NITTE MEENAKSHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum)

Accredited by NBA (AICTE), New Delhi
Yelahanka, Bangalore - 560064.

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Laboratory Manual of
SIMULATION LAB
(2021-2022)
VII Semester

Student Name

USN

Semester

Year

1
 Vision and Mission of the Department
Vision
To develop technically competent Aeronautical Engineers of the highest academic standards to meet the
national and global requirements of industry and society.
Mission
1. To impart quality education in Aeronautical Engineering through top-class teaching – learning process,
well-designed curricular& co-curricular activities and state-of-the-art infrastructure

2. To inculcate ethical values and develop innovative ideas to meet ever changing global requirements through
industry-institute interaction and interdisciplinary research.

Program Outcomes
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide
valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal
and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

2
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Program Specific outcomes (PSOs)

In addition to the above outcomes, the undergraduates of NMIT Aeronautical Engineering Programme shall
demonstrate the following capability defined by the two PSOs.
1. PSO1: Graduates will be able to design and analyze various aircraft materials and structures.
2. PSO2: Graduates will be able to develop solutions for various aerodynamic, propulsion and control systems
used in aircrafts.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

1. PEO-1 Graduates will be successful professionals in the field of Aeronautical Engineering and allied areas.
2. PEO-2 Graduates will exhibit skills to work individually and as part of the team with ethics.
3. PEO-3 Graduates will pursue higher studies, research and adapt to a world of constantly changing
technologies

3
 SIMULATION LABORATORY
Course Code 18AEL77 Credits 1
Hours/Week (L-T-P) 0+0+3 CIE Marks 50
Total Hrs 39 SEE Marks 50
Exam Hrs 03 Course Type Core
COURSE OUTCOMES
Course outcomes: After completion of the course, students will be able to-
1. Develop generic initial solutions for engineering problems using MATLAB/SIMULINK
software
2. Apply various analytical modeling techniques to obtain the differential equation describing the system
and to solve the same using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment
3. Analyze the performance parameters of an aircraft
4. Calculating Air Speed from a Pitot-static tube , Simulating a bomb drop from an aircraft

TEACHING METHODOLOGY
 Blackboard teaching/PowerPoint presentation (if needed) /Flipped Classes for specified topics
COURSE CONTENTS
PART -A
1. Falling sphere with viscous drag – Investigate velocity versus time plot; &simulate the fall.
2. Frequency response for a spring-mass damper system; simulation of the oscillations.
3. Simulation of landing run.
4. Simulation of glide.
PART -B
1. Simulation of range of an aircraft
2. Simulate a bomb drop from an aircraft on a moving tank for pure – pursuit motion.
3. Simulate an Air Speed Indicator to read air speeds for the pressures read from a Pitot- static
tube, with compressibility corrections.
4. Simulate a point take-off from a runaway.
5.
Course Assessment Method:
Record: 30 marks
Test: 15 marks
Viva-voce: 05 marks
SEE - Final Exam: 50 MarksScheme of Examination: Student will be asked to conduct any one experiment
from Part A & B
Program Outcomes – Articulation matrix:

PO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PSO1 PSO2

CO1 3 3 3 2 3 3 2

CO2 3 3 3 2 3 3 2

CO3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2

CO4 3 3 3 2 3 3 2

CO5 3 3 3 2 3 3 2

4
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
EXPT NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO
NO
PART A
1 Falling sphere with viscous drag – Investigate 5-7
velocity versus time plot and simulate the fall.
2 Frequency response for spring mass damper 8-10
system and simulation of the oscillations.

