05 The OSI Transport Layer

Revision no.
: PPT/2K403/02
The OSI Transport Layer

Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02
The Transport layer
• The Transport layer divides higher-level messages into

segments that can be handled by lower-layer processes and
organizes segments from lower-layer processes into
messages that upper-layer processes can use.
• The Transport layer is responsible for reliable delivery of
transmissions, compensating for the lack of reliable
(connection-oriented) connection services in the lower layers.
• The Transport layer cannot ensure data delivery.
• Reliable Transport layer protocol implementations can usually
confirm or deny data delivery.
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OSI Transport Layer
OSI Transport Layer Processes and Methods
Address/Name Resolution Methods
• Address/name resolution is the function of identifying or
mapping the name and alphanumeric address to each other.
This function can be performed by every entity on the network
or by a special service provider called a directory server or
name server) .
Address/Name Resolution Methods
Service Requester-Initiated Method
• Service Requester-Initiated Method :-
• Each requester sends out a special packet. This packet

requests that any entity that corresponds to a given name,
address, or service type respond by providing its name or
address.
Service Provider-Initiated Method
• Service Provider-Initiated Method:-
• Every service provider routinely sends out a broadcast packet

announcing its availability.
• These broadcast packets include name and address

information that can be collected by all other network entities
or by special directory servers.
• Directory servers collect the information from the broadcasts,

save it to a table, and respond to inquiries from service
requesters.
Addressing Methods
Connection Identifier
• Connection Identifier :-
• A connection identifier (also called a connection ID , port , or
socket) identifies a specific conversation.
• The connection identifier, a service provider, such as a print
server, can concurrently communicate with more than one
client.
• The service provider refers to each communication by number
and relies on the Transport layer to coordinate other lower-
layer addresses.
Transaction Identifier
• Transaction Identifier A transaction identifier (also called

transaction ID ) A transaction consists of a request and a
response. A conversation consists of one or more
transactions. A single conversation can contain several
concurrent transactions between two physical devices.
• Transaction IDs and connection IDs can be used together to

manage the tasks a service provider performs for a service
requester.
Segment Development Methods
• The Transport layer divides these messages into smaller sizes.
Aggregation of Messages
• Higher layer messages might be smaller than the acceptable

size. The Transport layer combines small messages going to
the same destination to reduce network overhead.
• All segments are received, the original messages must be

reassembled or separated.
• The amount of memory available to the Transport layer and the

possibility that some segments might be lost make reassembly
tasks difficult. Therefore, the Transport layer also performs the
connection services.
Aggregation of Messages (contd.)
Connection Services Methods
• The Transport layer, these processes are considered end-to-
end services. The Transport layer resolves issues such as
failure by the service provider or requester when the network
fails.
• Unacknowledged connectionless services send and receive
frames with no flow, error, or packet sequence control.
Connection Services Methods continued…
• Connection-oriented services :-
• Provide flow, error, and packet sequence control through the
use of acknowledgments.
• Acknowledged connectionless services use acknowledgments
to furnish flow and error control between point-to-point
transmissions.00
Connection Services Methods
End-to-End Flow Control
• Transport layer flow control is performed end-to-end. In other
words, just the sender and receiver are involved in recovering
from lost or delayed packets on the internetwork.
• End-to-end flow control is performed using acknowledgments
and either a guaranteed rate method or a window flow control
method.
End-to-End Error Control
• Data segments can be lost or delayed as they travel through
the network. Errors occur when a data segment is lost or when
one arrives with the same segment sequence number as a
totally different segment.
Segment Sequencing
• Messages are often divided into segments that arrive at the

destination out of order. The Transport layer uses segment
synchronization to reorder the segments.
• Segment synchronization involves appending a segment
number to each segment before it is passed to the lower layers
for transmission.
• When all segments for a message arrive at the destination, the
message is rebuilt by shuffling the segments into their correct
order.
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05 The OSI Transport Layer

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05 The OSI Transport Layer

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Revision no.

The OSI Transport Layer

The Transport layer

• The Transport layer divides higher-level messages into

OSI Transport Layer

OSI Transport Layer Processes and Methods

Address/Name Resolution Methods

• Address/name resolution is the function of identifying or

mapping the name and alphanumeric address to each other.

This function can be performed by every entity on the network

or by a special service provider called a directory server or

Address/Name Resolution Methods

Service Requester-Initiated Method

• Service Requester-Initiated Method :-

• Each requester sends out a special packet. This packet

Service Provider-Initiated Method

• Service Provider-Initiated Method:-

• Every service provider routinely sends out a broadcast packet

• These broadcast packets include name and address

• Directory servers collect the information from the broadcasts,

• Transaction Identifier A transaction identifier (also called

• Transaction IDs and connection IDs can be used together to

Segment Development Methods

• The Transport layer divides these messages into smaller sizes.

• Higher layer messages might be smaller than the acceptable

• All segments are received, the original messages must be

• The amount of memory available to the Transport layer and the

Aggregation of Messages (contd.)

Connection Services Methods

• The Transport layer, these processes are considered end-to-

end services. The Transport layer resolves issues such as

failure by the service provider or requester when the network

• Unacknowledged connectionless services send and receive

frames with no flow, error, or packet sequence control.

Connection Services Methods continued…

• Provide flow, error, and packet sequence control through the

• Acknowledged connectionless services use acknowledgments

to furnish flow and error control between point-to-point

Connection Services Methods

End-to-End Flow Control

• Transport layer flow control is performed end-to-end. In other

words, just the sender and receiver are involved in recovering

from lost or delayed packets on the internetwork.

• End-to-end flow control is performed using acknowledgments

and either a guaranteed rate method or a window flow control

End-to-End Error Control

• Data segments can be lost or delayed as they travel through

the network. Errors occur when a data segment is lost or when

one arrives with the same segment sequence number as a

totally different segment.

• Messages are often divided into segments that arrive at the

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