0.1
fck 20
Pu 2000  10 3
  0.42
fck bD 20  400  600
Uniaxial Moment About X-X Axis
d' 60
For,   0.1 and fy = 415 N / mm2
D 600
Referring chart 44
Mux1
 0.118
fck bD 2
Mux1  0.118  20  400  600 2  339.84  10 6 N  mm
Mux1  339.84KN  m.
Uniaxial Moment About Y-Y Axis
d' 60
For,   0.15 and fy = 415 N / mm2
b 400
Referring chart 46
Muy1
 0.105
fck Db2
Muy1  0.105  20  600  400 2  201.6  10 6 N  mm
Mux1  201.6KN  m.
Check For Interaction Equation:

 n
 Mux  n  Muy 
      1.0
M M 
 ux1   uy1 
Calculation of Puz
p  2%, fy  415N / mm2 , fck  20N / mm2
Ref chart 63
Puz
 15N / mm2
Ag
Puz  15  A g  15  400  600  3.6  10 6 N  3600KN
Pu 2000
  0.56
Puz 3600
Pu
n
Puz
0.2 1.0
0.36  1
0.56 ? n  1   1.6
0.6
0.8 2.0
0.6 1.0
0.36 ?
1.6 1.6
 160   120 
   
 339.84   201.6 
 0.30  0.44  0.74  1.0
Therefore the column section is safe with given size and assumed percentage of
main rft.
Area of reinforcement: (Asc)
100  A sc
p
bd
2  400  600
A sc   4800mm 2
100
Assuming 20 mm dia
4800
 20 
2
4

1. 6mm
2. ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 8 mm

3) 300 mm
Provide # 8 at 300 c/c as lateral ties.
Sep/Oct –2000 B.U.

A rectangular column of size 300mm x 600 mm, height 4.0 m is effectively held in
position at both ends and restrained against rotation at one end. The column is
subjected to factored axial load = 1500 KN and factored moment of 280 KN-m with
respect to major axis. Design the column using SP-16. Use
M-25 concrete and Fe-415 steel.
Solution:
Mux  280KN  m
L act  4.0m
Effective length : P -94, Table 28
End condition: Effectively held in position at both ends and restrained against
rotation at one end.
L eff  0.8  L act  0.8  4  3.2m
Check For Slenderness Ratio
L eff 3200
  10.66  12
b 300
L eff 3200
  5.33  12
D 600
 It is short column about both the axes of bending
Moment Due To Min Eccentricity
Eccentricity about X-axis e y Major  Axis 
3200 600
1)e y    26.4mm (due to accidental eccentricity)
500 30
2)20mm.
e permissibl e  0.05  600  30mm
Mux  Pu  e y  1500  26.4  39600KN  mm  39.6KN  m  Mux (280KN  m)
Eccentricity about Y-axis e x Minor  Axis
3200 300
1)e x    16.4mm
500 30
2)20mm.
e permissible  0.05  300  15mm
e x  e permissible
 Muy  Pu  e x  1500  20  30,000KN  mm  30KN  m.

Assuming % of steel p = 2% and rft distributed equally on four sides, 20 mm dia
bars with a effective cover of 50 mm.
p 2
  0.08
fck 25
Pu 1500  10 3
  0.333
fck bD 25  300  600
d' 50
For,   0.08  0.1
D 600
Referring chart 44
Mux1
 0.115
fck bD 2
Mux1  0.115  25  300  600 2  310.5  10 6 N  mm
Mux1  310.5KN  m.

d' 50
For,   0.17  0.2
D 300
Referring chart 46
Muy1
 0.095
fck Db2
Muy1  0.095  25  600  300 2  128.25  10 6 N  mm
Mux1  128.25KN  m.
The column is subjected to biaxial bending (Viz, given uniaxial bending about X-X
axis and moment due to eccentricity about Y-Y axis)
Check For Interaction Equation

n n
 Mux   Muy 
     1.0
M M 
 ux1   uy1 
Calculation of Puz
p  2%, fy  415N / mm2 , fck  25N / mm2
Ref chart 63
Puz
 17.2N / mm2
Ag
Puz  17.2  A g  17.2  300  600  3.096  10 6 N  3096KN
Pu 1500
  0.484
Puz 3096
Pu
αn
Puz
0.2 1.0
0.284  1
0.484 ? n  1   1.47
0.6
0.8 2.0
0.6 1.0
0.484 ?
1.47 1.47
 280   30 
   
 310.5   128.25 
 0.849  0.1  0.976  1.0
main rft.
100  A sc
p
bd
2  300  600
A sc   3600mm 2
100
Assuming 20 mm dia
3600
 20 
2
4
Provide 12 - #20.
1. 6mm
2. ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm

2) 16 x dia of main bar = 16 x 20 = 320 mm
3) 300 mm
SP –16 1980 P-105

Determine the rft to be provided in a short column subjected to biaxial
bending with the following data.
Size of column : 400 mm x 600 mm
Concrete Mix : M-15
Characteristic strength of rft : 415 N / mm 2
Factored load (Pu) : 1600KN
Factored Moment acting parallel to the
larger dimension (Mux) : 120 KN-m
Factored moment acting parallel to the
Shorter dimension (Muy) :90 KN-m
Reinforcement is distributed equally on four sides.
Solution:
Mux  120KN  m
Muy  90KN  m
The column is subjected to biaxial bending.
Assuming moments due to minimum eccentricity are less than the values given
above
Assuming % of steel p = 1.5% and rft distributed equally on four sides, 20 mm dia
bars with a effective cover of d’ = 50 mm.