3 Simulation of Landing Run. 11-13

4 Simulation of Glide 14-16

5 Simulation of range of an Aircraft propeller 17-18

driven
PART B
6 Simulate a Bomb drop from an aircraft on a 19-21
moving tank for pure- pursuit motion
7 Simulate an Air Speed indicator to read air 22-24
speeds for the pressures read from Pitot-static
tube, with compressibility corrections.
8 Simulate a point take off from a runway. 25-26

9 Simulation of Endurance of a Jet driven aircraft 27-28

10 Simulation of Endurance of a Propeller driven 29-31

aircraft

5
 EXPERIMENT 1
FALLING SPHERE WITH VISCOUS DRAG – INVESTIGATE VELOCITY
VERSUS TIME PLOT, AND SIMULATE THE FALL
AIM: To investigate the velocity of a falling body with Viscous drag

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

THEORY:

Mass (M) A free falling body of mass M experiences a gravitational force given by
Mg, where g is the acceleration due to gravity. An opposite force called
Velocity the frictional force f, which is proportional to velocity of fall, will be
(V) acting on the body given by,
f = DV
Where D is the proportionality of drag constant in N/m/s. Thus the force
Mg acting on the body is the difference between the force of gravity and the
DV damping force as,
dV
M  Mg  DV ,
dt
Thus,
dV DV
 g
dt M
Solving for dv/dt for each iteration over time will give us the acceleration of the resulting force acting on the
body at corresponding time instants. Multiplying dv/dt with the corresponding time instants will give us the
velocity over time.

PROCEDURE
 Launch MATLAB, open NEW SCRIPT
 Type in the following MATLAB CODE for the above problem, given below.
 Save the SCRIPT.
 Click RUN to execute it, and obtain the Output.

6
MATLAB CODE
clear all;
clc;
M = 20;
D = 10;
t = 0.1; % initializing Time step
v=0; % Initializing velocity
for i = 1:50
dvdt(i) = (1/M)*(M*9.81-(D*v))*t; % calculating dv/dt
v = dvdt(i); % setting velocity for next iteration
t = t+0.1; % Incrementing to next time step
end;
plot(0.1:0.1:5,dvdt);
xlabel ('TIME(s)');
ylabel ('VELOCITY(m/s)');
title('Velocity Versus Time plot for Falling Sphere with Viscous drag');

FLOW CHART:
Start

Initialize Time Step (t), Velocity (v), Number of iterations (n), Mass (M),
Drag (D)

Calculate (dv/dt) for each iteration

Set velocity for next iteration Continue for

‘n’ iterations
Increment Time Step

Plot Velocity versus Time curve

End

7
OUTPUT
Case 1: M = 10kg, D = 10N/m/sec
Velocity Versus Time plot for Falling Sphere with Viscous drag
15

10
VELOCITY(m/s)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
TIME(s)

Case 2: M = 10kg, D = 0N/m/sec

Velocity Versus Time plot for Falling Sphere with Viscous drag
50

45

40

35
VELOCITY(m/s)

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
TIME(s)

RESULT: Simulation for falling sphere with viscous drag has been carried out and results are obtained.

8
 EXPERIMENT 2
FREQUENCY RESPONSE FOR A SPRING MASS SYSTEM AND SIMULATION OF
THE OSCILLATIONS

AIM: To generate and analyze the response of a spring mass motion to a step and ramp input.

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

THEORY:

The Mathematical model of the system is described by:

x    Bx  Kx  f  t  
1
M

Let Mass M=2kg; Stiffness Constant K=2 N/m; B = 2 Ns/m. Then,

x
1
2
 2 x  2 x  f t  
PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Open MATLAB, Type “simulink” in command window.
STEP 2: Go to File, Open a New Model.
STEP 3: Drag and place the following blocks from the corresponding library
Select BLOCK set Location in Simulink Library
Step Sources
Sum Math Operation
Gain Math Operation
Integrator Continuous
Scope Sinks

9
STEP 4: Make Connections

STEP 5: Set Parameters

STEP 6: Running Simulations

10
STEP 7: Viewing Results

Output from Scope block

RESULT: The simulations of spring mass damper system has been carried out and results are obtained.

