Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9.digital Modulation
9.digital Modulation
Digital Modulation
Digital transmission OR Digital modulation(DM) is
transmittal of digital pulses b/w 2 points in comm. Sys
1
Digital modulation→ info signal digital ( computer –
generated or digitally encoded)
Applications
1. Low speed voice band data communication (modem)
2. High speed data transmission systems broad band digital
subscriber lines (DSL)
3. Digital microwave & satellite systems
4. Cellular telephone
2
Pre-coder : performs level conversion & then encodes
incoming data into groups of bits that modulate analog carrier
3
Amount of info that can propagated through a transmission
system is α product of system BW & time of transmission
Relationship among :-
𝐁𝐖 𝟏 , 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆𝟐 ,
𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚𝟑 developed by Hartley of Bell
Telephone Laboratories in 1928
Hartley's law is
I αBαt
Where I – info. Capacity , B – BW, T – transmission time
Eq. shows that information capacity is linear function α
to both system BW & transmission time
M-ary Encoding
M-ary is term derived from word "binary"
“M” simply a digit that represents no. of conditions possible ,
levels or combinations for given no. of binary variables
4
E.g
Digital signal with 4 possible conditions
( voltage levels , frequencies, phase & so on )
It is an M-ary system where M = 4 , If M= 8 and so forth
No. of bits produce given no of conditions as
5
Fig. Data rate is indicated in bits per second (bits/s).
Baud Rate
The term “baud” originates from French engineer Emile
Baudot, who invented the 5-bit teletype code
Baud rate refers to no.of signal or symbol changes occur / sec
6
𝒕𝒔 - - - time of one signaling element
Baud is transmitted one at time & more than one info. bit
In binary systems ( FSK & PSK ) baud & bps are equal
In higher systems (QPSK & 8-PSK) bps always < than baud
𝒇
B = (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝑴)
𝟐
If N is substituted for 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 M eq. reduce to
7
𝒇
B = 𝑵𝒃
“ N” is no. of bits encoded into each signaling element
Bit rate – refers to rate of change of digital information
which is usually binary
Baud – refers to rate of change of a signal on a
transmission medium after encoding and modulation
have occurred.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Simplest DM technique → ASK, Where binary info. signal
directly modulates ampl of analog carrier
ASK similar to standard AM except 2 o/p’s amplitudes
ASK also called digital amplitude modulation (DAM)
Mathematically
𝑨
𝑽𝒂𝒔𝒌 (t) = [ 1 + 𝑽𝒎 (t) ][ 𝟐 cos ( 𝝎𝒄 t) ]
Where
𝑽𝒂𝒔𝒌 (t) = ASK wave
𝑽𝒎 (t) = digital information modulation signal (volts)
A/2 = un-modulated carrier amplitude (volts)
𝝎𝒄 = analog carrier radian frequency (radian /second , 2𝝅𝒇𝒄 t)
In above modulating signal 𝑽𝒎 (t) a normalized binary WF
where +1V = logic 1 & -1V = logic 0
For a logic 1 input, 𝑽𝒎 (t) = +1V, & reduces to
𝑨
𝑽𝒂𝒔𝒌 (t) = [ 1 + 𝟏 ][ 𝟐 cos ( 𝝎𝒄 t) ] => Acos ( 𝝎𝒄 t)
8
For logic 0 input,𝑽𝒎 (t) = -1V, & reduces to
𝑨
𝑽𝒂𝒔𝒌 (t) = [ 1 - 𝟏 ][ 𝟐 cos ( 𝝎𝒄 t) ] = 0
9
𝒗𝒇𝒔𝒌 (t) = 𝑽𝒄 cos {2𝝅[𝒇𝒄 + 𝒗𝒎 (t) ∆f]t}
Where
𝑽𝒇𝒔𝒌 (t) = binary FSK waveform
𝑽𝒄 = peak analog carrier amplitude (volts)
𝒇𝒄 = analog carrier center frequency (hertz)
∆f =peak change shift in the analog carrier frequency (hertz)
𝑽𝒎 (t) = binary i/p modulating signal (volts)
The above eq. the peak shift in carrier frequency (∆f ) is ∝ to
amplitude of binary i/p signal (𝑽𝒎 [t]) & direction of shift is
determined by polarity
Modulating signal is normalized binary WF where logic “ 1 ” =
+ 1V & logic “ 0 “
For logic i/p 𝑽𝒎 (t) = +1
𝑽𝒇𝒔𝒌 (t) = 𝑽𝒄 cos 2𝝅[𝒇𝒄 + ∆f ) t ]
For logic i/p 𝑽𝒎 (t) = -1
𝑽𝒇𝒔𝒌 (t) = 𝑽𝒄 cos 2𝝅[𝒇𝒄 - ∆f ) t ]
With binary FSK carrier center freq. (𝒇𝒄 ) shifted(deviated) up
& down in freq. domain by binary i/p signal as shown in fig
Binary i/p signal changes from logic 0 → logic 1 & vice versa
o/p freq shifts b/w 2 frequencies mark & space , logic 1
freq (𝒇𝒎 ) & logic 0 freq (𝒇𝒔 )
10
Mark & space frequencies are separated from 𝒇𝒄 by peak
freq. deviation (∆f ) & from each other by 2∆f
With binary FSK, 𝒇𝒄 is shifted(deviated) up & down in freq.