p 1.5
  0.1
fck 15
Pu 1600  10 3
  0.44
fck bD 15  400  600
d' 50
For,   0.08  0.1
D 600
Referring chart 44
Mux1
 0.11
fck bD 2
Mux1  0.11  15  400  600 2  237.6  10 6 N  mm
Mux1  237.6KN  m.
d' 50
For,   0.125  0.15
b 400
Referring chart 46
Muy1
 0.098
fck Db2
Muy1  0.098  15  600  400 2  141.12  10 6 N  mm
Mux1  141.12KN  m.
Check For Interaction Equation
 n
 Mux  n  Muy 
      1.0
M 
 Mux1   uy 1 
Calculation of Puz
p  1.5%, fy  415N / mm2 , fck  15N / mm2
Ref chart 63
Puz
 11.2N / mm2
Ag
Puz  11.2  A g  17.2  400  600  2.688  10 6 N  2688KN
Pu 1600
  0.6
Puz 2688
Pu
n
Puz
0.2 1.0
0.4  1
0.6 ? n  1   1.67
0.6
0.8 2.0
0.6 1.0
0.4 ?
1.47 1.47
 120   90 
   
 237 .6   141.12 
 0.32  0.47  0.79  1.0
main rft.
100  A sc
p
bd
1.5  400  600
A sc   3600mm 2
100
Assuming 20 mm dia
3600
 20 
2
4

1. 6mm
2. ¼ x 20 = 5 mm
Say 6 mm

3) 300 mm
Provide # 6 at 300 c/c as lateral ties
FOOTING
(P -63, IS 456, CL 34)
The footing or foundation is defined as that part of the sub structure which
remains in contact with the soil or rock. The purpose of the foundation is to
effectively support the superstructure by
1. Transmitting safely the load (the dead load of the superstructure), the
applied live load (as in dwellings, ware houses, industrial buildings) or fill
( as in soil, bunkers, tanks supporting structures) , (horizontal forces and
moments) to the soil below, without exceeding the ‘safe bearing capacity’
of the soil, and
2. Ensuring that the settlement of the structure is within tolerable limits, and
as nearly uniform as possible.
Depth of foundation:
Depth of foundation is governed by the following factors:
1) To secure safe bearing capacity
2) To penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes are likely to cause
significant movement due to swelling and shrinkage of soils, and
3) To penetrate below the zone which may be affected by frost.
IS 1080 – 1962 requires that in all soils a minimum depth of 50 cm is
necessary. However, if good rock is met at smaller depth, only removal of top soil
may be sufficient. An estimate of depth of footing below ground level may be
obtained by using Rankine’s formula
2
SBC 1  sin  
Depth (h) 
 1  sin  
Prob: (P -868, LSD, by Dr. Ramachandra)

A column 450 mm x 450 mm in size with 8 steel bars of 18 mm diameter
transfers a dead load of 620 KN and a live load of 860 KN to the footing. The
bearing capacity of soil is 120 KN/m2. M20 grade of concrete and HYSD steel bars of
Fe 415 shall be used. Design a square footing to support the column.
Solution:
Given: Dead load = 620 KN, Live load = 860 KN, SBC = 120 KN/m2,
Materials: M20 and HYSD bars, fck = 20 N/mm2, fy = 415 N/mm2
Load calculation:
Dead load = 620 KN
Live load = 860 KN
Self wt of footing
(10% of Dead and Live Load) = 0.1 x (620+ 860) = 148 KN
= 1628 KN
Total Load 1628

Area of footing    13.57 m2
SBC 120
A square footing shall b e provided to support the load from the square column.
Size of footing = 13.57  3.68 m Say 3.7 m
A square footing of size 3.7 m x 3.7 m shall be
provided. c
Column Load 1480 2 o
Net upward soil pressure    108.11 KN/ m  120
l m2 .
KN/ELEVATION
Area of footing 120 u
X
Factored Netupward Pressurequ   1.5  108.11  162.16 KN/ m 2 . m x
n
Depth of footing: Footing

a) Based on Bending Moment consideration:
Consider a critical section XX at the face of the column qu = 162.16
KN/m2
For 1m strip of the footing.
3.7  0.45
Cantilever Projection (x)   1.625m
2 bw = 0.45
qu  x 2 162.16  1.625 2
MF    214.10KN  m
2 2
MF  Mu,lim  0.138f ck bd 2 PLAN
MF 214.10  10 6
d   278.52mm B = 3.7
X
0.138f ck b 0.138  20  1000
Assuming Effective cover  60 mm
Overall Depth  278.52  60  338.52mm Say 360 mm
d prov ided  360 - 60  300 mm
b) Based on shear consideration

i) Check for one way shear: c
o
l ELEVATION
Consider a critical section X1X1 at a u
X1
distance ‘d’ from the face of the column. m d
Shear Force at X1 X 1 VX1X1   qu x - d
n
 162.16 1.625  0.3  214.86KN

Footing
NOMINAL shear stress (  v )

qu = 162.16
V 214.86  10 3 KN/m2
τ v  x1x1   0.716N/mm 2
bd 1000  300
The section is designed as Balanced Section bw =
0.45
X u 0.87f y A st

d 0.36f ck bd
100Ast 0.36f ck  X umax 
% of steel      100
bd 0.87f y  d  PLAN
0.36  20
p  0.48  100
0.87  415 X1
B = 3.7
p  0.96%
% c
0.75 0.56
0.96 ?
1 0.62
0.25 0.06
0.21 ?
0.21  0.06
 c  0.56   0.61N / mm2
0.25
 v   c UNSAFE , THE DEPTH OF THE FOOTING HAS TO BE INCREASED.
Vx1x1 214.86  10 3
d   352.23mm
bτ C 1000  0.61
D  352.23  60  412.23mm say 450mm
d = 450 – 60 = 390 mm
V 214.86  10 3
 v  x1x1   0.55N/mm2
bd 1000  390
 v   c Safe, Depth can be adopted, anyway it has to be checked for twoway shear.
ii) Check for two way shear:

The critical section for two way shear shall be ABCD.
The peripheral perimeter (bo)
 390 390 
b o  4   450     3360mm
 2 2  d/2
A B
390 390
AB  450    840mm
2 2
bw = 0.45
Shear force VA BC D  qu B  AB 2 2

 2
 162.16 3.7  0.84 2
  2105.55 KN D C
d/2
Nominal Shear stress CRITICAL SECTION

FOR TWOWAY SHEAR
VABCD 2105.55  10 3
v    1.61 N/mm2
b0 d 3360  390 B = 3.7
PLAN
Permissible shear stress in concrete for two way shear for M20 grade
(P-58&59, Cl : 31.6.3)
 C'  k s c
B
k s  0.5  β c   1, βc   1.0
B
k s  1.0,  c  0.25 fck  0.25  20  1.118 N/mm2
 'c  1  1.118  1.118 N/mm2
 v   c
UNSAFE, THE DEPTH OF THE FOOTING HAS TO BE FURTHER
INCREASED.
The effective depth of footing needed to resist twoway shear

V 2105.55  10 3
d  ABCD   560.51mm
b o C 3360  1.118
D  560.51  60  620.51mm Say 630mm
d  630  60  570mm
 570 570 
b0  4   450     4080mm
 2 2 
v 
2105 .55  10 3
4080  520

 0.99N / mm2   c 1.118N / mm2 
Hence the footing is safe in two - way shear.
Reinforcement for Bending:

In the square footing, the area of steel bars to be provided in the upper layer
shall be more than the area of steel bars to be provided in the lower layer,
therefore, the area of steel bars needed, for upper layer is also provided for that in
the lower layer. The area of steel bars required for upper layer for 1 m strip of the
footing.
 fy A st 
MFd  0.87 fy A st d1  

 f ck bd 
 415 A st 
214.1  10 6  0.87  415  A st  5701  
 20  1000  570 
1040.34  A st  3.64  10 5 A 2st
3.64  10 5 A 2st  A st  1040 .34  0
A st 
1   12  4  3.64  10 5  1040.34  1083.04mm2
5
2  3.64  10
Assuming #20 bar
 20 
2
a 4
Spacing  st  1000   1000  290.07mm.
A st 1083.04
Provide #20 at 280 c/c bothways (Upper layer and Lower layer)
Check for development length:

0.87 fy 0.87  415  20
Ld    940.23mm
4 bd 4  1.6  1.2
Development length available from the face of column :

 L  l w  
    Edge distance 
 2  
 3750  450  
    50   1600mm  L d (940.23mm)
 2  
Satisfactory
450 x 450
Column
8-#18
Lateral tie
#20 @ 280 c/c

bothways
630
3700 x 3700
#20 @ 280 c/c

bothways
450 x 450
Column
8-#18
Lateral tie
20# @ 280 c/c

bothways 630
150
3700 x 3700
# 20 @ 280 c/c
bothways
Feb 2002 – 20 marks

Design a short axially loaded square column of the size 450 x 450 mm, for
a service load of 2000 KN. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel for the column. Also
design an isolated square footing for this column. Taking safe bearing capacity of
the soil as 400 KN/m2. Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel for footing. Sketch the
details of reinforcements.
Solution: Design of column

Given: Service load = 2000 KN, SBC = 400 KN/m2,
Materials : M20 and Fe 415 steel,
fck = 20 N/mm2, fy = 415 N/mm2
Size of column = 450 x 450 mm.
Area of the column  2,02,500mm2
Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 f y A sc
A c  A  A sc  202.5  10 3  A sc
 
3000  10 3  0.4  20 202.5  10 3  A sc  0.67  415 A sc
 1.62  10 6  8 A sc  278.05 A sc
3000  10 3  1.62  10 6
A sc   5110 .16mm 2
270.05
100 A sc 100  5110.16
% of steel p    2.52%
bd 450  450
0.8%  p  6%
It is within limits
Assuming 25 mm dia
5110.16
 25 
2
4
Provide 12 - # 25.

1) 6mm
2) ¼ x 25 = 6.25 mm
Say 8 mm

3) 300 mm
Design of footing :
Given: column load = 2000 KN, SBC = 400 KN/m2,
Materials: M15 and Fe 415,
fck = 15 N/mm2, fy = 415 N/mm2
Load calculation:
Axial load = 2000 KN
Self wt of footing
(10% of Dead and Live Load) = 0.1 x (2000) = 200 KN
= 2200 KN
Total Load 2200

SBC 400
A square footing shall b e provided to support the load from the square column.
Size of footing = 5.5  2.35 m Say 2.5 m
A square footing of size 2.5 m x 2.5 m shall be C
provided. o
l
Column Load ELEVATION
Net upward soil pressure  u
Area of footing m X
n x
2000
  320 KN/ m2  400 KN/ m2 .
2.5  2.5 Footing
Factored Netupward Pressure :
qu   1.5  320  480 KN/ m2 . qu = 480
KN/m2
Depth of footing:
bw = 0.45
a) Based on Bending Moment consideration :
Consider a critical section XX at the face of the column
2.5  0.45
Cantilever Projection (x)   1.025m
2
PLAN
qu  x 2 480  1.025 2
MF    252.15KN  m
2 2 B = 2.5 X
MF  Mu,lim  0.138fck bd2 c

o
MF 252.15  10 6 l ELEVATION
d   349mm u X1
0.138fck b 0.138  15  1000 m
d
Depth based on shear consideration (one way n
and two way shear) is approximately 1.5 to 2.0 times Footing
greater than BM calculation.
qu = 480
Taking depth d = 2 x 349 = 698 mm KN/m2
bw = 0.45
Overall Depth  698  60  758mm Say 750 mm
d provided  750 - 60  690 mm
Based on shear consideration
i) Check for one way shear:
PLAN
Consider a critical section X1X1 at a distance ‘d’ from
the face of the column. X1
Shear Force at X1 X1 VX1X1   qu x - d B = 2.5
 480  1.025  0.69   160.8KN
Nominal shear stress (  v ):