11
 EXPERIMENT 3
LANDING RUN

AIM: To Simulate the Landing Run of an aircraft and plot variations of Weight versus Landing field length

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

THEORY:
LANDING RUN: The distance between the first point of contact with the ground and the point at which the
aeroplane comes to rest. Landing run of the aircraft is given by

Where
[ ] and [ ( ) ]

And also thrust can vary with airspeed according to the rule

Where, =Thrust at zero airspeed (static thrust)

=Thrust at airspeed V
=constant that can be positive, negative, or zero

PROCEDURE
 Launch MATLAB, open NEW SCRIPT
 Type in the following MATLAB CODE for the above problem, given below.
 Save the SCRIPT.
 Click RUN to execute it, and obtain the Output.

MATLAB CODE
function LANDINGRUN
clear all;
clc;
for To=70000:1000:80000
g=9.81;
mu=0.2;
w1=17000:100:18000
w=diag(w1)
h=1000;
lamda=6.5e-3
to=288;
12
 t=to-(lamda*h);
r=288;
b=(g/((lamda*r)))-1;
rho_o=1.225;
rho=rho_o*(t/to)^b;
s=40;
cdg=0.02;
clg=0.7;
vtd=175;
a=0.65;
A=g*(diag(diag((To*(inv(w))-mu))))
B=g*inv(w)*(0.5*rho*s*(cdg+a-(mu*clg)))
S=(1*(inv(2*B)))*log(1+((B*(vtd)^2)/A))
S1=diag(S)
plot(w1,S1)
xlabel ('WEIGHT(W)')
ylabel ('LANDING FIELD LENGTH(m)')
title ('LANDING FIELD LENGTH V/S WWEIGHT')
hold on
end
end

OUTPUT

475.6333
S1=
478.6093
481.5874
484.5679
487.5505
490.5354
493.5225
496.5118
499.5034
502.4972
505.4932

13
FLOW CHART
START

INITIALIZE
G, mu, W1, W, h

INPUT VALUES
T0, R, S, CDg, CLg, Vtd

CALCULATE
𝑇 𝑇 𝑎𝑉

CALCULATE
𝑇
𝐴 𝑔 𝜇
𝑊
𝑔
𝐵 𝜌𝑆(𝐶𝐷𝑔 𝜇𝐶𝐿𝑔 ) 𝑎
𝑊
𝐴
𝑆 𝑙𝑛
𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑇𝐷

RETURN
Plot(W1, S1)

STOP

RESULT: The Simulation for landing run has been carried out and results are obtained.

14
 EXPERIMENT 4
SIMULATION OF GLIDE

AIM: To Simulate the Gliding Velocity, Gliding Range and Gliding Angle of an Aircraft.

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

THEORY:
Gliding Flight (Steady State)
If the engine is turned off, (T = 0), and one desires to maintain airspeed, it is necessary to
put the vehicle at such an attitude that the component of the gravity force in the direction of the
velcocity vector balances the drag. The equations of motion are given by:

where is the flight path angle (the angle the velocity makes with the horizontal).
If we divide one equation by the other, we get:

We see from above equation that the flight path angle is negative. We can then define the
glide angle as the negative of the flight path angle and write:

where = glide angle (and is positive).

We can observe the following:
1) the glide angle depends only on L/D and is independent of the weight of the vehicle
2) the flattest glide angle occurs at the maximum L/D.

Glide Range
The glide range is how far it travels along the ground during the glide
descent. It is easy
to see from the figure that

Or

Hence the range for gliding flight depends on the L/D and _h. It is clear that the maximum range
occurs when L/D is maximum. Therefore the maximum range glide is flown at the minimum
drag airspeed, Vmd.

15
Small Glide Angle Assumption
In most cases, the glide angle will be small for an equilibrium glide. Under these
circumstances, we can make the following approximations :

The most important result of this assumption is that we can make the approximation that

Hence we can use the weight in order to compute the airspeed. Without this assumption the
calculations can become more difficult.

PROCEDURE
 Launch MATLAB, open NEW SCRIPT
 Type in the following MATLAB CODE for the above problem, given below.
 Save the SCRIPT.
 Click RUN to execute it, and obtain the Output.

