Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 7

Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 58 (2015) 165 – 171

6HFRQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ&RPSXWHU9LVLRQDQGWKH,QWHUQHW 9LVLRQ1HW¶ 

&ODVVLILFDWLRQRI+HDUW6RXQG6LJQDOV8VLQJ0XOWLPRGDO)HDWXUHV
6LPDUMRW.DXU5DQGKDZDDQG0DQGHHS6LQJK 
5HVHDUFK6FKRODU(,('7KDSDU8QLYHUVLW\3DWLDOD,1',$
$VVW3URIHVVRU(,('7KDSDU8QLYHUVLW\3DWLDOD,1',$

$EVWUDFW

&DUGLDF DXVFXOWDWLRQLVDWHFKQLTXHRIOLVWHQLQJWR KHDUWVRXQGV $Q\DEQRUPDOLW\LQWKHKHDUWVRXQG PD\  LQGLFDWH


VRPH SUREOHPLQWKH KHDUW ,QWKLVSDSHUWKH SKRQRFDUGLRJUDP 3&* VLJQDOLHWKHGLJLWDOUHFRUGLQJRIWKHKHDUW
VRXQGVKDVEHHQVWXGLHGDQGFODVVLILHGLQWRWKUHHFODVVHVQDPHO\QRUPDOVLJQDOV\VWROLFPXUPXUVLJQDODQGGLDVWROLF
PXUPXU VLJQDO 7RWDO QXPEHU RI VDPSOHV XVHG IRU WKLV VWXG\ DUH  RXW RI ZKLFK  DUH QRUPDO VLJQDOV  DUH
GLDVWROLF PXUPXU VLJQDOV DQG  DUH V\VWROLF PXUPXU VLJQDOV 9DULRXV IHDWXUHV KDYH EHHQ H[WUDFWHG IRU WKH
FODVVLILFDWLRQ $ WRWDO RI  IHDWXUHV KDYH EHHQ H[WUDFWHG DQG WKHQ UHGXFHG WR  PRVW VLJQLILFDQW IHDWXUHV XVLQJ
IHDWXUH UHGXFWLRQWHFKQLTXH 7KH VHOHFWHG IHDWXUHV KDYHEHHQ XVHGWRFODVVLI\ WKHVLJQDOLQWRYDULRXVFODVVHV XVLQJ
FODVVLILHUV 7KH FODVVLILHUV ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ DUH N11 N 1HDUHVW 1HLJKERXU  IX]]\ N11 DQG
$UWLILFLDO1HXUDO1HWZRUN $11 %RWKN11DQGIX]]\N11DVFODVVLILHUVKDYHWKHKLJKHVWDFFXUDF\RI
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRIWKH6HFRQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ&RPSXWHU9LVLRQDQGWKH
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the Second International Symposium on Computer Vision and the Internet
,QWHUQHW 9LVLRQ1HW¶ 
(VisionNet’15)
.H\ZRUGV+HDUW6RXQGV&ODVVLILFDWLRQ)HDUWXUH([WUDFWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ
&DUGLDF DXVFXOWDWLRQ LV WKH IRUHPRVW EDVLF DQDO\VLV WRRO XVHG WR HYDOXDWH WKH IXQFWLRQ RI WKH KHDUW >@ ,W LV D
WHFKQLTXHRIOLVWHQLQJWRKHDUWVRXQGVZLWKDVWHWKRVFRSH7KHPDLQFDXVHRIWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIKHDUWVRXQGVLQEORRG
WXUEXOHQFH7KHEORRGWXUEXOHQFHLVPDLQO\FDXVHGGXHWRRSHQLQJDQGFORVLQJRIKHDUWYDOYHVDQGDOVRGXHWRIDVW
DFFHOHUDWLRQVDQGUHWDUGDWLRQVRIEORRGIORZLQWKHKHDUWFKDPEHUV>@7KHGLJLWDOUHFRUGLQJRIKHDUWVRXQGLVFDOOHG
SKRQRFDUGLRJUDP 3&* ,WLV PDLQO\UHFRUGHGXVLQJWKH HOHFWURQLFVWHWKRVFRSH DQGWKH VLJQDOLVGLVSOD\HGRQWKH
FRPSXWHU
7KHKHDUWVRXQGFRPSULVHVRIIRXUFRPSRQHQWV666DQG66 OXE DQG6 GXE DUHFDOOHGIXQGDPHQWDO


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU0DQGHHS6LQJK
(PDLODGGUHVVPGVLQJK#WKDSDUHGX

1877-0509 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of organizing committee of the Second International Symposium on Computer Vision and the Internet (VisionNet’15)
doi:10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.045
166 Simarjot Kaur Randhawa and Mandeep Singh / Procedia Computer Science 58 (2015) 165 – 171