Vx1x1 160.8  10 3
v    0.23N / mm2
bd 1000  690
The section is designed as Balanced Section
X u 0.87 fy A st

d 0.36 fckbd
A st 0.36 fck  X u max 
  
bd 0.87 fy  d 
100Ast 0.36fck  X u max 
% of steel      100
bd 0.87fy  d 
0.36  15
p  0.48  100
0.87  415
p  0.72%  0.75 %
 c for 0.75 %  0.56 N / mm2
 v   c SAFE, The depth provided is safe w.r.t one way shear.

 690 690 
b o  4   450     4560mm d/2
 2 2  A B
690 690
AB  BC  450    1140mm
2 2
 
bw = 0.45
Shear force VABCD  qu B 2  AB  BC
 
 480 2.5 2  1.14  1.14  2376.20 KN
D C
d/2
Nominal Shear stress CRITICAL SECTION FOR

TWOWAY SHEAR
VABCD 2376.20  10 3
v    0.76 N/mm2
b0 d 4560  690 B = 2.5
PLAN
(P-58 & 59, Cl : 31.6.3)
 c  k s c
B
k s  0.5   c   1, c   1.0
B
k s  1.0,  c  0.25 fck  0.25  15  0.97 N/mm2
 c  1  0.97  0.97 N/mm2
 v   c
SAFE, The depth provided is safe w.r.t two way shear.
THE DEPTH OF THE FOOTING OF 0.75 m CAN BE ADOPTED.

footing.
Assuming, #20 bar
20 20
Effective depth for upper layer d  750 - 60 - -  670 mm
2 2
 fy A st 
MFd  0.87 f y A st d1  
 fck bd 
 415 A st 
252.15  10 6  0.87  415  A st  6901  
 15  1000  690 
1012 .14  A st  4.0  10 5 A 2st
4.0  10  5 A 2st  A st  1012 .14  0
A st 
1   12  4  4.0  10  5  1012.14  1056 .81mm 2 ,23943 .20mm 2
5
2  4.0  10
 20 
2
ast 4
Spacing   1000   1000  310.40mm.
A st 1012.14

0.87 fy 0.87  415  20
Ld    1128.28mm
4 bd 4  1.6  1.0
 L  l w  
 2  
 2500  450  
    50   975mm  L d (1128.28mm)
 2  
Since Development length available is less than required,
The reinforcement has to be bent at 90
Depth of bend  1128.28 - 975  153.28 mm Say 160 mm
450 x 450
Column
12-#25
Lateral tie
#8 at 300 c/c
#20 @ 300 c/c

bothways
700
160
2500 x 2500
#20 @ 300 c/c

bothways
June / July 2008 – 20 marks

Design a square footing for a square column of 300 x 300 mm to carry an
axial load of 600 KN. Taking safe bearing capacity of the soil 180 KN/m2. Use M20
concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch the details of reinforcements.
Isolated square footing eccentrically loaded:

Problem:
Design an isolated square footing for a column 400 mm x 400 mm,
transmitting a load of 600 kN and a moment of 90 kN-m. the safe bearing capacity
of soil is 180 kN/m2. Use M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch the
reinforcement details.
Solution:
Given: column load (P) = 600 KN, moment (M) =90 kN-m, SBC = 180 KN/m2,
Materials : M - 20 and Fe - 415,
fck = 20 N/mm2, fy = 415 N/mm2
Design of footing :
Load calculation:
Axial load = 600 KN
Self wt of footing
(10% of Dead and Live Load) = 0.1 x (2000) = 60 KN
Total Load = 660 KN
Total Load 660

Area of footing    3.67 m2 ₵ of Ftg
SBC 180 ₵ of col
A square footing shall be provided to support the
load from the square column.
Size of footing C
= 3.67  1.91 m Say 2.0 m o
l ELEVATION
u
m X
A square footing of size 2.0 m x 2.0 m shall be n
x = 950
provided.
Column Load Footing
Net upward soil pressure 
Area of footing qu = 300
600 B = 2000 KN/m2
  150 KN/ m2  180 KN/ m2 .
2.0  2.0
150
Factored Netupward Pressure :
bw = 400
qu   1.5  150  300 KN/ m2 . B = 2000
Moment M 90  10 3
Eccentricity e     150 mm 650 950
Load P  600
200
Hence place cg of footing 150 mm away from the
axis of the column, i.e., the cg of the column load 50
should coincide with the cg of the footing area. X B/2 = 1000
B/2 = 1000
PLAN
Depth of footing:
Consider a critical section XX at the face of the column
2000
Cantilever Projection (x)   50  950mm  0.95m
2
qu  x 2 300  0.95 2
MF    135.375 KN  m
2 2
MF  Mu, lim  0.138fck bd2
MF 135.375  10 6
d   221.50mm
0.138fck b 0.138  20  1000
Depth based on shear consideration (one way and two way shear) is
approximately 1.5 to 2.0 times greater than BM calculation.
Taking depth d = 2 x 221.50 = 443 mm

