07 TCPIP Fundamentals

Revision no.
: PPT/2K403/02
TCPIP Fundamentals
Revision no.: PPT/2K403/02
TCP/IP Addressing
© CMS INSTITUTE, 2004. All rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced, stored or emailed without the prior permission of Programme Director, CMS Institute
TCP/IP Addressing (contd.)
• An IP address occupies 32 bits and includes both a network ID
and a host ID.
• A host refers to either a workstation or a server. A host is also
referred to as a node or station.
• Routers locate hosts on the Internet based on their assigned
IP addresses.
Four Bytes of an IP Address
Four Bytes of an IP Address (contd.)
• IP addresses take the form of a dotted octet; that is, each byte
(8 bits in an octet) is separated by a dot.
• In binary format, an IP address is as follows, with each x
representing a binary bit with the value of 0 or 1.
• A complete IP address in binary format would look like this:
• 10101100.00010000.00000100.00000010
Address Classes A through E
• Classes A through C can be assigned; classes D and E are

reserved for specific uses and are not assigned to hosts.
Binary Digits (Bits) Which Identify Network Class
Binary Digits (Bits) Which Identify Network Class (contd.)
• Class A address, the first byte is in the 0 to 127 range and also
identifies the network; the final three bytes identify the node.
The first bit must be zero.
• There are 126 possible class A networks, each having up to
16,777,216 hosts. Virtually all class A addresses have been
assigned.
• Class B The first byte is in the 128 to 191 range (the first two
bits of the first byte are 1 and 0). In class B addresses, the first
two bytes identify the network and the last two bytes identify
the node on the network. There are 16,384 possible class B
networks. Each class B network can have up to 65,534 hosts.
Relatively few class B addresses remain available.
• Class C address, the first byte is in the 192 to 223 range (the
first three bits of the first byte are 1, 1, and 0). the first three
bytes identify the network and the last byte identifies the node.
There are 2,097,152 possible class C networks.
• Class D Addresses. In a class D address, the first byte is in the
224 to 239 range (the first four bits of the first byte are 1, 1, 1,
and 0). Class D addresses are used for multicast packets.
Multicasts packets are typically exchanged between routers
only.
• Class E : Addresses. In a class E address, the first byte is in
the 240 to 255 range (the first five bits of the byte are 1,1,1,1,
and 0). Class E addresses are reserved for experimental use
and potential future addressing modes. Class E addresses are
typically used for broadcasts.
Obtaining an IP Address
Obtaining an IP Address (contd.)
• The Internet is a public internetwork of many networks,

packets can only be routed if an IP address corresponds to
only one host. Registering IP addresses prevents the
duplication of IP addresses.
IPv6
• A new version of the IP called IPv6 or IPng (IP Next Generation)
is anticipated to alleviate the current shortage of addresses.
IPv6 allows IP addresses to be 16 bytes long.
Domain Name Space
Domain Name Space (contd.)
• Domain names are easier for people to remember than IP
addresses and the names make locating resources on the
Internet much easier.
• Domain names correspond to registered IP addresses, they
also must be unique. Registering domain names prevents the
duplication of names on the Internet.
Domain Name Space (contd.)
Country codes
Sample Host Table
DNS Zones
DNS Zones (contd.)
• DNS is divided into partitions called zones, or subdomains. A
zone begins at a specified domain and extends downward until
either an end node is reached or another subzone begins.
• Zones represent logical divisions of the Internet. These
divisions may or may not correspond to physical segments. A
domain, such as UK, can encompass many networks. A single
network can also cross over several domains.
Master Name Server
Master Name Server (contd.)
• The names and IP addresses for all hosts in a DNS zone are
maintained on a single server called the master name server
for the domain.
• The information maintained on the master name server is
called the authoritative database for that zone.
Master Name Server (contd.)
• Names and addresses of all IP hosts within the domain
• Names of all subzones and addresses of the name servers for
those zones
• Addresses of name servers for the root domain and other
zones within the domain that are necessary to link your
domain to the existing DNS hierarchy.
Replica Name Servers
Replica Name Servers (contd.)
• A replica name server periodically downloads a copy of the
authoritative database from the master name server. The
process of downloading the authoritative database to the
replica name server is called a zone transfer.
• A replica name server for a domain does not need to be a part
of the domain for the replica it holds. It can be located
anywhere in the domain name space.
DNS Resolvers
DNS Resolvers (contd.)
• DNS clients are called resolvers. Typically, a resolver submits
a request for an address to a server within its default domain.
The server consults its databases for addresses within the
domain or contacts a root name server for addresses outside
its domain.
• This process is similar to the way you might find a telephone
number for someone who lives in a remote city.
Subnets
Subnets (contd.)
• The network administrator must create six subnets, or divisions of