KHDUWVRXQGV )+6 6LVFDXVHGGXHWRFORVXUHRIDWULRYHQWULFXODUYDOYHV6LVFDXVHGGXHWRFORVXUHRIVHPLOXQDU


YDOYHV6DQG6DUHUDUHUKHDUWVRXQGVZKLFKDUHQRWQRUPDOO\DXGLEOHDQGDUHVRPHWLPHVYLVLEOHRQWKHJUDSKLFDO
UHFRUGLQJLHSKRQRFDUGLRJUDP7KHSHULRGIURPEHJLQQLQJRIRQHKHDUWEHDWWRWKHQH[WRQHLVNQRZQDVWKHFDUGLDF
F\FOH,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHLQWHUYDOEHWZHHQVWDUWRI6WRVWDUWRIQH[W6LVFDOOHGFDUGLDFF\FOH7KHUHJLRQEHWZHHQ
6DQGVWDUWLQJRI6RIVDPHKHDUWF\FOHLVFDOOHGV\VWROLFUHJLRQDQGWKHUHJLRQEHWZHHQ6DQGVWDUWLQJRI6RI
QH[WKHDUWVRXQGF\FOHLVFDOOHGGLDVWROLFUHJLRQ7KHGXUDWLRQSLWFKVKDSHHWFRIKHDUWVRXQGVWHOOVRULQGLFDWHVXV
DERXWWKHGLIIHUHQWFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHKHDUW6RPHWLPHVXQXVXDOVRXQGVDSSHDULQWKHKHDUWVRXQGVZKLFKDUHFDOOHG
PXUPXUVDQGPD\LQGLFDWHVRPHDEQRUPDOLWLHVLQWKHKHDUW7KHPXUPXUVFDQEHFODVVLILHGLQWRV\VWROLFPXUPXUV
GLDVWROLFPXUPXUVDQGFRQWLQXRXVPXUPXUVEDVHGXSRQWKHLUORFDWLRQRIRFFXUUHQFH0XUPXUVZKLFKRFFXUGXULQJ
V\VWROLFUHJLRQDUH NQRZQDV V\VWROLF PXUPXUVDQGWKRVHRFFXUULQJGXULQJGLDVWROLFUHJLRQDUHNQRZQDVGLDVWROLF
PXUPXUV0XUPXUVZKLFKRFFXUWKURXJKRXWWKHFDUGLDFF\FOHDUHFDOOHGFRQWLQXRXVPXUPXUV,QWKLVVWXG\WKHKHDUW
VRXQGVKDYHEHHQFODVVLILHGLQWRWKUHHFODVVHVQDPHO\QRUPDOVLJQDOV\VWROLFPXUPXUVLJQDODQGGLDVWROLFPXUPXU
VLJQDO VHHILJXUHV 7KHV\VWROLFPXUPXUPD\EHFDXVHGGXHWRVWHQRVLVRIVHPLOXQDUYDOYHVRUUHJXUJLWDWLRQ
RIWKHDWULRYHQWULFXODUYDOYHVDQGFDXVHVRIGLDVWROLFPXUPXUVLQFOXGHDRUWLFDQGSXOPRQDU\YDOYHUHJXUJLWDWLRQDQG
PLWUDODQGWULFXVSLGYDOYHUXPEOHV3UHYLRXVO\YDULRXVVWXGLHVKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWIRUFODVVLILFDWLRQ DQGIHDWXUH
H[WUDFWLRQRIWKH3&*VLJQDO