MATALB CODE
function GLIDE
clear all;
clc;
h2=1000; %height
h1=0; %height
W=10000; %weight
D=1; %drag
L=15; %lift
S=41; %wing span
Cd=0.005; %coefficient of drag
Cl=0.7; %coefficient of lift
rho=1.225; %density of air
gamma=-tan(D/L)*(180/pi) %glide angle
V=sqrt((2*W)/(rho*S*Cl)) %glide velocity
R=(L/D)*(h2-h1) %glide range
end

OUTPUT
 Gamma=-3.8254 degrees
 V=23.8510 m/s
 R=15000m
16
FLOW CHART

START

INITIALIZE
H2, H1, W, L, D, S, Cd, Cl
rho

CALCUALTE
gamma=-tan(D/L)*(180/pi)
V=sqrt((2*W)/(rho*S*Cl))
R=(L/D)*(h2-h1)

STOP

RESULT: The Gliding Velocity, Gliding Angle, and the Gliding Range of the given aircraft has been
computed and output obtained as follows:
 Gliding angle =-3.8254 degrees
 Gliding velocity=23.8510 m/s
 Gliding range =15000 m

17
 EXPERIMENT 5
SIMULATION OF RANGE, OF A PROPELLER DRIVEN AIRCRAFT

AIM: To Simulate the range of a Propeller driven aircraft

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

THEORY:
Range is the total distance (measured with respect to the ground) traversed by an airplane on one load of fuel.
Range for the propeller driven aircraft is given by

Range is expressed in terms of specific fuel consumption rather than the thrust specific fuel consumption
for a propeller driven aircraft

Where, =Empty fuel tank weight

=Weight of the fuel

PROCEDURE
 Launch MATLAB, open NEW SCRIPT
 Type in the following MATLAB CODE for the above problem, given below.
 Save the SCRIPT.
 Click RUN to execute it, and obtain the Output.

MATLAB CODE
function RANGE_JET_PROPELLED
clear all;
clc;
eta=0.8;
ct=0.4;
v=100;
c=(ct/(v*3600));
L=15; %Lift
D=1; %Drag
W1=input('ENTER THE VALUE FOR W1='); %weight of the fuel tank with fuel
Wf=input('ENTER THE VALUE FOR Wf='); %weight of the fuel
Wo=W1+Wf;
R=(eta/c)*(L/D)*(log(Wo/W1)) %Range
end

18
OUTPUT
ENTER THE VALUE FOR W1=60000
ENTER THE VALUE FOR Wf=20000

E=3.1070e+006 feet

FLOW CHART:

START

INITIALIZE
specific fuel consumption Ct,
Lift, Drag, eta

INPUT
W1=Weight of the fuel tank with weight
Wf=Weight of the fuel tank

CALCULATE
Wi=W1+Wf
R=(eta/c)*(L/D)*(log(Wo/W1))

OUTPUT
RANGE (R)

STOP

RESULT: The Range for a given propeller driven aircraft has been found out.

19
 EXPERIMENT 6
SIMULATE A BOMB DROP FROM AN AIRCRAFT ON A TANK FOR A
PURE PURSUIT MOTION

AIM: To simulate a bomb drop from an aircraft on a moving tank for pure pursuit motion and plot the
trajectory.

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

THEORY:

Assumptions:
Target and the pursuer are moving in the same horizontal plane when the pursuer first sights the tank.
The Pursuer speed is constant.
Forward speed of the bomb remains constant.

Let us assume a pursuer (fighter) at a height yo from the ground moving in the same plane as that of the target
and also in the same direction. Let the pure pursuit velocity be vo. Let the angle of elevation with respect to
the horizon of the fighter be θ. If t is the total time of flight for the trajectory, then equation of motion can be
represented by,
g 2
yO   t  VO sin  t
 2 
The above equation is of the form s = ut + (1/2)at 2. Thus solving the above equation we get the total time of
trajectory for the bomb drop. The velocity vector along the x axis is given by

x  VO cos( )
and that along the y axis is given by

y  VO sin( ) .