the corporate network, from the single network IP address.
• A network administrator creates subnets for the following reasons:
• To extend the network.
• To reduce congestion.
• To reduce CPU use.
• To isolate network problems.
• To improve security.
• To use multiple media.
Defining a Subnet Mask
Defining a Subnet Mask (contd.)
• TCP/IP allows you to extend a given IP network number into
additional network addresses by borrowing bits from the host
address bytes.
• This process of creating subnets on the network uses a
technique called subnet masking.
• The subnet mask is defined using part of the host portion of
the IP address. The host portion you use depends on the class
of network address you are assigned.

Default Subnet Masks
Subnet Hierarchy
Classful IP
• In a classful IP address hierarchy, the IP address conforms to
the standard number of bits for the network address and host
address for each type of class.
Classless IP
• In a classless hierarchy, the rules that apply to the number of
bits that make up the network and host address for each class
vary. This is possible by using a subnet mask.
Number of Subnets vs. Hosts
Number of Subnets vs. Hosts (contd.)
• The number of bits borrowed for the subnet address
determines the total number of possible subnets for that
network and the number of host addresses available to assign
to a subnet.
Two Subnets with the Same Host Address
Two Subnets with the Same Host Address (contd.)
• The subnet address divides one network into smaller
networks,the same host addresses can be used on different
subnets, Routers on the Internet use only the network address
of an IP address when routing traffic to a subnetted network.
• Routers within the subnetted network use the subnet address,
network address, and host address to route traffic between
each subnet.
GAMES Unlimited Subnets
GAMES Unlimited Subnets (contd.)
• GAMES Unlimited was assigned a class A address. Using a
one-byte subnet mask, every host and router at GAMES
Unlimited can be configured to recognize the first two bytes of
each IP address as a network address and the final two bytes
as the host address.
BJC Corporation Subnets
BJC Corporation Subnets (contd.)
• BJC Corporation was assigned a class B address. Using a
subnet mask, every host and router within BJC Corporation
can be configured to recognize the first three bytes of each IP
address as a network address and the final byte as the host
address.
• Each host and router is configured with a subnet mask of
255.255.255.0 (decimal) or
• 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (binary).
BJC Corporation Subnets (contd.)
• Each IP address used at BJC Corporation has three parts:
• A network component in the first two bytes. The class B
network number for BJC is 132.132.0.0.
• A subnet component in the third byte. Each network, or
subnet, is assigned a unique value for the third byte.
• A host component in the fourth byte. Within each subnet, each
host is assigned a unique host value.
Using Partial Octets for Class C

IP Addresses
Using Partial Octets for Class C IP Addresses (contd.)
• In the figure, three bits of a class C address are used to define
a subnet.
• The mask is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 (binary) or
255.255.255.224 (decimal).
• Partial octets allow fewer subnets than when a full octet is
used to define the subnet, but more hosts are on each subnet.
Possible Subnets for a Class C Address
Subnet Mask with Three Bits for Subnet Address
Subnet Mask with Three Bits for Subnet Address (contd.)
• A class A network address of 98.0.0.0. Instead of using the
whole second octet for the subnet mask, you could borrow
only the first three bits of the host address for the subnet
address.
• The subnet mask then becomes 255.224.0.0.
No Buffer Zone for Additional Subnets
No Buffer Zone for Additional Subnets (contd.)
• Because you started assigning host addresses from the left,
adding another bit to the subnet address will require that your
hosts addresses be reassigned to free up the extra bit.
Buffer Zone for Additional Subnets
Buffer Zone for Additional Subnets (contd.)
• If you started assigning host values from the right-most bit in
the host address field, as shown in the following figure, adding
the seventh subnet is as simple as changing the subnet mask
because the extra bit is not used by any host addresses. No
reassignment of hosts is necessary.
Calculating Subnets and Hosts for a Class B Network
Calculating Subnets and Hosts for a Class B Network

(contd.)
• To assign subnet mask and address values, complete the
following:
• Determine the number of available subnet address values and
the number of available host address values per subnet:
• Available subnets = 2 n –2
• Available hosts = 2 m –2
• In the formulas, n = the number of masked address bits and m
= the number of unmasked address bits.

