Global Demography

Demography: POPULATION GROWTH

- study of human populations  determined by the combination of
- size fertility and mortality
- composition
Mortality Declines
- distribution across space
- changes  started in northwestern Europe in 1800
 driven by improvements in public
What is your estimated Philippine
health, hygiene, improvements in
population?
nutrition
 108.31 million (2019)
Fertility Declines
 110.59 million (2021)
 parental decisions to invest more in the
What is your estimated world population?
health and welfare of a smaller number
 7.8 billion (2020) of children
 7.9 billion (2021)  parents with higher incomes choose
to devote more resources to each
What is the most populated city in PH?
child
 Quezon City (2.9M)
Population Growth
What is the most populated country in the
 rapid global convergence in fertility and
world?
mortality among nations over the past
 China (1.4B) 50 years (although important
What is the most populated city in the differences remain)
world? Why is there population growth?
 Tokyo (37.20 m) POPULATION GROWTH
Demographic Transition: Three Centuries  because fewer people die, yet more
of Fundamental Change (1800-2100) children are born every day
MORTALITY DECLINES  people live longer

 due to reductions in contagious and Causes of population growth in the

infectious diseases by air or water Philippines.

FERTILITY TRANSITION UNMARRIED MOTHERS

 couples wish to have a certain number  increase teenage pregnancy rate

of surviving children, rather than births  increase in number of unmarried
per se mothers
HIGH FERTILITY RATE
 among some ethnic groups
INADEQUATE SEXUAL EDUCATION
 lack of awareness on sexual health
issues (like STDs, etc.)
 lack of awareness about consequences
of sexual activities
BIRTH CONTROL PROVISION
 controversial policies regarding birth
control distribution
 conflicting principles with religion
Consequences of the Demographic
Transition
 Mortality declines lead to high young
age dependency ratios
 Fertility declines lead to lower young
age dependency and bigger working
age population
 Increasing longevity leads to
increasing old age dependency

Global Migration
Migration
 movement of either people or animals
from one area to another
RELATED TERMS
MIGRATION
 to move from one place to another
IMMIGRATION
 to come into another country to live
permanently
EMIGRATION
 to leave one's country to live in
another
Internal vs International Migration
INTERNAL MIGRATION
 the movement of people between
usual residences within national states
 e.g. from Cebu to Manila
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
 the movement of people across
international borders for the purpose
of settlement
 e.g. from Manila to New York
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
 Increase in cross border flows with
globalization: transnationalism
 Large disparities in socio-economic
levels between destination and origin
 Poverty and migration: migrants are
predominantly middle income
PUSH-PULL FACTORS
4 Common Categories of Migration
LABOR MIGRATION
 movement of persons from one state
to another, or within their own
country of residence, for the purpose
of employment
 164 million migrant workers globally in
2017
 OFWs in different parts of the world
FORCED MIGRATION/ DISPLACEMENT
 movement of persons who have been
forced or obliged to leave their homes
because of armed conflict, situations
of generalized violence, violations of
human rights or natural or human-
made disasters
 70.8 million people forcibly displaced
HUMAN TRAFFICKING/ MODERN SLAVERY
 action or practice of illegally
transporting people from one country
or area to another, typically for the
purposes of forced labor or sexual
exploitation
 25 million victims of forced labor
ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION
 sudden or progressive changes in the
environment that adversely affect
 their lives or living conditions, are
obliged to leave their habitual homes
 17.2 million people across 144
countries and territories
TYPES OF MIGRANTS
REFUGEE
 a person who has fled their own
country because they are at risk of
serious human rights violations and
persecution there
 have a right to international
protection
ASYLUM-SEEKER
 a person who has left their country
and is seeking protection from
persecution and serious human rights
violations in another country, but
who hasn’t yet been legally
recognized as a refugee and is waiting
to receive a decision on their asylum
claim
MIGRANT
 people staying outside their country
of origin, who are not asylum-seekers
or refugees
HISTORICAL TRENDS
 Colonialism
 Inter-war reduction
 Post world war
BRAIN DRAIN
 departure of educated or professional
people from one country, economic
sector, or field for another usually for
better pay or living conditions
BENEFIT:
 Destination country
 flexible, lower cost labor
 Country of origin
 higher remittances
CHALLENGES:
 Abuse of migrants
 Re-integration into society
Migration and the Nation-state
Border control
 To control the movement of people,
animals and goods into as well as out
of a country
Crisis of Confidence in the Origin
 Lack of opportunities at home
 Lack of protection for temporary
migrants
Migrants and their national identity
 Adjustment to new culture
 Culture shock
Sustainable Economic System
THE THREE (3) S
 Sustainability
  Stability
 Security
SYMPTOMS OF CRISIS AROUND THE GLOBE
 COLLAPSING FINANCIAL MARKETS
 RISING UNEMPLOYMENT
 SHRINKING MIDDLE CLASS
 DEEPER INEQUALITIES
 EXTREME INDEBTEDNESS
 INABILITY OF GOVERNMENTS TO
FORCE THROUGH REFORMS
 CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEMS
 SCARCITY OF RESOURCES
RISK SOCIETY
COINED BY ULRICH BECK (1986)
 the main reason for the current
problems has been the inability of
modern societies to produce enough
stability and sustainability
Stability & Sustainability
STABILITY
 firmness in position, permanence and
resistance to change
 avoiding large swings in economic
activity, high inflation, and excessive
volatility in exchange rates and
financial markets
 the system is in one of the calm
phases of the business cycle
- International Monetary Fund, 2012
 excessive highs and lows should be
avoided
 a clever stabilization policy could
flatten and shorten them without
changing significantly long-term
trends of growth
SUSTAINABILITY
 the long-term capacities of a system to
exist, not its short term resistance to
change
 development that meets the needs
of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs’
deserves the label of sustainability
 devotes more attention to the
problem of what combination of
resources could induce growth
- Bruntland Report (World
Commission on Environment and
Development, 1987)
Monetarism
 premised on the idea that stabilization
could be produced by the government
controlling the amount of money in
circulation
— Milton Friedman
WORLD ECONOMY COLLAPSES
 THE GREAT DEPRESSION (IN 1929)
 ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS (IN 1997)
 RUSSIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS (IN 1999)
THESE COLLAPSES WERE ATTRIBUTED TO
MAJOR POLITICAL MISTAKES
SINCE 2007, MANY COUNTRIES HAD BEEN
TRYING TO RESTORE STABILIZATION
TECHNOLOGY became a fantastic escape
from the sustainability dilemma.
New Growth Theory
  endogenous factors like human capital
and education were recognized as
crucial for growth
—Paul Romer and Robert Lucas
 development of knowledge is seen as
a key driver of economic development
 Economies should move away from an
exclusive reliance on physical
resources to expanding their
knowledge base
 government should invest in human
capital, and the development of
education and skills
Sustainability
 Rising awareness of the sustainability
problem in environmental issues and
resources translated also into
international cooperation.
 Sustainability perspectives started to
be visible not only in the
environmental area but also on the
theme of overpopulation.