Therefore the new position vector at any instant along the x axis is given by x  x t and that along the y axis is
g 2 
given by, y   t  y t  yO
 2 

20
PROCEDURE
 Launch MATLAB, open NEW SCRIPT
 Type in the following MATLAB CODE for the above problem, given below.
 Save the SCRIPT.
 Click RUN to execute it, and obtain the Output.

MATLAB CODE
clc;
clear all;
y0=5; % initial height in m
v0=10; % initial velocity in m/s
theta=0; % trajectory elevation w.r.t horizon in deg
g=9.81; % acceleration due to gravity in m/s^2
b=v0*sin(pi*(theta/180));
a=-g/2;
c=y0;
t_flight=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a);
t=linspace(0,t_flight,30);
xdot0=v0*cos(pi*(theta/180));
ydot0=v0*sin(pi*(theta/180));
x=xdot0*t+x0;
y=-(g/2)*t.^2+ydot0*t+y0;
plot(x,y);
xlabel('Distance (m)');
ylabel('Height (m)');
title('Bomb Drop Trajectory for pure pursuit Motion');

FLOW CHART:
Start

Initialize Fighter altitude, velocity, angle of elevation

Obtain Trajectory time from the standard equation of motion.

Obtain velocity vector along the x axis and y axis

Over different instants of trajectory time, obtain the position of bomb at

respective x and y coordinates

Plot the coordinates

End

21
OUTPUT:
Case1: v0=10;
Bomb Drop Trajectory for pure pursuit Motion

Height (m)
3

-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance (m)

RESULT: Bomb drop from the aircraft on the tank has been simulated and output graphs are obtained.

22
 EXPERIMENT 7
SIMULATION OF AN AIRSPEED INDICATOR TO READ AIR SPEEDS FOR THE
PRESSURES READ FROM A PITOT STATIC TUBE, WITH COMPRESSIBILITY
CORRECTION

AIM: To Simulate an Air Speed Indicator by taking into account the compressibility corrections in the
calculation of true air speed.

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

THEORY:
An airspeed indicator measures the static pressure and dynamic pressure from the atmosphere at a given
altitude and calculates the equivalent airspeed by assuming the standard sea level conditions. However, with
altitude, change in altitude results in a corresponding change in the pressures and temperatures and thus the
true airspeed will be different from the calibrated/equivalent airspeed indicated in the instrument panel. Also
compressibility effect which is prominent at Mach numbers greater than 0.3 must also be taken into account
while calculating true airspeeds.

PROCEDURE
 Launch MATLAB, open NEW SCRIPT
 Type in the following MATLAB CODE for the above problem, given below.
 Save the SCRIPT.
 Click RUN to execute it, and obtain the Output.

MATLAB CODE
clc;
clear all;

% Given Parameters
T = 230; % Ambient pressure at given altitude
Po = 4.24e4; % Pitot measured Pressure
P = 2.65e4; % Std pressure at altitude of 1524m
Ps = 1.01e5;
gamma = 1.4;
as = 340.3;
R = 287;
rhos = 1.225055;

% Calculation of Mach Number

innerM = ((Po/P)^((gamma-1)/gamma)-1);
M = sqrt((2/(gamma-1)*innerM));

if M<=0.3 % Incompressible flow

rho = P/(R*T);
Vtrue = sqrt(2*(Po-P)/rho)
Veq = sqrt(2*(Po-P)/rhos)
23
else if M>0.3 % compressible flow

% Calculation of Vtrue
a1 = sqrt(gamma*R*T);
innerVtrue = ((Po/P)^((gamma-1)/gamma)-1);
Vtrue = sqrt((2*(a1^2)/(gamma-1))*innerVtrue)

% Calculation of Veq
innerVeq = ((((Po-P)/Ps)+1)^((gamma-1)/gamma))-1;
Veq = sqrt((2*(as^2)/(gamma-1))*innerVeq)
end;
end;

FLOW CHART:
Inputs

Ambient Temperature at given altitude (T), Pitot measure pressure (P0), Standard pressure at given
altitude (P1), Sea level density (ρs),Gas constant (R), Gamma (γ), Speed of sound at sea level (as)