  
 D  E  F 
 )LJXUH D $QRUPDO3&*VLJQDO E 3&*VLJQDOZLWKV\VWROLFPXUPXU F 3&*VLJQDOZLWKGLDVWROLFPXUPXU
3UHYLRXVZRUN
0DQ\VWXGLHVKDYHEHHQGRQHRQ3&*VLJQDOVRIDU7KHUHVHDUFKRQWKLVWRSLFGHFUHDVHGZLWKWKHDGYHQWRIQHZ
WHFKQLTXHV OLNH (FKRFDUGLRJUDSK\ (&*  %XW QRZDGD\V UHVHDUFK LQ WKLV ILHOG KDV LQFUHDVHG DJDLQ GXH WR
LPSURYHPHQWV LQ VLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DQG QHZ JHQHUDWLRQ SHUVRQDO FRPSXWHUV >@ 5HVHDUFKHUV KDYH
H[WUDFWHGYDULRXVIHDWXUHVLQGLIIHUHQWGRPDLQVXVLQJZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUPV))7HWFDQGKDYHFODVVLILHGWKH3&*VLJQDO
LQWRYDULRXVFODVVHV0DQ\UHVHDUFKHUVKDYHGRQHYDULRXVVWXGLHVRQ3&*VLJQDO>@)ROORZLQJDUHVRPHRIWKH
UHODWHGZRUNVGRQHE\YDULRXVUHVHDUFKHUV
1LJDPHWDOSURSRVHGDPHWKRGLQZKLFKZDVDEOHWRORFDWHV\VWROLFPXUPXUVLQWKH3&*VLJQDOVDQGZDV
EDVHG RQ WKHLU YLVXDO VLPSOLFLW\ 7KHLU DEVROXWH DPSOLWXGH DQG IUHTXHQF\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ZHUH LQGHSHQGHQW RI WKH
YLVXDOVLPSOLFLW\7KHDSSURDFKXVHGZDVIX]]\FOXVWHULQJ7KHDFFXUDF\RIZDVDFKLHYHGLQGHWHFWLQJV\VWROLF
PXUPXUV >@ ,Q  $UL HW DO FODVVLILHG QRUPDO DQG DEQRUPDO KHDUW VRXQGV ZLWK OHDVW VTXDUH VXSSRUW YHFWRU
PDFKLQH /6690 DVDFODVVLILHUXVLQJZDYHOHWEDVHGIHDWXUHVHW5HVXOWVVKRZHGWKDWWKHSURSRVHGWHFKQLTXHKDG
JUHDWHU DFFXUDF\ WKDQ VWDQGDUG 690 DQG FODVVLFDO OHDVW VTXDUH 690 >@ &KRL HW DO   SURSRVHG D QRYHO
FDUGLDF VRXQG VSHFWUDO DQDO\VLV PHWKRG XVLQJ WKH QRUPDOL]HG DXWRUHJUHVVLYH SRZHU VSHFWUDO GHQVLW\ 1$536' 
FXUYH ZLWK WKH VXSSRUW YHFWRU PDFKLQH 690  WHFKQLTXH IRU FODVVLI\LQJ WKH FDUGLDF VRXQG PXUPXUV $OVR WZR
GLDJQRVWLFIHDWXUHV)PD[DQG)ZLGWK ZHUH SURSRVHG ZKLFKGHVFULEHGWKHPD[LPXPSHDNRI1$536'FXUYHDQG
WKHIUHTXHQF\ZLGWKEHWZHHQWKHFURVVHGSRLQWVRI1$536'FXUYHRQDVHOHFWHGWKUHVKROGYDOXH>@$NEDULHWDO
LQ  SURSRVHG D QHZ DQDO\WLFDO WHFKQLTXH ZKLFK KH QDPHG DV 'LJLWDO 6XEWUDFWLRQ 3KRQRFDUGLRJUDSK\ '63 
7KLVWHFKQLTXHLVEDVHGRQWKHSULQFLSOHWKDWWKHPXUPXUVDUHUDQGRPLQQDWXUHEXWWKH)XQGDPHQWDO+HDUW6RXQGV
)+6 DUHGHWHUPLQLVWLFLQQDWXUH7KHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHDFRXVWLFHPLVVLRQVRIWZRVXFFHVVLYHKHDUWEHDWVZDV
VLPSO\WDNHQDQGPXUPXUJUDPZDVFRQVWUXFWHG,WZDVIRXQGWKDWIRUQRUPDOFDVHVWKHPXUPXUJUDPVKRXOGEHIODW
EHWZHHQ WKH )+6 EXW IRU DEQRUPDO FDVHV LH KHDUW VRXQGV ZLWK PXUPXUV WKLV ZDVQ¶W WKH FDVH > @ ,Q 
'HEEDO HW DO XVHG &RQWLQXRXV :DYHOHW 7UDQVIRUP &:7  +H VWXGLHG QRUPDO DQG DEQRUPDO 3KRQRFDUGLRJUDP
Simarjot Kaur Randhawa and Mandeep Singh / Procedia Computer Science 58 (2015) 165 – 171 167

VLJQDOV DQG H[WUDFWHG IHDWXUHV LQ WLPHIUHTXHQF\ GRPDLQ DQG WKHLU VFDORJUDPV ZHUH SORWWHG ,W ZDV VHHQ WKDW WKH\
H[KLELWHGQRWLFHDEOHPRUSKRORJLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQWHUPVRIGXUDWLRQDQGVSHFWUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIVRXQGV>@6DIDUD
HWDOSURSRVHGPXOWLOHYHOEDVLVVHOHFWLRQ 0/%6 LQ7KHFODVVLILFDWLRQZDVGRQHEHWZHHQQRUPDOKHDUWVRXQG
VLJQDODQGWKUHHNLQGVRIPXUPXUVLJQDOV PLWUDOUHJXUJLWDWLRQDRUWLFUHJXUJLWDWLRQDQGDRUWLFVWHQRVLV ,WZDVIRXQG
RXW WKDW DQ DFFXUDF\ RI  ZDV DFKLHYHG XVLQJ 0/%6 >@  ,Q  6LQJK HW DO SURSRVHG D PHWKRG WR
GLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQQRUPDODQGDEQRUPDOKHDUWVRXQGVEDVHGRQIHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQ1R(&*JDWLQJZDVXVHGDQGD
QHZ IHDWXUH µPHDQ¶ LH PD[LPXP RI PHDQ LQ V\VWROLF UHJLRQ DQG GLDVWROLF UHJLRQ ZDV SURSRVHG &ODVVLILFDWLRQ
DFFXUDF\ZDVFDOFXODWHGZLWKDQGZLWKRXWWKLVQHZIHDWXUHDQGLWZDVVHHQWKDWWKHDFFXUDF\ZDVLQFUHDVHGZKHQWKLV
IHDWXUHZDVXVHGIRUFODVVLILFDWLRQ+LJKHVWDFFXUDF\RIZDVDFKLHYHG>@

