AKADEMIJA TEHNIČKO – VASPITAČKIH STRUKOVNIH

STUDIJA ODSEK VRANJE

SEMINARSKI RAD
Predmet: Engleski jezik
Tema: Environmentalism and sustainability

Profesor: Student:
Dr Maja Stanojević Gocić Sandra Zlatanović
PE26\22

Vranje, 2022. godine

The content
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................1
Environmental protection...........................................................................................................................2
Ecology........................................................................................................................................................3
Environment................................................................................................................................................4
Climate change........................................................................................................................................4
Atmosphere.............................................................................................................................................5
Pollution......................................................................................................................................................7
Sustainable development............................................................................................................................8
Definitions of sustainable development......................................................................................................9
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................10
Literature...................................................................................................................................................11
Introduction

Nature protection represents a multidisciplinary approach to solving numerous problems

in nature (eg, species extinction, landscape destruction).
Through his activities, man has changed the appearance of the Earth and significantly
damaged the biosphere. On huge areas of the planet, natural ecosystems (forests, steppes,
swamps) have been completely destroyed or they have been replaced by artificial ones
(plants, farms, settlements).
The little bit of nature that still exists as untouched is slowly disappearing under pressure
man. First, it threatened forests as the most complex and productive ecosystems. Even
today it continues in the tropical forests Amazon, West Africa and Southeast Asia.
The entire Mediterranean was once covered with hard-leaved, weak-growing forest, and
now, due to deforestation, that area has been turned into an anthropogenic desert and rock
mass.

The survival of many plant and animal species is threatened today, many are on the verge
of extinction, and a large number have disappeared forever. First and very an important
step in achieving protection is the recording of endangered species of flora and fauna.
This is what the so-called Red Books are for. They are scientific and professional
publications that list all types of organisms that are subject to protection according to the
international classification of the degree of threat
 species facing extinction;
 species in danger of extinction;
 vulnerable (sensitive species);
 rare species.

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Environmental protection

It is a common point of view that the concept of sustainable development can be broken
down into three basic dimensions: ecological , economic and social sustainability. There
are proposals to include culture as the fourth dimension of sustainability. According to
other sources, the fourth dimension is institutional , with the principle of good
governance in mind.From the point of view of our society, care for the environment is a
priority of overall importance for society. A healthy environment is the basis for the
preservation of human existence, the healthy development of society and an important
factor for the standard of living of the population.

 It is a common point of view that the concept of sustainable development can be

broken down into three basic dimensions: ecological , economic and social
sustainability. There are proposals to include culture as the fourth dimension of
sustainability.
 According to other sources, the fourth dimension is institutional , with the
principle of good governance in mind.

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Ecology

Ecology is the science of the environment , of the struggle to reconcile conflicting

interests in determining the external conditions of life, the connection of living organisms
with their natural environment. Ecology is not only biology, it is much more than that .
Planet Earth was formed 4.6 million years ago, when gases and cosmic dust condensed
into a solid ball. Earth is the only planet where life is possible. This is because it is
covered by a thin layer of air, soil and water called the biosphere . Ecology is a relatively
young science. The term ecology is derived from the Greek words " Oikos " ( home,
place of residence, habitat ) and "Logos " (learning, science, word ).
Ecology is a science that studies the mutual relations between organisms and their
dependence on external factors, primarily climatic conditions and the soil they live on,
the way they eat and social relations, reproduction and other similar phenomena. The
entire space on the earth's surface inhabited by living beings is called the biosphere .

The biosphere includes three areas of life :

 lithosphere ( land area )
 hydrosphere ( water cover )
The lower layer of the atmosphere ( air envelope ) of our planet.
Factors on which survival in a certain area of life depends are called ecological factors
( factors of the external environment ).

Environmental factors can be :

 Abiotic ones that represent non-living forces of nature such as climate , soil,
relief .
 Biotic such as mutual relations and mutual dependence among living beings and
anthropogenic factors .