Overall Depth  443  60  503mm Say 500 mm
d provided  500 - 60  440 mm
b) Based on shear consideration

i) Check for one way shear: c
o
l ELEVATION
Consider a critical section X1X1 at a u
X1
distance ‘d’ from the face of the column. m d
Shear Force at X1 X 1 VX1X1   qu x - d
n
 300  0.95  0.44   125.4KN

Footing
NOMINAL shear stress (  v ):
Vx1x1 125.4  10 3 qu = 300
v    0.285N / mm2 KN/m2
bd 1000  440
The section is designed as Balanced Section
bw = 0.40
X u 0.87 f y A st

d 0.36 fck bd
Ast 0.36 fck  X u max 
  
bd 0.87 f y  d 
PLAN
100Ast 0.36 fck  X u max 
% of steel      100
bd 0.87 f y  d 
X1
0.36  20 B = 2.0
p  0.48  100
0.87  415
p  0.98%  1%
 c for 1% steel  0.62N / mm2
 v   c SAFE , The depth provided is safe w.r.t one way shear.

The peripheral perimeter (bo) d/2
A B
 440 440 
b o  4   400     3360mm
 2 2 
440 440 bw = 0.40
AB  BC  400    840mm
2 2
Shear force VABCD 
 qu B 2  AB  BC  D C
d/2
 
 300 2.0 2  0.84  0.84  988.32 KN CRITICAL SECTION FOR
TWOWAY SHEAR
Nominal Shear stress
VABCD 988.32  10 3 B = 2.0
v    0.67 N/mm2 PLAN
b0d 3360  440
(P-58 & 59, Cl : 31.6.3)
 c  k s c
B
k s  0.5   c   1, c   1.0
B
k s  1.0,  c  0.25 fck  0.25  20  1.12 N/mm2
 c  1  1.12  1.12 N/mm2
 v   c SAFE, THE DEPTH OF THE FOOTING OF 0.50 m CAN BE ADOPTED.

footing.
Assuming #20 bar
20 20
Effective depth for upper layer d  500 - 60 - -  420 mm
2 2
 f y A st 
MFd  0.87 f y A st d1  

 f ck bd 
 415  A st 
135.375  10 6  0.87  415  A st  4201  
 20  1000  420 
892.73  A st  4.94  10 5 A 2st
4.94  10  5 A 2st  A st  892.73  0
A st 
1   12  4  4.94  10  5  892.73  936.0mm 2 ,19306 .90mm 2
5
2  4.96  10
 20 
2
ast 4  1000  335.64mm.

Spacing   1000 
A st 936.0

0.87 fy 0.87  415  20
Ld    940.23mm
4 bd 4  1.6  1.2

 L  lw  
 2  
 2000  400  
    50   750mm  L d (940.23mm)
 2  
Since Development length available is less than required,
The reinforcem ent has to be bent at 90
Depth of bend  940.23 - 750  190.23 mm Say 200 mm
400 x 400
Column
Main rft
Lateral tie
#20 @ 300 c/c

bothways
500
200
2000 x 2000
#20 @ 300 c/c

bothways
RECTANGUALR FOOTING
Problem: Aug 2001

A rectangular column 450 mm x 600 mm transfers a dead load of 880 KN and a live
load of 1420 KN without any moment and there is no overburden. The Safe bearing
capacity of soil is 140 KN/m2. M20 grade of concrete and HYSD steel bars of Fe 415
shall be used. Design a rectangular footing to support the column.
Solution:
Given: Dead load = 880 KN, Live load = 1420 KN, SBC = 140 KN/m2,
Materials : M20 and HYSD bars,
fck = 20 N/mm2, fy = 415 N/mm2
Load calculation:
Dead load = 880 KN
Live load = 1420 KN
Self wt of footing
(10% of Dead and Live Load) = 0.1 x (880 + 1420) = 230 KN
= 2530 KN
Total Load 2530

SBC 140
A rectangular footing shall be provided to support the load from the rectangular
column. The proportions of width and length of the footing may be assumed as that
of the column dimensions, (viz,. bw/lw = 450/600 = ¾). The width of footing (B)
may be taken as ¾ th of the length of footing. Therefore,
B  L  18.07
3
 L  L  18.07
4 B
L  4.91 m Say 5.0 m
3
B  L  3.75m
4 L
A rectangular footing of size 3.75 m x 5 m shall be provided.
Column Load 2300
Net upward soil pressure    122.67 KN/ m 2  140 KN/ m 2 .
Area of footing 3.75  5
Factored Netupward Pressure qu   1.5  122.67  184 KN/ m 2 .
Depth of footing:
Consider a critical section X1X1 at the face of the column
5  0.6
Cantilever Projection (x1 )   2.2m
2
q  x 2 184  2.2 2
M X1X1  u   445.28KN  m
2 2
Consider a critical section X2X2 at the face of the column

For 1m strip of the footing. C
3.75  0.45 o
Cantilever Projection (x 2 )  L
2 u ELEVATION
m
 1.65m n
q  x 2 184  1.65 2 X1
M X2X2  u   250.47KN  m
2 2
Footing
Depth is calculated for the maximum BM of
445.28 kN-m.
qu = 184 KN/m2
M X1X1  Mu,lim  0.138 fck bd 2 X3
M X1X1 445.28  10 6 PLAN

d 
0.138 fck b 0.138  20  1000 d lw = 0.6
 401.66mm
X2 bw = 0.45 X2
Overall Depth  401.66  60  461.66mm X1
d
X2
Say 480 mm X4 X4
d provided  480 - 60  420 mm
X3 X1 L=5
Check for one way shear:
Consider a critical section X3X3 at a distance ‘d’ from the face of the column
along the length.
Shear Force at X 3 X 3 VX3X3   qu x 1 - d
 184 2.2  0.42   327.52KN
along the width .
% c
 184 1.65  0.42   226.23KN
Max shear force = 327.52 KN 0.75 0.56
0.96 ?
Nominal shear stress (  v ): 1 0.62
VX 3 X 3 327.52  10 3 0.25 0.06
v    0.78N / mm 2
bd 1000  420 0.21 ?
0.21  0.06
100Ast  c  0.56   0.61N / mm2
% of steel  0.25
bd
Xu 0 .87 f A
y st 100
 