0HWKRGRORJ\
$VZHNQRZWKDWKHDUWVRXQGVLJQDOJLYHVXVYDOXDEOHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHKHDUWFRQGLWLRQWKH3&*VLJQDOLV
FDSDEOH RI GLDJQRVLQJ YDULRXV KHDUW GLVHDVHV DW DQ HDUOLHU VWDJH 7KHUHIRUH VLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV FDQ EH
HPSOR\HGWRSURFHVVWKH3&*VLJQDOVWRZDUGVLPSURYLQJWKHDFFXUDF\RIGLDJQRVLV>@7KHYDULRXVVWDJHVWKDWDUH
LQYROYHGLQKHDUWVRXQGDQDO\VLVDUHVLJQDODFTXLVLWLRQIHDWXUHH[WUDFWLRQIHDWXUHUHGXFWLRQDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQ

 6,*1$/ 
)($785( )($785(
&/$66,),&$7,21
 $&48,6,7,21 (;75$&7,21 5('87,21


)LJXUH9DULRXVVWHSVLQYROYHGLQ3&*VLJQDODQDO\VLV
6LJQDO$FTXLVLWLRQ
3&* VLJQDO LV D YRLFH VLJQDO ZKLFK LV UHFRUGHG XVLQJ WKH HOHFWURQLF VWHWKRVFRSH 6RPHWLPHV SUHSURFHVVLQJ LV
GRQHRQWKHDFTXLUHGVLJQDO7KHVLJQDOPD\EHILOWHUHGQRUPDOL]HGVFDOHGRUVHJPHQWHGIRUIXUWKHUDQDO\VLV,QWKLV
VWXG\WKHVL]HRIGDWDVHWLVRIVDPSOHVRXWRIZKLFKDUHQRUPDO3&*VLJQDOVDUHZLWKV\VWROLFPXUPXU
DQGWKHUHPDLQLQJDUH ZLWKGLDVWROLFPXUPXUV7KHVLJQDOVZHUHILUVWGLYLGHGLQWRLQGLYLGXDOKHDUWF\FOHVXVLQJ
:DY3DG6RXQGHGLWRUE\1&+6RIWZDUH7KH SXEOLFDOO\ DYDLODEOHGDWDEDVHKDVEHHQ XVHGLQ WKHVWXG\>@ 7KLV
GDWDEDVHZDVUHFRUGHGGXULQJFOLQLFWULDOLQKRVSLWDOVXVLQJWKHGLJLWDOVWHWKRVFRSH'LJL6FRSHŠ

)HDWXUH([WUDFWLRQ
,QWKLVVWDJHWKHSDUDPHWHUVZKLFKKDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOWRGLVFULPLQDWHEHWZHHQYDULRXVFODVVHVDUHFDOFXODWHGIURP
WKH3&*VLJQDODQGDUHIXUWKHUXVHGIRUFODVVLILFDWLRQRIWKHVLJQDOV7KH\PD\EHWLPHGRPDLQIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ
VWDWLVWLFDOEDVHGSDUDPHWHUV7KHIHDWXUHVWKDWKDYHEHHQXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\DUHH[WUDFWHGXVLQJ0$7/$% 5E 
DQG6SHFWUXP$QDO\]HUV6SHFWUD3OXV6&DQG6LJYLHZ$WRWDORIIHDWXUHVDUHH[WUDFWHG VHH7DEOH 

7DEOH/LVWRIH[WUDFWHGIHDWXUHV

61R 7LPHGRPDLQ 61R )UHTXHQF\GRPDLQIHDWXUHV 61R 6WDVWLFDO
 IHDWXUHV GRPDLQIHDWXUHV
 7RWDOSRZHU>@  3HDNIUHTXHQF\>@  0HDQ

 3HDN  %: V  6SHFWUDO >@  6WDQGDUG
DPSOLWXGH>@ GHYLDWLRQ
 7D  ,QWHUPRGXODWLRQ'LVWRUWLRQ  9DULDQFH
,0' 
 7E  3HDNIUHTXHQF\ V   6NHZQHVV>@
6SHFWUDO 
 =HUR&URVVLQJ  7RWDO+DUPRQLF'LVWRUWLRQ  .XUWRVLV>@
5DWH =&5 >@ 7+' >@
 =&5  4IDFWRU V  6SHFWUDO >@  
 =&5  3HDNIUHTXHQF\ S  3HDN  
KROG 
 506  %: S  3HDNKROG >@  
 506  4IDFWRU S  3HDNKROG >@  
 506  &UHVWIDFWRU  
 0D[ SURSRVHG   '\QDPLFUDQJH  
 0D[ SURSRVHG     