domain by binary i/p signal as shown in fig
Fig (a) shows time domain , binary i/p to FSK modulator &
FSK o/p. Fig (b) shows truth table for binary FSK modulator
11
FSK Bit Rate, Baud and Bandwidth
Baud for binary FSK determined by substituting N= 1
𝒇
B = 𝑵𝒃 = 𝒇𝒃
Minimum BW for FSK is given as
B = |(𝒇𝒔 − 𝒇𝒃 ) − (𝒇𝒎 − 𝒇𝒃 )|
= |𝒇𝒔 − 𝒇𝒎 | + 2𝒇𝒃
Since |𝒇𝒔 − 𝒇𝒎 | equals 2∆𝒇𝒔 , minimum BW can approximated
B = 2(∆f + 𝒇𝒃 )
B - - - minimum Nyquist BW
∆f - - - frequency deviation |𝒇𝒔 − 𝒇𝒎 |
𝒇𝒃 - - - input bit rate(bps)
12
FSK Transmitter
13
Non Coherent FSK Receiver
FSK i/p signal is simultaneously applied to i/p of both BPF
through power splitter
Respective filters passes only mark or space freq. to
respective detector envelop
14
Incoming FSK signal is multiplied by a recovered carrier
signal has same freq. & phase as𝑻𝑿 reference
Two transmitted frequencies (mark & space) are not
continuous Coherent FSK detection rarely used
Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying
When 𝒇𝒐 changes it is a smooth , continuous transition and
there is no phase discontinuities (CP-FSK) has better bit-error
performance than conventional FSK for a given S/N ratio
Disadvantage
Required synchronization ckt& more expensive to implement
15
Phase Shift Keying
Another form of angle modulated constant amplitude - DM
PSK is M-ary – DM similar to PM except with PSK i/p is binary
digital signal & limited no. of o/p phases
I/p binary info is encoded into groups of bits before
modulating carrier
No. of bits in group ranges from 1 to 12 or more
No. of o/p phase is defined by “ M “& no of bits in group “ N “
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Simplest form of PSK is BPSK where N= 1 & M= 2
With B-PSK two phases ( 𝟐𝟏 = 2 ) are possible for carrier , one
phase represents a logic 1 and other phase represent logic 0
I/p digital signal changes state from 1 → 0 or from 0 → 1
phase of o/p carrier shifts b/w two angles separated by 180º
Other names for BPSK are phase reversal keying (PRK) & bi-
phase modulation
B-PSK is form of sq. wave modulation of continuous
wave (CW) signal
16
BPSK Transmitter
Simplified block diagram of a BPSK 𝑻𝑿
17
Constellation diagram also called signal state space diagram
similar to phasor diagram except that entire phasors is not
drawn
In constellation diagram only relative positions of peaks of
phasors are shown
18
Fig shows o/p phase vs time relationship for BPSK WF
19
I/p signal may be + sin𝝎𝒄 tOR - sin𝝎𝒄 t
20
Modulator reqd more than single i/p bit to determine o/p
With Q-PSK binary i/p data are combined into group of 2 bits
called dibits
For each 2-bit di-bit clked into modulator a single o/p change
𝟏
occurs & rate of change at o/p (baud) is = i/p bit rate
𝟐
21
2 bits (di-bit) clocked into bit splitter Both bits serially i/p
simultaneously parallel o/p (SIPO). Channel “ I “ in phase with
ref Oscillator & Channel “ Q “ is 90º out of phase w.r.t “
Channel “ I “ with quadrature with reference carrier Dibit split
into “ I “ & “ Q “ channel, operation is same as in BPSK
modulator
22
QPSK Receiver
Block diagram of QPSK 𝑹𝑿 shown in fig
The power splitter directs i/p QPSK signal “ I ” & “ Q ” product
detector & car. recovery circuit
23
The recovered car. must be freq. & phase coherent with
transmit ref. car.