The basic ecological principles or laws are :

 Circulation of substances
 Energy flow
 Tophic relations
 Biogeochemical cycles
 Biological diversity
 Hierarchical organization
 Dynamism and succession
 Organic production

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FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organization ) estimates that during the last century, about
¾ of the genetic material of agricultural crops was lost, while of the existing 6,300 animal
species, about 1,350 are in danger of disappearing or have already disappeared
On a global level, plant and animal species are preserved in gene banks, botanical
gardens and zoos, but it is also an important task to preserve biodiversity on agricultural
land and in the natural environment, where species can adapt to new conditions in the
struggle with other species in the environment.

Environment

The environment is a set of natural and open values whose complex interrelationships
make up the environment, that is, the space and conditions for life; these are all the
conditions, circumstances and influences that surround and affect the development of an
organism or a group of organisms, the influences come from both living and non-living
nature. The environment consists of the natural world ( plants, animals, soil, air and water
), which existed billions of years before man, and the world of objects, objects and
institutions that man himself has built using technique, technology and science to create
an environment that suits his needs. . The living environment or human environment
represents everything that surrounds us, i.e. everything with which human life and
production activity is directly or indirectly connected.

Climate change

Uneven heating of the earth's spherical surface and the position of the earth in relation to
the orbit determine different climates at different latitudes. Temperature, air circulation
and deposition Most climate changes on Earth are caused by uneven heating of its
surface. The uneven heating is due to the spherical shape of the Earth and the angle at
which the Earth rotates on its axis as it orbits the Sun. Because the earth is a sphere, the
sun's rays are most intense where it is directly overhead.

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Atmosphere

The atmosphere is the air envelope around the Earth, which exists thanks to the Earth's
gravity and extends vertically above the Earth, up to some 3000 km in height. Air is the
most important life and biological resource. Air is a mixture of gases, some of which
have a very variable composition: nitrogen has 78.08 %, oxygen 20.95 %, argon 0.93 %
and very small amounts of krypton , xenon , helium , neon and others.
The atmosphere consists of five basic layers

 Troposphere
 The stratosphere
 Mesosphere
 Thermosphere
 Exosphere

From an ecological point of view, the troposphere is the most sensitive part of the
atmosphere as well as the global environment on Earth. Above the troposphere is the
stratosphere, where ozone is concentrated at heights of about 22-27 km , forming an
ozone layer that absorbs the Sun's ultraviolet rays, which have a deadly photodestructive
effect on living beings, and enables and protects the survival of life on Earth. The
stratosphere contains about 90% of atmospheric ozone , which is constantly created and
decomposed in the atmosphere under the influence of high-energy ultraviolet radiation.

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To preserve biological diversity, it is necessary to know ten principles
 Every form of life is unique and demands respect from the human race.
 Biodiversity conservation is an investment that brings significant benefits at the
local, state and general level.
 The costs and benefits of biodiversity conservation must be shared more evenly
among states and among the citizens of those states.
 As part of efforts to achieve sustainable development, the conservation of
biological diversity requires fundamental changes in the models and realities of
economic development around the world.
 Increased investment in biodiversity conservation will not by itself reduce its
depletion. Adopting appropriate strategies and institutional reforms should create
the conditions for this increased investment to be effective.
 Priorities for biodiversity conservation change depending on local, national and
global views; they all have their own logic and should be taken into account.
 Biodiversity conservation can only be sustained if public awareness and concern
are significantly raised and if people who make strategies and plans have valid
information to help them choose strategies and plans.
 Actions for the preservation of biological diversity must be planned and
implemented in a scale that depends on ecological and social criteria.
 Cultural diversity is closely related to biological diversity.
 Increased public participation, respect for basic human rights, increased
accessibility of education and information to people about the preservation of
biological diversity.