168 Simarjot Kaur Randhawa and Mandeep Singh / Procedia Computer Science 58 (2015) 165 – 171

7KH VXIIL[  DQG  XVHG GHQRWH WKH IHDWXUH YDOXH LQ V\VWROLF UHJLRQ DQG GLDVWROLF UHJLRQ UHVSHFWLYHO\ 0DQ\
GLIIHUHQWIHDWXUHVKDYHEHHQH[WUDFWHGLQGLIIHUHQWVWXGLHV)HDWXUHVWKDWKDYHQRWEHHQXVHGLQHDUOLHUVWXGLHVKDYH
EHHQH[SODLQHG506LVGHILQHGDVWKHVTXDUHURRWRIPHDQRIVTXDUHRIWKHZDYHIRUP $VPDOOYDULDQFHLQGLFDWHV
WKDWWKHGDWDSRLQWVWHQGWREHYHU\FORVHWRWKHPHDQDQGKHQFHWRHDFKRWKHUZKLOHDKLJKYDULDQFHLQGLFDWHVWKDW
WKH GDWD SRLQWV DUH YHU\ VSUHDG RXW DURXQG WKH PHDQ DQG IURP HDFK RWKHU ,0' LV WKH DPSOLWXGH PRGXODWLRQ RI
VLJQDOVFRQWDLQLQJWZRRUPRUHGLIIHUHQWIUHTXHQFLHVLQD V\VWHPZLWKQRQOLQHDULWLHV&UHVWIDFWRULVGHILQHGDVWKH
UDWLRRISHDNYDOXHWR506YDOXHRIDZDYHIRUP+LJKHUFUHVWIDFWRULQGLFDWHSHDNV'\QDPLFUDQJHLVWKHUDWLRRI
PD[YDOXH WRWKH PLQLPXP YDOXH LQD ZDYHIRUP0D[LV WKH PD[LPXP YDOXHRIWKHVLJQDO7DLV WLPHLQV\VWROLF
UHJLRQVWDUWLQJIURP6WLOOWKHPXUPXUODVWV7ELVWLPHLQGLDVWROLFUHJLRQVWDUWLQJIURP6WLOOWKHPXUPXUODVWV

)HDWXUH5HGXFWLRQ
)HDWXUHUHGXFWLRQLVWKHWKLUGVWDJHRIWKHPHWKRGRORJ\XVHG,QWKLVVWDJHRXWRIWKHH[WUDFWHGIHDWXUHVDIHZDUH
VHOHFWHG VR WKDW PLVOHDGLQJ DQG UHGXQGDQW IHDWXUHV DUH UHPRYHG DQG LW DOVR UHGXFHV WKH GLPHQVLRQDOLW\ DQG
FRPSXWDWLRQDOORDG,WLVRQHRIWKHLPSRUWDQWVWDJHVVRWKDWFODVVLILFDWLRQLVGRQHSURSHUO\DQGZLWKKLJKHUDFFXUDF\
,QWKLVVWXG\ IHDWXUHV ZHUH SORWWHGDJDLQVWHDFKRWKHUWRVHH ZKLFK IHDWXUHVDUH FDSDEOHRI VHSDUDWLQJWKH FODVVHV
$OVR )LVKHU¶V 'LVFULPLQDQW 5DWLR )'5  LV FDOFXODWHG EHWZHHQ IHDWXUHV RI WZR FODVVHV )'5 LV GHILQHG E\ WKH
IROORZLQJHTXDWLRQ
ȁߤଵ െ ߤଶ ȁଶ
‫ ܴܦܨ‬ൌ ଶ ሺͳሻ
ߪଵ ൅ ߪଶଶ
,Q HTXDWLRQ   — DQG ı UHSUHVHQWV WKH PHDQ DQG VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI D IHDWXUH DQG WKH VXEVFULSWV  DQG 
UHSUHVHQWFODVVRIWKHVLJQDO)RUWKLVVWXG\)'5KDVEHHQFDOFXODWHGEHWZHHQQRUPDOV\VWROLFQRUPDOGLDVWROLFDQG
V\VWROLFGLDVWROLFVLJQDOVDQGWKRVHIHDWXUHVDUHVHOHFWHGZKLFKKDYHKLJKHUYDOXHRI)'5