QPSK demodulated in signal “ I ” & “ Q ” product detector
which generates original “ I ” & “ Q ” data bits
O/p of detector fed to ckt from “ I ” & “ Q ” data ch. to single
binary o/p data stream
Incoming QPSK may be any 1 of 4 o/p phase as shown in fig
24
For de-modulation QPSK signal will be
− sin 𝝎𝒄 t + cos 𝝎𝒄 t
Receive QPSK signal (− sin 𝝎𝒄 t + cos 𝝎𝒄 t ) is one of the i/p to
“ I ’’ product detector & other i/p is recovered carrier (sin
𝝎𝒄 t)
O/p of “ I ’’ product detector id
(− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒄 𝐭 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 𝐭 ) ⏟
I=⏟ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒄 𝐭)
𝑸𝑷𝑺𝑲 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓
25
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝟐(1- cos2𝝎𝒄 t) + 𝟐 sin (𝝎𝒄 + 𝝎𝒄 )t + 𝟐 sin (𝝎𝒄 - 𝝎𝒄 )t
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
I = − 𝟐 + 𝟐 cos2𝝎𝒄 t + 𝟐 sin2𝝎𝒄 t + 𝟐 sin 0
𝟏
= − 𝟐 V( logic 0 )
26
Where “ I ” ------- Phase Ch.
“ Q ” ------- Quadrature Ch.
“ C ” ------- Control Ch.
Incoming serial bit enters splitter, converted to 3 channels
𝒇𝒃⁄
Bit rate is 𝟑
Bits in “ I ” & “ Q ” enters “ I ” ch 2 to 4 level converter & bits
in “ Q ” & “ C ” channels enter “ Q ” channel 2 to 4 level
converter
28
Sol //
The i/p’s to “ I ” ch. 2-to-4 level converter are I = 0 & C = 0
from TT the o/p = -0.541V
̅ =1 again the o/p = -1.307V
The i/p’s to “Q” = 0 and 𝑪
Thus 2 i/p to “Q” ch. product modulator are -0.541V and 𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒄
. The o/p is
I= (-0.541)( 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒄 𝒕) = -0.541 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒄 𝒕
The 2 i/p to “ Q ” ch. product modulator are
-1.307V and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 𝒕
The output is
Q= (-1.307)( 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 𝒕) =-1.307 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 𝒕
The output of “ I ” & “ Q ” ch. product modulator0
s are combined in linear summer & produce a modulated o/p
29
8-PSK Receiver
Fig shows blk .diagram of an 8-PSK 𝑹𝑿
Power splitter to i/p 8-PSK signal to the “I” & “Q” product
detector & car. recovy ckt
The o/p of product detector are 4- level PAM signals
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QAM is form of DM similar to PSK except digital information
is contained in both amplitude & phase of transmitted carrier
With QAM ampl & PSK are combined that positions of
signaling elements on constellation diagram are optimized
to achieve greatest distance b/w elements & reducing errors
occurring
8-QAM is M-Ary encoding technique where M=8 unlike 8-PSK,
o/p from an 8-QAM modulator is not a constant ampl. Signal
30
8- QAM transmitter
31
Bandwidth Efficiency
BW efficiency (called information density or spectral
efficiency) is often used to compare the performance of one
DM technique to another.
BW efficiency is the ratio of transmission bit rate to the
minimum BW reqd. for particular modulation scheme
BW efficiency “𝑩𝜼 ” is normalized to 1Hz BW & indicates no. of
bits that can propagated through transmission medium for
each hertz of BW. Mathematically BW efficiency is
𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒊𝒕 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆(𝒃𝒑𝒔)
𝑩𝜼 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 (𝑯𝒛)
32
DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING –
(DPSK)
DPSK is alternative DM where binary i/p info. is contained in
diff. b/w two successive signaling elements rather phase
DIFFERENTIAL BPSK
DBPSK Transmitter
DBPSK Receiver
Fig. shows blk. Diag. & timing sequence for DBPSK 𝑹𝑿
Received signal is delayed by one bit time, then compared
with next signaling element in BM
34
If same logic 1(+ V) & if different, logic 0(-V) is generated
35
Analog vs. Digital Communication
Analog and digital signals are used to transmit information
through electric signals. audio or video, is transformed into
electric signals.
In analog, information is translated into electric pulses of
varying amplitude
In digital translation of information is into binary format
Comparison chart
36
Example
Human voice Computers, CDs,
in air, analog DVDs, and other
electronic digital electronic
devices devices.
37
hardware is flexible in
not flexible. implementation.
Cost
Low cost and Cost is high and not
portable easily portable
Impedance
Low High order of 100 MΩ
Errors
Analog Digital instruments are
instruments free from
usually have a observational errors
scale which is like parallax and
cramped at approximation errors.
lower end and
give
considerable
observational
errors.
39
Properties of Digital vs Analog signals
Digital information has certain properties that distinguish it
from analog communication methods. These include
40
41