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Pollution

Environmental pollution is the introduction of polluting substances or energy into the

environment, caused by human activity or natural processes, which has or may have
harmful consequences on the quality of the environment and human health. Air pollution
is the introduction of harmful natural and synthetic substances into the atmosphere as a
direct or indirect consequence of human activities. Pollutants can be in a solid, liquid or
gaseous aggregate state. Polluted air affects the living world in different ways: it affects
the health of people and other living organisms, climate changes, changes in water
courses, soil.

The main causes of air pollution: in descending order are traffic, electricity generation,
industry, forest and agricultural fires and burning. The impact of air pollution on human
health: The effect of a certain pollutant on human health depends on the person himself,
his age and genetic inheritance, whether he suffers from some diseases, on the level of
physical activity, stress.

A possible classification of diseases related to the problem of the effect of air pollutants
on humans
respiratory irritations and acute lung function problems
 Cancer
 Structural changes
 Systemic poisoning
 Weakening of the immune system leading to increased susceptibility to infections
 Other types of reduced tissue oxygen content

Environmental protection measures

Environmental protection includes measures for: Noise reduction , water control,
reduction of harmful exhaust gases from industrial plants and traffic, quality control of
food products, bans on the production of compounds that destroy the ozone layer or
negatively contaminate existing ecosystems.

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Sustainable development

Sustainable development implies the development of society that meets human needs
with available resources , without endangering natural systems and the environment , thus
ensuring the long-term existence of human society and its environment . The concept of
sustainable development represents a new strategy and philosophy of social development.

Sustainable development is most often associated with environmental protection, i.e. the
effort to connect concern for the survival of life on planet Earth with the preservation of
natural resources and the numerous ecological challenges facing every society, state and
humanity as a whole.

The actuality of the term contributes to the threat of the environment, which is reflected
in ecological challenges and problems such as: global warming , reduction of the ozone
layer , " greenhouse effect ", disappearance of forests , conversion of fertile land into
deserts , occurrence of acid rain , extinction of animal and plant species .

The concept of sustainable development has been and remains subject to criticism,
including the question of what should be maintained in sustainable development. It is
argued that there is no such thing as sustainable use of a non-renewable resource ,
because any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the depletion of the
earth's finite supplies; that perspective makes the industrial revolution as a whole
unsustainable.

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Definitions of sustainable development

There is no single and generally accepted definition of the concept of sustainable

development.
The definition of sustainable development, which was published in 1987, is most often
cited . given by the World Commission on Environment and Development at the United
Nations (the so-called Brundtland Commission) in its report entitled Our Common Future
. The definition reads:
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without
questioning the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development implies a balance between the consumption of resources and the
ability to restore natural systems.
One comprehensive definition of sustainable development reads: sustainable
development represents integral economic , technological , social and cultural
development, aligned with the needs of environmental protection and improvement,
which enables current and future generations to meet their needs and improve the quality
of life.

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Conclusion

It is a common point of view that the concept of sustainable development can be broken
down into three basic dimensions: ecological , economic and social sustainability. There
are proposals to include culture as the fourth dimension of sustainability.
Ecology is the science of the environment , of the struggle to reconcile conflicting
interests in determining the external conditions of life, the connection of living organisms
with their natural environment. Ecology is not only biology, it is much more than that .
Planet Earth was formed 4.6 million years ago, when gases and cosmic dust condensed
into a solid ball. Earth is the only planet where life is possible. This is because it is
covered by a thin layer of air, soil and water called the biosphere . Ecology is a relatively
young science.
The biosphere includes three areas of life :
• lithosphere ( land area )
• hydrosphere

The environment is a set of natural and open values whose complex interrelationships
make up the environment, that is, the space and conditions for life; these are all the
conditions, circumstances and influences that surround and affect the development of an
organism or a group of organisms, the influences come from both living and non-living
nature. The living environment or human environment represents everything that
surrounds us, i.e. everything with which human life and production activity is directly or
indirectly connected.

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Literature

 https://ecovillage.org
 https://www.encyclopedia.com
 https://dotdigital.com
 https://www.sciencedirect.com

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