Global Food Security

early 21st century
  FOOD PRODUCTION ENOUGH TO
FEED 7 BILLION
 870 MILLION SUFFER FROM HUNGER
 AVAILABILITY OF FOOD TO MEET
DEMAND AT MACRO LEVEL NOT
ENOUGH TO PREVENT HUNGER AND
MALNOURISHMENT AT THE LOCAL
LEVEL
 INCREASE OF GLOBAL FOOD PRICES
 HIGH FOOD PRICES AND FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE-RELATED POLICIES
AFFECTED THE POOR AND
MARGINALIZED COMMUNITIES
FOOD SECURITY
 availability of food at the local,
national and global levels
-(McDonald, 2010)
 availability at all times of adequate
world food supplies of basic foodstuffs
to sustain a steady expansion of food
consumption and to offset fluctuations
in production and prices
-(UN World Food Conference, 1974)
3 Paradigm Shifts
-Maxwell (1996)
 Decline in entitlement cause lack of
access to food
 Livelihood security as key household
priority and component
 Access to food that is preferred
FOOD SECURITY
 exists when all people, at all times,
have physical, social, and economic
access to sufficient, safe, and
nutritious food that meets their
dietary needs and food preferences
foran active and healthy life
Global Food Security KEY TRENDS
1.Rising Food Prices & Poverty
 global food prices start to climb in mid
2000s
- prices of key staples such as wheat,
rice, maize, and soy bean as well as
edible oils
 global food price crisis in 2007-2008
may have forced as many as 100
million people deeper into poverty
CAUSES
 growth of the world population is
proportionate to the demand for
food and rising incomes and growing
per capita food consumption
 rising cost of fuel and agricultural
inputs like fertilizers and pesticides
 adverse weather events such as
droughts and floods
2. Population Growth & Urbanization
 world’s total population is set to reach
over 9 billion, doubling the demand
for food, feed, and fiber (FAO, 2009)
- increase of demands for food
comes from developing countries
in Asia and Africa
 youth's move from rural areas to
urban areas to look for better
livelihoods, there are fewer people of
working age left behind to produce
the growing quantities of food
 required to meet rising demand in
urban areas
 mass movement of people from rural
4. Bio-fuel Production, Land Use Change
to urban areas has also been
and Access to Land
accompanied by a rapid and ongoing
expansion of cities and slums in parts
of Asia
 by 2030, urban populations and the
number of slum dwellers in Africa and
Asia are set to double
- lack of access to clean drinking
water, inadequate sanitation and
waste disposal mechanism,
making resident population highly
vulnerable to quick-spreading
diseases and chronic food
insecurity (CISS, 2013)
3. Rising Incomes and Changing Diets
 as incomes in developing countries
continue to grow, more and more
people are able to access food in
greater quantities
- initial increases in food
consumption may pertain to the
intake of higher quantities of key
staples, e.g. cereals
 substitution phase in which the
cereals are replaced by more energy-
rich foods such as meat and those
with a high concentration of
vegetable oils and sugar (Godfrey et
al., 2010)
 global consumption of meat
increased by around 62 per cent
between 1963 and 2005
- much of the growth of meat
consumption took place in Asia
in general and in China in
particular (Kearney, 2010)
 global surge in bio-fuel production was
triggered in 2004-2005
- happened when United States and
the European Union adopted a
number of policies and incentives
to boost bio-fuel consumption
(USAID, 2009)
 biofuels reduce dependence on fossil
fuels
 first generation biofuels are produced
from plant starch, oils, animal fats and
sugars
- threat to food security
 bio-ethanol, for example, is produced
from food crops such as sugarcane,
maize, wheat, sugar beets and sweet
sorghum, and is currently the most
widely used form of biofuel
 sudden, ill-conceived, rush to convert
food into fuels is a recipe for disaster
(Jean Ziegler, 2007)
 biofuels were responsible for almost
half the increase in the total
consumption of key food crops in
2006-2007
 In Asia, a large number of small
farmers in countries like Cambodia,
Laos, the Philippines, Bangladesh,
and Nepal continue to suffer from
weak access to land and tenure
insecurity, in the wider context of
weak governance institutions, poor
law enforcement, and endemic
corruption.
5. Climate Change
 affects all four dimensions of food
security: food availability, food
accessibility, food utilization, and food
systems stability
 agriculture is highly-sensitive to
climate, and food production is
affected directly by variations in
agro-ecological conditions for
growing crops
 in the next four decades or so,
average global temperature will rise
by 2-3 degrees Celsius (Stern, 2006)
- productivity of major crops like
rice, wheat, and maize, is projected
to drop in tropical regions
 climate change will bring the
developing countries ‘high costs and
few benefits’ (Stern, 2006)