7DEOH7DEOHVKRZLQJYDOXHRI)'5UDWLRFDOFXODWHGIRUHDFKIHDWXUH

61R )HDWXUH1DPH 1RUPDO'LDVWROLF 1RUPDO6\VWROLF 6\VWROLF'LDVWROLF
 3HDNIUHTXHQF\   
 3HDNDPSOLWXGH   
 7RWDOSRZHU   
 7+'   
 ,0'   
 3HDNIUHTXHQF\ V    
 %: V    
 4IDFWRU V    
 3HDNIUHTXHQF\ S    
 %: S    
 4IDFWRU S    
 7D   
 7E   
 &UHVWIDFWRU   
 '\QDPLFUDQJH   
 0HDQ   
 6WDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ   
 9DULDQFH   
 6NHZQHVV   
 .XUWRVLV   
 =&5   
 506   
 506   
 0D[   
 =&5   
 506   
 0D[   
 =&5   





Simarjot Kaur Randhawa and Mandeep Singh / Procedia Computer Science 58 (2015) 165 – 171 169

7DEOH/LVWRIIHDWXUHVWKDWKDYHEHHQVHOHFWHGIRUFODVVLILFDWLRQDIWHUIHDWXUHUHGXFWLRQVWDJH

5DQN )HDWXUH1DPH 
 7D 
 0D[
 7E 
 506 
 506
 0D[
 .XUWRVLV

&ODVVLILFDWLRQ
7KH ODVWVWDJH LVWKH FODVVLILFDWLRQVWDJH,QWKLVVWDJH WKH VHOHFWHGIHDWXUHVDUHXVHGWR FODVVLI\ WKH VLJQDOVLQWR
WKHLU SUHGHILQHG FODVVHV 7R FODVVLI\ VLJQDOV LQWR WKH WKUHH FODVVHV QDPHO\ QRUPDO V\VWROLF DQG GLDVWROLF GLIIHUHQW
FODVVLILHUVKDYHEHHQXVHGOLNH
x N11 NQHDUHVWQHLJKERXUV 
x )X]]\N11
x $11 $UWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUN 
7KHGDWDVHWLVGLYLGHGLQWRWUDLQLQJVHWDQGWKHWHVWVHW7UDLQLQJVHWFRQVLVWVRIVLJQDOVDQGWKHWHVWVHWFRQVLVWV
RIVLJQDOV)LUVWWUDLQLQJRIFODVVLILHULVGRQHXVLQJWKHWUDLQLQJVHWDQGWKHQWHVWLQJLVGRQHXVLQJWKHWHVWVHWDQG
WKHDFFXUDF\LVFDOFXODWHGIROGFURVVYDOLGDWLRQZDVGRQHWRFDOFXODWHWKHDFFXUDF\IRUHDFKRIWKHFODVVLILHU

5HVXOWV
'LIIHUHQWDFFXUDFLHVDUHREWDLQHGXVLQJGLIIHUHQWFODVVLILHUV:KHQN11FODVVLILHULVXVHGWKHYDOXHRINLVYDULHG
DQG GLIIHUHQW DFFXUDFLHV DUH REWDLQHG ZKLFK DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  7KH  IROG FURVV YDOLGDWLRQ KDV EHHQ XVHG WR
FDOFXODWH WKH DFFXUDF\ DW HDFK YDOXH RI N VHH )LJXUH  DQG   ,W LV REVHUYHG WKDW PD[LPXP DFFXUDF\ RI 
RFFXUVDWN :KHQZHXVHIX]]\N11FODVVLILHUWKHPD[LPXPDFFXUDF\DFKLHYHGLVRIDWN DQG$OVR
$11 FODVVLILHU ZDV XVHG ZLWK  LQSXW QHXURQV RQH KLGGHQ OD\HU ZLWK  QHXURQV DQG DQ RXWSXW OD\HU ZLWK WKUHH
QHXURQV)HHGIRUZDUG%DFNSURSDJDWLRQQHXUDOQHWZRUNZDVXVHGZLWKWUDLQOPDVWKHWUDLQLQJIXQFWLRQ7KHWUDQVIHU
IXQFWLRQ XVHG ZDV /RJVLJ ORJDULWKPLF VLJPRLGDO  IXQFWLRQ 06( PHDQ VTXDUH HUURU  ZDV FKRVHQ DV WKH
SHUIRUPDQFHIXQFWLRQ$FFXUDF\RIZDVDFKLHYHGDIWHUIROGFURVVYDOLGDWLRQXVLQJ$11DVDFODVVLILHU