Calculating the Subnet Address with a Delta Value
Calculating the Subnet Address with a Delta Value (contd.)
A. Identify the rightmost [1] bit in the subnet mask and convert its
binary value to decimal. The number you obtain is referred to
as delta.
B. Add delta to the original network address to obtain the first

subnet address value.
C. Add delta to the last subnet address value you obtained in

step b to determine the next subnet address value.
D. Continue the process of adding delta to the most recently

determined subnet address to calculate further subnets.
Calculating Subnet Addresses
Calculating Subnet Addresses (contd.)
• A subnet with all bits set to 1 or all bits set to 0 might not be
recognized by all protocols or all routers.
• Therefore, in this example with a 3-bit subnet mask, there are
six possible subnet addresses.
• (For routers that support all 0s and all 1s, eight subnet
addresses are possible.)
Assigning IP Addresses within Subnet 128
Assigning IP Addresses within Subnet 128 (contd.)
• The first two bytes of each address must be 132.132.
• The first three bits of the third byte must be [100], the binary
equivalent of 128. Therefore, the number you assign to the
third byte must fall within the range of 128 (1000000) through
159 (10011111).
• The two addresses 132.132.128.0 and 132.132.159.255 cannot
be used. (All node bits in 132.132.128.0 are set to zero and all
node bits in 132.132.159.255 are set to one) .
Exercise
• Exercise 7.2 Binary to Decimal Conversion and Address

Classes
• Exercise 7.3 Assigning and Managing IP Subnets
• Exercise 7.4Establishing Subnets
• Exercise 7.5 Planning Your Network
Design & Published by:

CMS Institute, Design & Development Centre, CMS House, Plot No. 91, Street No.7,
MIDC, Marol, Andheri (E), Mumbai –400093, Tel: 91-22-28216511, 28329198
Email: courseware.inst@cmail.cms.co.in
www.cmsinstitute.co.in

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TCP/IP Addressing (contd.)

• An IP address occupies 32 bits and includes both a network ID

and a host ID.

• A host refers to either a workstation or a server. A host is also

referred to as a node or station.

• Routers locate hosts on the Internet based on their assigned

Four Bytes of an IP Address

Four Bytes of an IP Address (contd.)

(8 bits in an octet) is separated by a dot.

• In binary format, an IP address is as follows, with each x

representing a binary bit with the value of 0 or 1.

• A complete IP address in binary format would look like this:

Address Classes A through E

• Classes A through C can be assigned; classes D and E are

Binary Digits (Bits) Which Identify Network Class

Binary Digits (Bits) Which Identify Network Class (contd.)

The first bit must be zero.

• There are 126 possible class A networks, each having up to

16,777,216 hosts. Virtually all class A addresses have been

Binary Digits (Bits) Which Identify Network Class (contd.)

the node on the network. There are 16,384 possible class B

networks. Each class B network can have up to 65,534 hosts.

Relatively few class B addresses remain available.

Binary Digits (Bits) Which Identify Network Class (contd.)

There are 2,097,152 possible class C networks.

Binary Digits (Bits) Which Identify Network Class (contd.)

• Class D Addresses. In a class D address, the first byte is in the

and 0). Class D addresses are used for multicast packets.

Multicasts packets are typically exchanged between routers

Binary Digits (Bits) Which Identify Network Class (contd.)

• Class E : Addresses. In a class E address, the first byte is in

and 0). Class E addresses are reserved for experimental use

and potential future addressing modes. Class E addresses are

typically used for broadcasts.

Obtaining an IP Address (contd.)

• The Internet is a public internetwork of many networks,

• A new version of the IP called IPv6 or IPng (IP Next Generation)

is anticipated to alleviate the current shortage of addresses.

IPv6 allows IP addresses to be 16 bytes long.

Domain Name Space

Domain Name Space (contd.)

• Domain names are easier for people to remember than IP

addresses and the names make locating resources on the

Internet much easier.

• Domain names correspond to registered IP addresses, they

also must be unique. Registering domain names prevents the

duplication of names on the Internet.

Domain Name Space (contd.)

Sample Host Table

DNS Zones (contd.)

• DNS is divided into partitions called zones, or subdomains. A

zone begins at a specified domain and extends downward until

either an end node is reached or another subzone begins.

• Zones represent logical divisions of the Internet. These

divisions may or may not correspond to physical segments. A

domain, such as UK, can encompass many networks. A single

network can also cross over several domains.

Master Name Server