Assignment # 1

Pakistan Studies and Global perspective

PAK-103
Name: Hassan Ali Shahbaz
Eno #: 01-132202-012

Department of Computer Engineering

BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

Role of Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam in two nation
Theory
As we know that behind the creation of Pakistan there is theory that
states that Muslims and Hindus are separate nation and such Theory is
called Two Nation Theory or basic Ideology of Pakistan. So, lets get to
the origin of two nation theory after the war of independence 1857 the
Hindus convinced the British raj that the war of independence was
because of Muslims because they were the ruling class there and the
conditions of Muslims got worse in the subcontinent because of it. There
were no jobs and every one hated Muslims for their mutiny and there
was a scholar who tried to convince Muslims and British to understand
each other’s perspective and he preached both parties about it and that
person was sir Syed Ahmed Khan Born into a family with strong debts
to the Mughal court, Ahmad studied the Quran and Sciences within the
court. In 1838, Syed Ahmad entered the service of East India Company
and went on to become a judge at a Small Causes Court in 1867. During
the War of Independence of 1857, he remained loyal to the British Raj
and was noted for his actions in saving European lives. After the
rebellion, he penned the booklet The Causes of the Indian Mutiny a
daring critique, at the time, of various British policies that he blamed for
causing the revolt and he soon realized the Muslims can live with British
but there was no way we can live with Hindus due to the difference in
culture and Hindus hatred towards Muslims. Thus, he became the
architect of the two-nation theory. For instance, Sir Syed, in a January
1883 speech in Patna, talked of two different nations, even if his own
approach was conciliatory:
“Friends, in India there live two prominent nations which are
distinguished by the names of Hindus and Mussulmans. Just as a man
has some principal organs, similarly these two nations are like the
principal limbs of India”
This theory became the basic Principle for the partition of Subcontinent.
Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
also played an important role in developing this theory and preaching
them to the public.

Allama Iqbal’s Role in Two Nation Theory:

Allama Mohammad Iqbal was born on 9th November 1877 in Sialkot.
After seeking early education, he was admitted to Government College
Lahore, where he obtained Master’s degree in Philosophy. He left for
England for higher studies in 1905. In 1907, he obtained his PhD from
Munich University. Then he returned to Pakistan. Allama Iqbal was the
greatest philosopher and poet of the present era. He awakened the
feeling of Muslim Nationhood among the Muslims of India through his
poetry.
When the Hindu philosophers presented this philosophy that a nation is
born throughout the country and when Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madni
seconded it, then Iqbal reacted strongly towards it. His thinking and
poetry reflect the Two Nation Theory and his poetry awakened the
feeling of Islamic nationality among the Muslims of India. This sense of
a single unity was a major factor in the creation of Pakistan. In his
famous Allahabad Address Iqbal expressed the view of an independent
state in the predominantly Muslim provinces of northwestern India, thus
becoming the first politician to define Two Nation Theory - that
Muslims are a separate nation and therefore deserve political
independence in other regions as well. Allama Iqbal explained to
Muslims in India that there can be no peace in the country unless they
are recognized as a nation and under a government program, many
Muslims are given the same rights that are given to the majority of
Hindus.. It was the only way in which both Muslims and Hindus could
prosper according to their own cultural values. In his speech, he
emphasized that unlike Christianity, Islam had come up with "legitimate
ideas" and "social significance," and "religious ideologies" that were
considered to be inseparable from social order. Also, during the Third
Round-Table Conference, he opposed the Congress proposals for
transfer of power without considerable autonomy or independence for
Muslim provinces.
Role of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Two Nation
Theory:
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was Born at Wazir Mansion in
Karachi, Jinnah Got his law education from Lincoln's Inn in London,
England. Upon his return to British India, he enrolled at the Bombay
High Court, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually
replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian
National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. Quaid-e-
Azam Had a Mindset of territorial Nationalism he wanted every
community of the subcontinent to unite against British and their policies.
In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated Hindu–
Muslim unity, helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the
Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also
become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the All-India Home
Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan
to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in the Indian subcontinent.
He was also given the title of the “Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity”.
But it was not long before Quaid-e-Azam realized the Hindus never
wanted to get united with Muslim or any other minority in the
subcontinent. Many historians write that they saw Quaid-e-Azam
weeping only twice in his life once in 1929 when his wife rattan bai
suddenly died and second time when he saw Nehru Report in 1928
which clearly denied every article of Lucknow pact signed in 1916
Jinnah cried and said that “It’s the Partition of our ways. Now the
Hindu Muslim Unity is out of question” and from that day onwards
Quaid-e-Azam himself adopted two nation theory and demanded a
separate land for Muslims of India and this theory that Muslims can’t
live with Hindus came true after the elections of 1937 when congress
won the election and immediately after election not just Muslims but
Sikhs also came tired of the unjust congress raj which favored Hindus
and Muslims came to return to Muslim league and trusting them with the
demand of separate homeland for Muslims. And soon with the struggle
of Quaid-e-Azam and Muslim League on 14 August 1947 Pakistan came
into being and will remain till the end Always and Forever (Inshallah).