)LJXUHIROGYDOLGDWLRQDQGDYHUDJHDFFXUDF\XVLQJN11DVDFODVVLILHU

170 Simarjot Kaur Randhawa and Mandeep Singh / Procedia Computer Science 58 (2015) 165 – 171



)LJXUHIROGYDOLGDWLRQDQGDYHUDJHDFFXUDF\XVLQJIX]]\N11DVDFODVVLILHU
&RQFOXVLRQ
3&* VLJQDOV DUH FDSDEOH RI LQGLFDWLQJ WKH KHDUW SUREOHP DW DQ HDUOLHU VWDJH ZKLFK FDQ EH YHU\ XVHIXO LQ
SUHYHQWLQJIDWDOLW\GXHWRKHDUWSUREOHPV5HVHDUFKLQWKLVDUHDFDQEHYHU\KHOSIXOIRUHDV\DQGHDUOLHUGLDJQRVLVRI
YDULRXV KHDUW GLVHDVHV ,Q WKLV VWXG\ WKH 3&* VLJQDOV ZHUH FODVVLILHG LQWR WKUHH FODVVHV QDPHO\ QRUPDO V\VWROLF
PXUPXUDQGGLDVWROLFPXUPXUVLJQDO9DULRXVWLPHGRPDLQIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQDQGVWDWLVWLFDOIHDWXUHVZHUHH[WUDFWHG
WRFODVVLI\WKHPLQWRWKHSUHGHILQHGFODVVHVDFFXUDWHO\7ZRQHZIHDWXUHV0D[DQG0D[KDYHEHHQSURSRVHGLQ
WKLVVWXG\IRUFODVVLILFDWLRQRIVLJQDOVZLWKKLJKHUDFFXUDF\7KHKLJKHVWDFFXUDF\RIZDVDFKLHYHGE\XVLQJN
11DQG)X]]\N11DVFODVVLILHUDQGDFFXUDF\ZDVDFKLHYHGXVLQJ $11DVFRPSDUHGWRDFKLHYHG
XVLQJ1DLYH %D\HVFODVVLILHULQ ZKLFKFODVVLILFDWLRQ ZDVGRQH LQWRWZRFODVVHVQDPHO\ QRUPDO VLJQDODQG PXUPXU
VLJQDO>@

5HIHUHQFHV
>@ 3UDNDVK ' 8PD 0 7 3UDEDNDUDQ . 6XJXQD $ 'HWHFWLRQ RI +HDUW 'LVHDVHV E\ 0DWKHPDWLFDO $UWLILFLDO
,QWHOOLJHQFH $OJRULWKP 8VLQJ 3KRQRFDUGLRJUDP 6LJQDOV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI ,QQRYDWLRQ DQG $SSOLHG 6WXGLHV
  
>@-LDQJ=DQG&KRL6$FDUGLDFVRXQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFZDYHIRUPPHWKRGIRULQKRPHKHDUWGLVRUGHUPRQLWRULQJZLWK
HOHFWULFVWHWKRVFRSH([SHUW6\VWHPVZLWK$SSOLFDWLRQV
>@ 6LQJK 0 DQG &KHHPD $ +HDUW 6RXQGV &ODVVLILFDWLRQ XVLQJ )HDWXUH ([WUDFWLRQ RI 3KRQRFDUGLRJUDSK\ 6LJQDO
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI&RPSXWHU$SSOLFDWLRQV
>@&KHQ<:DQJ66KHQ&+DQG&KR\).,QWHOOLJHQW,GHQWLILFDWLRQRI&KLOGKRRG0XVLFDO0XUPXUV-RXUQDORI
+HDOWKFDUH(QJLQHHULQJ  
>@ %DUVFKGRU ' )HPPHU 8 DQG 7URZLW]VFK ( $XWRPDWLF SKRQRFDUGLRJUDP VLJQDO DQDO\VLV LQ LQIDQWV EDVHG RQ
ZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUPVDQGDUWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUNV&RPSXWHUVLQ&DUGLRORJ\9LHQQD$XVWULD±
>@ 2OPH] 7 DQG 'RNXU = &ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI KHDUW VRXQGV XVLQJ DQ DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUN 3DWWHUQ 5HFRJQLWLRQ
/HWWHUV
>@9HSD-&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIKHDUWPXUPXUVXVLQJFHSVWUDOIHDWXUHVDQGVXSSRUWYHFWRUPDFKLQHV,(((VW$QQXDO
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRIWKH,((((0%66HSWHPEHU
>@ $YHQGDQR9DOHQFLD / ' *RGLQR/ORUHQWH - , %ODQFR9HODVFR 0 DQG &DVWHOODQRV'RPLQJXH] * )HDWXUH
([WUDFWLRQ)URP3DUDPHWULF7LPH±)UHTXHQF\5HSUHVHQWDWLRQVIRU+HDUW0XUPXU'HWHFWLRQ$QQDOVRI%LRPHGLFDO
(QJLQHHULQJ  ±
>@ *DYURYVND $ 0 6ODYNRYLF 0 6 3DVNDV 0 3 DQG 'XMNRYLF ' 0 -RLQW 7LPH)UHTXHQF\ $QDO\VLV RI
3KRQRFDUGLRJUDPV WK 6\PSRVLXP RQ 1HXUDO 1HWZRUN $SSOLFDWLRQV LQ (OHFWULFDO (QJLQHHULQJ 1(85(/
Simarjot Kaur Randhawa and Mandeep Singh / Procedia Computer Science 58 (2015) 165 – 171 171