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Global Citizen
 an intellectual, who travelled
widely, met and corresponded with
 intellectuals in many countries and
advanced cosmopolitan views
1945
 global citizen is usually pictured as
the activist on transnational social
movements
Travelling
MASS TOURISM
 Often shields people from the society
they are visiting
 has nothing to do with increasing
international understanding
 may have harmful effects on the
environment and local culture
However,
there are travels that are seen as means of
promoting international understanding like
exchanges between schoolchildren.
Wandering scholar
 part of a cosmopolitan view of the
world of learning
 encouraged by governments to
promote friendly relations between
countries
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
 they pursue professional or social
interests that have become an
important feature of international
politics
 their existence can be interpreted as
the creation of civil global society
 members meet in international
conferences to share their ideas and
to call for states and int'l law to
respect their rights to copyright and
to an income from their writing
However,
existence of transnational associations
does not necessarily mean that those
involved are acting as global citizens
because in many cases, they are basically
promoting their own particular concerns.
TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
 committed to global causes
 number and importance of
voluntary bodies opposing
oppression, or expressing practical
solidarity with those suffering grew
significantly
 many people around the world are
making links across national frontiers
to demonstrate support for
cosmopolitan
Transnational Organizations
 usually involve political lobbying and
protest
 sometimes encompass more extreme
forms of resistance
 depend on volunteers who offer
direct assistance to those who are
suffering from abuse, poverty, war,
among others
GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
 the sphere defined by the market
economy, and its resulting
 individualism and socially divisive  can also be seen as a collective global
effects citizen
 suggests very informal links –
Human Rights Watch (based in USA)
whether between neighbors or fellow
enthusiasts of a particular hobby  one of those who play an
important role in monitoring human
-Hegel and Marx
rights worldwide and protesting
 poses a direct challenge to states about abuses
when groups within one country
ignore or oppose official policies to
create links with citizens in other
countries
Campaigning for Human Rights:
Cosmopolitan Principles and International
Law
Basic tenet of Cosmopolitanism
•belief in universal equality and human
rights
Richard Falk (American professor emeritus
of international law at Princeton
University)
 discussed how global civil society
promotes a world order based not on
state interests but on the interests
and rights of human beings
Amnesty International
 BEST-KNOWN HUMAN RIGHTS
CAMPAIGNING ORGANIZATION
 has a separate international
secretariat and sections in many parts
of the world
 used to exemplify transnational
action to protect individual rights
 played a role in strengthening global
civil society