Calculate Mach Number (M) to determine weather to employ compressible flow equations (M>0.3) or
incompressible flow equations (M≤0.3) as,

𝛾−
𝑃 𝛾
𝑀
𝛾 𝑃

M≤0.3
No
Yes
Employ Incompressible flow equations
Employ Compressible flow equations

Calculate True Airspeed Calculate True density at given altitude,

𝛾− 𝑃
𝑎 𝑃 𝛾 𝜌
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
𝛾 𝑃
Calculate the true airspeed as,

𝑃𝑜 𝑃
Calculate equivalent/calibrated airspeed 𝑉𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 √
𝜌
𝛾−
𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑜 𝑃 𝛾 Calculate equivalent/calibrated Airspeed,
𝑉𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝛾 𝑃𝑜
𝑃𝑜 𝑃
𝑉𝑒𝑞 √
𝜌𝑠

24
OUTPUT

Case1: Incompressible Flow (M<=3)

Input:
Po = 87000 N/m2
P = 84300 N/m2
T = 280.55 K

Output:
Vtrue = 71.81 m/s
Veq = 66.39 m/s

Case2: Compressible Flow (M>3)

Input:
T = 230 K
Po = 42400 N/m2
P = 26500 N/m2

Output:
Vtrue = 257 m/s
Veq = 157 m/s

RESULT: The Air speed indicator to read air speeds for different pressures has been simulated and the
results are obtained.

25
 EXPERIMENT 8
SIMULATE A POINT TAKE OFF FROM A RUNWAY

AIM: To simulate a point take off from a runway and calculate the takeoff distance for given values of aircraft weight
and thrust available.

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

PROCEDURE
 Launch MATLAB, open NEW SCRIPT
 Type in the following MATLAB CODE for the above problem, given below.
 Save the SCRIPT.
 Click RUN to execute it, and obtain the Output.

MATLAB CODE

function POINT_TAKEOFF_RUNWAY
clc;
clear all;
mur=0.02;
h=6;
b=53.3;
W=19815;
rho=0.002377;
S=318;
CLmax=1;
CDo=0.02;
e=0.81;
AR=b/h;
T=7300;
g=32.2;
innerphi=16*h/b;
phi=(innerphi^2)/(1+innerphi^2);
Vstall=sqrt((2*W)/(rho*S*CLmax));
Vl0=1.2*(Vstall);
V=0.7*Vl0;
L=0.5*rho*(V^2)*S*CLmax;
D=0.5*rho*(V^2)*S*(CDo+phi*((CLmax^2)/(3.14*e*AR)));
deno=g*rho*S*CLmax*(T-(D+mur*(W-L)));
Sl=1.44*(W^2)/deno
end

26
FLOW CHART:
Start

Initialize h, b, CL, Cd, B, AR, e, Ur, g, T, W, rho,Pi

Vstall =

Vlo = 1.2 x Vstall

V = 0.7 x Vlo

Phi =

L=

D = 0.5 x rho x V2 x S x

Calculate Takeoff Distance,

Dist =

End

OUTPUT
+03
Sg=3.0353e feet

RESULT: Point take off from the runway for the given aircraft is found out to be 3.0353e3 feet

27
 EXPERIMENT 9
SIMULATION OF ENDURANCEOF A JET PROPELLED AIRCRAFT

AIM: To determine the Endurance of a Jet propelled aircraft

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

THEORY:
Endurance is the amount of time that an airplane can stay in the air on one load of fuel. For Jet propelled
airplanes, Endurance is given by

The above equation is expressed in terms of thrust specific fuel consumption, and it gives directly the
Endurance of Jet propelled airplane

Where, =Empty fuel tank weight

=Weight of the fuel

PROCEDURE
 Launch MATLAB, open NEW SCRIPT
 Type in the following MATLAB CODE for the above problem, given below.
 Save the SCRIPT.
 Click RUN to execute it, and obtain the Output.