>@&KHHPD$6LQJK0³6WHSV,QYROYHGLQ+HDUW6RXQG$QDO\VLV$5HYLHZRI([LVWLQJ7UHQGV´,QWHUQDWLRQDO
-RXUQDORI(QJLQHHULQJ7UHQGVDQG7HFKQRORJ\  
>@1LJDP9DQG3ULHPHU5$VLPSOLFLW\EDVHGIX]]\FOXVWHULQJDSSURDFKIRUGHWHFWLRQDQGH[WUDFWLRQRIPXUPXUV
IURPWKHSKRQRFDUGLRJUDP,23SXEOLVKLQJSK\VLRORJLFDOPHDVXUHPHQW3K\VLRO0HDV±
>@ $UL 6 +HPEUDP . DQG 6DKD * 'HWHFWLRQ RI FDUGLDF DEQRUPDOLW\ IURP 3&* VLJQDO XVLQJ /06 EDVHG OHDVW
VTXDUH690FODVVLILHU([SHUW6\VWHPVZLWK$SSOLFDWLRQV
>@ &KRL 6 DQG -LDQJ = &DUGLDF VRXQG PXUPXUV FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZLWK DXWRUHJUHVVLYH VSHFWUDO DQDO\VLV DQG PXOWL
VXSSRUWYHFWRUPDFKLQHWHFKQLTXH&RPSXWHUVLQ%LRORJ\DQG0HGLFLQH±
>@ $NEDUL 0$ +DVVDQL . 'R\OH - ' 1DYLGEDNKVK 0 6DQJDUJLU 0 %DMHODQL . DQG $KPDGL = 6 'LJLWDO
6XEWUDFWLRQ 3KRQRFDUGLRJUDSK\ DSSOLHG WR WKH GHWHFWLRQ DQG FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI KHDUW PXUPXUV %LR0HGLFDO
(QJLQHHULQJ2Q/LQH
>@$NEDUL0$+DVVDQL.'R\OH-'1DYLGEDNKVK06DQJDUJLU0%DMHODQL.DQG)RURXJKL06HSDUDWLQJWKH
UDQGRP PXUPXU FRPSRQHQW RI WKH SKRQRFDUGLRJUDP IURP WKH XQGHUO\LQJ GHWHUPLQLVWLF KHDUW VRXQGV DSSOLHG WR
'LJLWDO6XEWUDFWLRQ3KRQRFDUGLRJUDSK\ '63 WK,UDQLDQ&RQIHUHQFHRQ%LR0HGLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
>@ 'HEEDO 60 DQG %HUHNVL5HJXLJ ) 'HWHFWLRQ RI 'LIIHUHQFHV RI WKH 3KRQRFDUGLRJUDP 6LJQDOV E\ 8VLQJ WKH
&RQWLQXRXV:DYHOHW7UDQVIRUP0HWKRG%LRPHGLFDO6RIW&RPSXWLQJDQG+XPDQ6FLHQFHV  
>@ 6DIDUD ) 'RUDLVDP\ 6 $]PDQ $ -DQWDQ $ DQG 5DPDLDK $ 5 $ 0XOWLOHYHO EDVLV VHOHFWLRQ RI ZDYHOHW
SDFNHWGHFRPSRVLWLRQWUHHIRUKHDUWVRXQGFODVVLILFDWLRQ&RPSXWHUVLQ%LRORJ\DQG0HGLFLQH
>@ 6DIDUD ) 'RUDLVDP\ 6 $]PDQ $ -DQWDQ $ DQG 5DQJD 6 'LDJQRVLV RI +HDUW 9DOYH 'LVRUGHUV WKURXJK
7UDSH]RLGDO )HDWXUHV DQG +\EULG &ODVVLILHU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI %LRVFLHQFH %LRFKHPLVWU\ DQG %LRLQIRUPDWLFV
  
>@%HQWOH\31RUGHKQ*&RLPEUD0DQG0DQQRU67KH3$6&$/&DVVLI\LQJ+HDUW6RXQGV&KDOOHQJH
DYDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZSHWHUMEHQWOH\FRPKHDUWFKDOOHQJHLQGH[KWPO
>@ $PDUQDWK 5 0HWKRGV IRU FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI SKRQRFDUGLRJUDP 7(1&21  &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQYHUJHQW
7HFKQRORJLHVIRUWKH$VLD3DFLILF5HJLRQ
>@ $PLW * *DYULHO\ 1 DQG ,QWUDWRU 1 &OXVWHU DQDO\VLV DQG &ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI +HDUW 6RXQGV %LRPHGLFDO 6LJQDO
3URFHVVLQJDQG&RQWURO
>@5DELQHU/DQG6KDIHU5'LJLWDO3URFHVVLQJRI6SHHFK6LJQDOVQGHG3UHQWLFH+DOO1HZ-HUVH\86$


You might also like