DNA replication:

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CE
R
FO
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NC
 Ecology Mindmap
Biotic factor Abiotic factors
Littoral
Light Limnetic
Producers or Consumers i. Climatic
transducers Rainfall Benthic
factor
G.P.P = N.P.P + R Temperature

ii. Edaphic factors Soil profile

Macroconsumers Decomposers
micro orgenism Structural component (soil)
Soil texture
Primary consumers-Herbirore
iii. Topographic factors - Steepness,
Secondary consumers Termed and defined altitude etc.
Tertiary consumers-Top level Ecology by Haeckel
carnirore Father = Reiter
Vegetations in Nepal
Termed Tansley A. Tropical <1000m: rain > 250 cm
Ecosystem
Vegetation: Shorea, Sal, Acacia,
Defined = Odum
Ecological Pyramids (Elton) (father)
Sissoo, Rauwolfia
– Dry weight used (not fresh) B. Sup-tropical (1000-2000 m)
l
ct na

Succession
pe tio

– Pyramid of biomas, inverted in Rain = 100 - 250 cm

as unc

aquatic ecosystem Vegetation: Schima-wallich,

F

– Pyramid of number inverted or Primary - on new lands (time castanopsis, Alnus, Amichelia.

E
spindle shaped in tree taking) C. Temperature (2000-3000 m)

CE
ecosystem. Secondary - on destroyed Rain = 50 cm
– Pyramid of energy never vegetation. Vegetation: Cedrus, Taxus,
inverted Xerosere - lichen pioneer Juglons oak, Rhododendron.
(desert) D. Sub-alpine: 3000-4200 m
Food chain
R
Hydrosere - Algae pioneer Rain = 30 cm
10% energy transfer (Lindemann)
Vegetation = Dactylorrhiza,
FO

Producer 1° consumer
Ecological interrelations Acontom Acer, Betula
2° consumer 1. Symbiosis (+, +) E. Alpine (>4200 m) snow fall
2. Helotism (+, +) vegetation: small bushes
3° consumer
3. Commensalism (+, 0)
T

Detritus food chain has slow energy 4. Proto-cooperation (+, +)

transfer.
ER

Predation (+, –)
Nutrient cycling − closed, cyclic Parasitism (+, –)
process Antibiosis (0, –)
energy flow−unidirectional
NC

Competition (–, –)
Algae ■ Lower reproductive
• Father of Phycology = F.E. Fritsch • Lithophyte:
• Term Algae =coined by Linneaus & used ■ Endo: Ectocarpus
by Juesseau ■ Epi: Dalmatella
Characters (imp) • Epiphloephytes: Syctonema
• Pyrenoid = centre for starch store • Halophytes: Ehrenburgii
• Non jackesed sex organs, no embryo
Vegetative
• Cellulosic cell wall except BGA
1. Hormogonia: Multicellular fragments &
• Agranal chloroplast (also in bundle mainly BGA.
sheath)
2. Tubers: Cladophora (Distinct generation)
• Largest = Macrocystis
Spirogyra
• Hairless (whiplash) flagella if exists.
• Spiral, anti-clock chloroplast c/a pond

E
Habitat silk.
• Aquatic:
■ Fresh water = Spirogyra
■ Manne = Sargassum, Ulva
•
•
•
CE
No hold fast
Found in stagnant water.
Diffused growth (all cells grow)
R
• Terrestrial: Nostoc, Oscillation(@ NOTA) • Cell wall:
FO

• Epizoic: ■ Outer pectin (dissolve = slippers)

■ Cladophora: Snail/shell ■ Inner cellulosic
■ Stegeicolonium fish gill • Nucleus held cytoplasmic strand -
T

■ Characeium: Mosquito (@ Gram) primordial utricle.

ER

• Endozoic: Zoochlorella on • Septa:

nutritivemuscle of hydra. ■ Colligative: Fragments
• Epiphytic: Syctonema on bark Replicate: Ring like
NC