MATLAB CODE
function ENDURANCE_JET_PROPELLED
clear all;
clc;
c=0.4;
L=15; %Lift
D=1; %Drag
W1=input('ENTER THE VALUE FOR W1='); %weight of the fuel tank with fuel
Wf=input('ENTER THE VALUE FOR Wf='); %weight of the fuel
Wi=W1+Wf;
E=(1/c)*(L/D)*(log(Wi/W1)) %Endurance
end

OUTPUT
ENTER THE VALUE FOR W1=60000
ENTER THE VALUE FOR Wf=20000

E=10.7881 hr
28
FLOW CHART:

START

INITIALIZE
Thrust specific fuel
consumption Ct, Lift, Drag

INPUT
W1=Weight of the fuel tank with weight
Wf=Weight of the fuel tank

CALCULATE
Wi=W1+Wf
E=(1/c)*(L/D)*(log(Wi/W1))

OUTPUT
ENDURANCE (E)

STOP

RESULT: Endurance of a Jet propelled aircraft for the given weight is found out to be 10.7881hr

29
 EXPERIMENT 10
SIMULATION OF ENDURANCE OF A PROPELLER DRIVEN AIRCRAFT

AIM: To Simulate the Endurance of a Propeller driven aircraft by plotting the variation of Endurance versus
Weight

UTILITY: MATLAB 2017

THEORY:
Endurance is the amount of time that an airplane can stay in the air on one load of fuel. For Jet propelled
airplanes, Endurance is given by

− −
√

Where, ,c, , and are known constants. The specific fuel consumption for propeller driven airplanes
is given in terms of power rather than thrust.

PROCEDURE
 Launch MATLAB, open NEW SCRIPT
 Type in the following MATLAB CODE for the above problem, given below.
 Save the SCRIPT.
 Click RUN to execute it, and obtain the Output.

MATALB CODE
function ENDURANCE_FOR_PROPELLER_DRIVEN_AIRCRAFT
clear all;
clc;
eta=0.8; %efficieny of aircraft
c=2.5E-5 %N/N-s SFC
h=11000; %altitude in m
lamda=6.5E-3; %lapse rate k/m
to=288; %sea level temperature
t=to-(lamda*h); %temperature k
R=287; %gas constant
g=9.81; %acceleration due to gravity
a=(g/(lamda*R))-1; %N/m^2 force
rho_o=1.225; %density of air kg/m^3
rho=rho_o*(t/to)^a; %density
s=75; %wing area
30
 cl=0.9; %coefficient of lift
cd=0.02; %coefficient of drag
%figure('name','endurance vs weight','number title','on')
w=17000:100:18000; %gross weight with fuel tanks
w2=diag(w);
wo=inv(w2);
w1=5000;
e=(eta/c)*(sqrt(2*(rho*s)))*(((cl)^(3/2)/cd)*((sqrt(1/w1)-sqrt(wo))));
e1=diag(e)
plot(w,e1)
xlabel('WEIGHT(kg)')
ylabel('ENDURANCE(s)')
title('VARIATION OF ENDURANCE WITH WEIGHT')
end

OUTPUT

E1=

1.0e+04 * 6.5279
1.0e+04 * 6.5505
1.0e+04 * 6.5730
1.0e+04 * 6.5952
1.0e+04 * 6.6173
1.0e+04 * 6.6392
1.0e+04 * 6.6609
1.0e+04 * 6.6824
1.0e+04 * 6.7037
1.0e+04 * 6.7248

31
FLOW CHART

START

INITIALIZE THE VALUES

Eta, c, h, lamda, To, R, g, rho_o, s,
Cl and Cd

CALCUALTE
t=to-(lamda*h)
rho=rho_o*(t/to)^a

ASSIGN THE FOLLOWING

Figure, W, W2, W0, W1

CALCULATE

𝜂𝑝𝑟 𝐶 − −
𝐸 √ 𝜌 𝑆 𝐿 𝑊 𝑊
𝑐 𝐶𝐷

ASSIGN E1

OUTPUT
Plot the coordinates(W1, E1)
X label, y label, title

STOP

RESULT: The Endurance for Propeller driven aircraft per 100kg of weight has been found out and graph
has been plotted.

32