d 0.36 fckbd 100
A st 0.36fck  X u max  0.36  20

100  100     100   0.48  0.96%
bd 0.87fy  d  0.87  415
 v   c
UNSAFE, THE DEPTH OF THE FOOTING HAS TO BE INCREASED.
The depth of footing required from one way shear consideration.
VX 3 X 3 327.52  10 3
d   536.92mm
b C 1000  0.61
D  536.92  60  596.92mm say 660mm
d = 660 – 60 = 600 mm
V 327.52  10 3
 V  X3X3   0.55N / mm 2
bd 1000  600
v  c Safe, Depth can be adopted, anyway it has to be checked for twoway shear.
Check for two way shear:

 600 600   600 600 
b o  2   600      450   
 2 2   2 2 
b o  4500mm
600 600 d/2
PQ  600    1200mm P Q
2 2
600 600
QR  450    1050mm
2 2 bw = 0.45 B = 3.75
Shear force VPQ RS  qu LB  PQ  QR  lw = 0.6 d/2
 184 5  3.75  1.2  1.05   3218.16 KN S R

CRITICAL SECTION
Nominal Shear stress FOR TWOWAY SHEAR
V 3218.16  10 3
 v  PQ RS   1.19 N/mm2
b0 d 4500  600 L = 5.0
PLAN
(P-58 & 59, Cl : 31.6.3)
c  k s c
B 0.45
k s  0.5  c   1, c    0.75
L 0.6
k s  1.0,  c  0.25 fck  0.25  20  1.118 N/mm2
 c  1  1.118  1.118 N/mm2
 v   c UNSAFE, THE DEPTH OF THE FOOTING HAS TO BE FURTHER
INCREASED.
Assuming overall depth of footing needed to resist twoway shear

D  720mm
d  720  60  660mm
 660 660   660 660 
b o  2   600      450   
 2 2   2 2 
b o  4740mm
660 660
AB  600    1260mm
2 2
660 660
BC  450    1110mm
2 2
Shear force VABCD  qu LB  AB  BC 
 184 5  3.75  1.26  1.11  3192.66 KN
3192.66  10 3
v 
4740  660

 1.02N / mm2   c 1.118N / mm2 
 v  c , The footing is safe in two - way shear.
Hence adopt overall depth of footing = 720 mm and effective depth

= 660 mm.

In rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction is distributed
uniformly across the full width (viz., the shorter dimensions, that is, parallel to length
of the footing.
Rft along Longer Directions:
 fy A st 
MX1X1  0.87 fy A st d1  
 fck bd 
 415 A st 
445.28  10 6  0.87  415  A st  6601  
 20  1000  660 
1868 .62  A st  3.14  10 5 A 2st
3.14  10  5 A 2st  A st  1868 .62  0
A st 
1   12  4  3.14  10 5  1868.62
 1993 .40mm2
2  3.14  10  5
Assuming # 20 bar
 20 
2
a 4
Spacing  st  1000   1000  157.60mm.
A st 1993.40
Provide #20 at 150 c/c along longer directions.

P-65 CL 34.3.1.(c) Rft along Shorter Directions:
For reinforcement in the short direction (viz., across the length, that is, parallel to
width), the length of footing is divided into two bands, namely middle band ( or
central band) and edge bands. The central band shall have width equal to the width
of the footing. The width of each band shall be equal to 0.5(L-B). The middle portion
of rectangular footing (viz., Central band), gets concentrated support from the
column. Therefore, the curvature of footing is sharpest, that is, the moment per
metre is largest, immediately under the column. Hence, the central portion needs a
larger steel area than the edge bands (the far ends of footing). The area of steel
bars required
 fy A st 
MX 2 X 2  0.87 fy A st d1  
 f ck bd 
20 20
d  660    640mm
2 2
 415 A st 
250.47  10 6  0.87  415  A st  6401  
 20  1000  640 
Ast  1124.95mm2
Central Band
Edge Band Edge Band
0.5(L-B)
B 0.5(L-B)
2
The rft in the central band is increased by an amount equal to ,where  is
  1
the ratio of long side to the short side of the footing, that is,
Reinforcement in central band  2 
  
Total reinforcem ent in short direction    1 
 2 
A st, CENTRAL BAND     A st , X 2 X 2
  1
5
  1.33
3.75
 2  2
A st, C B     1124.95  965.62 mm
 1.33  1 
 16 
2
a st 4
Spacing   1000   1000  208.22mm.
A st 965.62
Provide #16 at 200 c/c in the central band
Reinforcement in two side band

A st ,EB  1124.95  965.62  159.33mm2
159.33
A st ,EB on one side of Edge Band   79.665 mm2
2
 16 
2
ast 4  1000  2523.84mm.  450mm

Spacing   1000 
A st ,EB 79.665
Provide 16 mm dia at 450 mm c/c in the Edge band
Check for development length along longer direction:
0.87f y 0.87  415  20
Ld    940.23mm
4 bd 4  1.6  1.2
 L  l w    5000  600  
    Edge distance      50   2150mm  L d (940.23mm)
 2    2  
Satisfactory
Check for development length along shorter direction:

0.87f y 0.87  415  16
Ld    752.20mm
4 bd 4  1.6  1.2
 B  b w    3750  450  
    Edge distance     50   1600mm  L d (752.20mm)
 2    2  
Satisfactory
600 x 450
Column
Lateral tie
720
5000
20# @ 150 c/c
3750
16# @ 450 c/c 16 # @ 200 c/c 16# @ 450 c/c

EDGE BAND CENTRAL BAND EDGE BAND
DEC 07/ JAN 08 – 20 Marks
Design an isolated footing of uniform depth for the column of size 230 mm x
530 mm. The column is carrying a load of 1000 KN. The bearing capacity of soil is
300 KN/m2. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Sketch the details of steel.
Sep / Oct 2000 – 20 marks

Design a rectangular footing of flat type for rectangular column 300 mm x
500 mm carrying an axial load of 1200 KN. The footing rests on soil having safe
bearing capacity of 200 KN/m2. Adopt M 20 concrete and Fe 500 steel. Sketch the
footing showing the details of rft .
Solution:
Given: Axial load = 1200 KN, SBC = 200 KN/m2,
Materials : M20 and Fe 500,
fck = 20 N/mm2, fy = 500 N/mm2
Load calculation:
Axial load = 1200 KN
Self wt of footing
(10% of Axial Load) = 0.1 x (1200) = 120 KN
= 1320 KN
Total Load 1320
SBC 200
A rectangular footing shall be provided to support the load from the rectangular
column. The proportions of width and length of the footing may be assumed as that
of the column dimensions, (viz,. bw/lw = 300/500 = 0.6). The width of footing (B)
may be taken as 0.6 times of the length of footing (i.e., B = 0.6L). Therefore,
B  L  6.6
0.6L  L  6.6
L  3.31 m Say 3.5 m
B  0.6  L  0.6  3.5  2.1m
A rectangular footing of size 2.1 m x 3.5 m shall be provided.
Column Load 1200
Net upward soil pressure    163.27 KN/ m2  200 KN/ m2 .
Area of footing 2.1  3.5
Factored Netupward Pressure qu   1.5  163.27  245 KN/ m2 .
Depth of footing: C
a) Based on Bending Moment o
consideration : L ELEVATION
u
Consider a critical section X1X1 at the face m
of the column X1 n
3.5  0.5 Footing
Cantilever Projection (x1 )   1.5m
2
qu = 245 KN/m2
X3
qu  x 2 245  1.52
MX1X1    275.625KN  m
2 2 PLAN
d lw = 0.5
Consider a critical section X2X2 at the face
of the column X2 bw = 0.3 X2
X1
2.1  0.3
Cantilever Projection (x 2 )  X2
2
 0.9m
q  x 2 245  0.92 L = 3.5m
MX2X2  u   99.225KN  m X3 X1
2 2
Depth is calculated for the maximum BM of 275.625 kN-m.

MX1X1  Mu, lim  0.133fckbd2
MX1X1 275.625  10 6
d   321.9mm
0.138 fckb 0.133  20  1000
Based on shear consideration, depth is increased by 1.5d to 2d.

d = 2 x 321.9 = 643.8 mm.
Overall Depth  643.8  75  718.8mm Say 720 mm
Effective depth provided dprov ided  720  75  645mm
Check for one way shear:

along the length.
 2451.5  0.645   209.475KN
Nominal shear stress (  v ):

VX 3 X 3 209.475  10 3
v    0.32N / mm2
bd 1000  645
100A st
% of steel 
bd
Xu 0 .87 f A
y st 100
 
d 0.36 fckbd 100
A st 0.36fck  X u max  0.36  20
100  100     100   0.46  0.76%
bd 0.87fy  d  0.87  500
Permissible shear stress  c  for 0.76 % steel  0.56 N/mm2
  v   c , Safe, Depth can be adopted, anyway it has to be checked for twoway shear.
Check for two way shear:

 645 645   645 645 
b o  2   500      300   
 2 2   2 2 
d/2
b o  4180 mm A B
645 645
AB  500    1145mm  1.145m
2 2 bw = 0.3 B = 2.1
645 645
BC  300    945mm  .945m lw = 0.5 d/2
2 2 D
Shear force VA BC D  qu LB  AB  BC 
C
CRITICAL SECTION
 2453.5  2.1  1.145  0.945   1751.75 KN FOR TWOWAY SHEAR
L = 3.5
PLAN
Nominal Shear stress

VA BC D 1751.75  10 3
v    0.65 N/mm2
b0d 4180  645
(P-58 & 59, Cl : 31.6.3)
 c  k s c
B 2.1
k s  0.5   c   1, c 
  0.6
L 3.5
k s  0.5  0.6  1.1  1  k s  1.0,
 c  0.25 fck  0.25  20  1.118 N/mm2
 c  1  1.118  1.118 N/mm2
 v c, The depth of footing is safe for two - way shear also.
Hence adopt overall depth of footing = 720 mm and effective depth

= 645 mm.

In rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction is distributed
uniformly across the full width (viz., the shorter dimensions, that is, parallel to length
of the footing at bottom.
Rft along Longer Directions:
 f A 
MX1 X1  0.87 fy A st d1  y st 
 fckbd 
 500 A st 
275.625  10 6  0.87  500  A st  6451  
 20  1000  645 
982.36  A st  3.88  10 5 A 2st
3.88  10  5 A 2st  A st  982.36  0
A st 
1   12  4  3.88  10  5  982.36  1022.96mm2
5
2  3.88  10
Assuming # 16 bar
 16 
2
a 4
Spacing  st  1000   1000  196.55mm.
A st 1022.96
Provide #16 at 180 c/c along longer directions.