■
(corticolous)
• Most common reproduce = fragment.
• Endophytic: Anabaena in azolla, nostoc
• Sexual only in favourable condition
in Anthoceros
■ Scalariform (most common)
• Cryptophytic: Grow in soil in winter.
- Ladder like, heterothallic
• Cryo-phytic:
- Come close: Progametangin male
■ Chlamydomonas nivalis: Red snow gamete cell moves to female
■ Scotiella nivalis: Blacks now Conjugation tube moves to female
■ Chlamydomonas yellowstonensis: conjugation tube by cystase
Yellow. zygotic meiosis.
Volvox:
Reproduction (Asexual)
• Motile colonial algae fix cells,
Thin walled
■ Coenobium
a. Zoospores: Ulothrix – Biflagella
■ Upper phosynthetic
b. Aplanospores: Abundant – Ulothrix, spirogyra.
Thick walls
a. Hypnospore: Thickest covers vaucheria
b. Akinetes: Parenting. E.g.: Cladophyta, spirogyra.
c. Palmella: 4-16 cell (chlamydomonas, ulothrix)

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Sexual
• Isogamy: Spirogyra Ulothix (non motile gametes aplanogamy
• Anisogamy: Pandoma

R
• Oogamy: Volvox, Vaucheria, oedogonium.

•
Algae Spore
FO
All in hlamydomonas main = Isogamy.
Nucleus
T
Chlamydomonas Biflagellate Uninucleate
ER

Ulothrix Gamete: Biflagellate

NC

Zygospore-
quadriflagellate

Oedogonium
Multiflagellate
Vaucheria Multiflagellate Multi-nucleate
Comparison Table

Cyanophyceae
Chlorophyceae Phaeophyceae Rhodophyceae
Character (BGA)
Green algae Brown Red
Myxophyceae
Advancement Most advanced 2nd most Primitive Most primitive
advanced
Habitat Mostly fresh All marine Mostly warm Generally Fresh
water except Ulva marine except water.
(marine) Batra Trichodesmium

E
Pigment Chl a, Chl b Chl a, Chl c Chl a, Chl d, Phycocyanin &

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Phycoerythrin Phycoerythrin
Food Starch Laminarin starch, Floridean starch Cyanophycean
Fucoxanthin, starch
mannitolR
FO
Extract Iocline, Algin Carragenin, agar,
(fibre) (Kelps) Bromme
Features Calvin cycle was Tromphet Pit connection (in Causes, water
T

found in Chlorella Hyphae eqv. to deepest seas due bloom, N2

and Nucleus sieve tube to Phycoerythrin fixation.
ER

function in
acetabularia
NC

Example Spirogyra, chara, @ BEDi Lal Sar F Gracilaria, Microcystis -

Ulothrix, Brown algae , Gelidium, Scytonema/false
Oedogonium Ectocarpus , Harveylla branch)
(Chlorella Dictyota , (Parasitic) Trichodes mielm,
Chlamydoomonas Laminaria, Batrachospermum (Spirulina and
Unicellular) Sargassum, Fucus Polysiphonia microcystis
(Porphya unicell) Unicellular)
•Pyrenoids are absent in cyanophyceae.

Bacillariophyceae/Diatoms
• Silica in cell wall forms:
■ Kiesselgroth,Diatomaceous earth
■ Jewels of plants
• Sexual reproduce = Auxospores.
• Presence of 2 valvular cell walls
1. Larger epitheca
2. Smaller hypotheca
Pigment: Chl a, Chl c, xanthophylls
• Cod liver oil.

Chlamydomonas (Unicelluler)
• No cellulosic cell walls.

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• Flagella from blepharoplast

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• Has stigma/eye spot (Carotenoid)
• Shows relative sexuality (Hertman) R
Phytoplantotons = Diatoms Dinoflagellates.
Heterotrichous algae = Stigeocolonium
FO
Neuromotor system: Ulothrix, chlamydomonas)
Xanthophyceae: Chl e
T

Sex organs
Phaeophyceae: Antheridium, oogonium
ER

•
• Rhodophyceae: Spermatia, carpogonium
NC

Golden Points:
• Dinoflagellate, (Gonaulyx): Red tide in sea.
• Trichodesmium erythrum: Red colour of sea.
• Batrachospermum- Frog spawn
Diatoms (fire proof) E.g.: Navicularia,
Millosira, Pinnularia.

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• Xanthophyceae: Chl – e

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• Dinoflagellate: 2 unequal flagella
spinning motion.
Life cycle

R
1. Haplontic: Inconspicious sporophyte and
FO
all gametophyte stage. E.g.: Most of the
algae.
2. Diplontic: Very short gametophytic gas.
T

E.g.: Gymnosperm & angiosperm, fucus.

ER

3. Halplo-diplontic: Both the phases

prominent. E.g.: Brown algae,
bryophytes, Pteridophytes.
NC

v. bryophytes
vi. pteridophytes
vii. gymnosperms