P-65 CL 34.3.1.(c) Rft along Shorter Directions:
For reinforcement in the short direction (viz., across the length, that is, parallel to
width), the length of footing is divided into two bands, namely middle band ( or
central band) and edge bands. The central band shall have width equal to the width
of the footing. The width of each band shall be equal to 0.5(L-B). The middle portion
of rectangular footing (viz., Central band), gets concentrated support from the
column. Therefore, the curvature of footing is sharpest, that is, the moment per
metre is largest, immediately under the column. Hence, the central portion needs a
larger steel area than the edge bands (the far ends of footing). The area of steel
bars required
 fy A st 
MX 2 X 2  0.87 fy A st d1  
 f ck bd 
16 12
d  645    631mm
2 2
 500 A st 
99.225  10 6  0.87  500  A st  6311  
 20  1000  631 
361.50  A st  3.96  10  5 A 2st
3.96  10 5 A 2st  A st  361.50  0
A st 
1  12  4  3.96  10  5  361.50  366.83mm2
2  3.96  10  5
Central Band
Edge Band Edge Band
0.5(L-B)
B 0.5(L-B)
2
The rft in the central band is increased by an amount equal to ,where  is
  1
the ratio of long side to the short side of the footing, that is,
Reinforcement in central band  2 
  
Total reinforcem ent in short direction    1 
 2 
A st, CENTRAL BAND     A st , X 2 X 2
  1
3.5
   1.67
2.1
 2  2
A st, C B     366.83  274.78 mm
 1.67  1 
 12 
2
ast 4
Spacing   1000   1000  411.60mm.
A st 274.78
Provide #12 at 400 c/c in the central band
Reinforcement in two side band

A st ,EB  366.83  274.78  92.05mm2
92.05
A st ,EB on one side of Edge Band   46.025 mm2
2
 12
2
ast 4  1000  2457.30mm.  450mm

Spacing   1000 
A st ,EB 46.025
Provide 12 mm dia at 450 mm c/c in the Edge band
Check for development length along longer direction:
0.87 fy 0.87  500  16
Ld    906.25mm
4 bd 4  1.6  1.2
 L  lw    3500  500  
    Edge distance      75  1425mm  L d (906.25mm)
 2    2  
Satisfactory
Check for development length along shorter direction:

0.87 fy 0.87  500  12
Ld    679.70mm
4 bd 4  1.6  1.2
 B  b w    2100  300  
    Edge distance      75  825mm  L d (679.70mm)
 2    2  
Satisfactory
500 x 210
Column
Lateral tie
720
3500
#16 @ 180 c/c
2100
12# @ 450 c/c 12 # @ 300 c/c 12# @ 450 c/c

EDGE BAND CENTRAL BAND EDGE BAND

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MODULE - 5: LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF COLUMNS AND FOOTING

Friday, November 09, 2001 8:08:24 AM

Longitudinal reinforcement (Cl: 26.5.3.1, P – 48)

wwq under consideration, the

b) In any column that has a larger

c) The minimum number of

e) A reinforced concrete column having helical

f) In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal bars

g) Spacing of longitudinal bars

h) In case of pedestal in which

(a) Flat slab construction. The unsupported length, l shall be clear

b) Beam and slab construction: The

c) Columns restrained laterally by struts: The

(d) Columns restrained laterally by struts or

Assumption made in the limit state of collapse in compression (P-70)

Area of stress block  0.36f ck x u

simultaneously. The ultimate load for a short column X

the dimensions of the cross-section.

Long column or slender column

Effective length of compression members:

Stength of short axially loaded members in compression P-(71/2000)

Mostly the code specifies minimum eccentricity as above for rectangular

cross-sections of the column. In the absence of any guideline, a value of has

Actual eccentricity is calculated by analysis as and where the actual

CLEAR COVER TO LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT(P-46, Cl: 26.4.2.1)

l = unsupported length of the column

P-71 Clause 39.3 emin  emin,permissible (0.05D)

2) AXIAL LOAD AND UNIAXIAL MOMENT.

In the direction of longer dimension (about Minor axis – Y-Y Axis)

In the direction of longer direction (Minor axis – Y-Y Axis)

Moment M = Pu x emin (20 mm)

AXIAL LOAD AND BIAXIAL MOMENT.

In the direction of longer direction (Minor axis – Y-Y Axis)

In the direction of longer direction (Minor axis – Y-Y Axis)

In the direction of longer direction (Minor axis – Y-Y Axis)

1200  10 3  0.4  20  0.98 A  0.67  415  0.02 A

Lateral ties:Greater of the following

Spacing of lateral ties: Least of the following

4  250  400 10 - #25

Spacing of lateral ties: Least of the following 300 C/C

1) Least lateral dimension = 250 mm #8 @

In the direction of longer dimension (wrt Major axis – X-X Axis)

In the direction of shorter dimension (wrt Minor

Percentage of reinforcement is within limits

Spacing of lateral ties: Least of the following

1800  10 3  0.4  20  0.98 A  0.67  250  0.02 A

Check for minimum eccentricity (p- Minor axis

In the direction of longer dimension (about

In the direction of shorter dimension (about b

Lateral ties:Greater of the following

Spacing of lateral ties: Least of the following

Jan/Feb 2005 (VTU) – 10 Marks

Pu  0.4 fck A c  0.67 f y A sc

Provide a column of size 380 x 430 mm

Check for slenderness ratio

Check for minimum eccentricity (P-42/2000)

Since the slenderness ratio is less than 12 and eccentricity is within

Spacing of lateral ties: Least of the following

P-715, Limit State design By Dr. Ramachandra #8 @

Short Columns with axial and Uniaxial Bending

Columns, such as the external columns of framed building, or columns carrying

1995 Feb.-20 marks B.U.

1995 Aug.-20 marks B.U.