Ontology

• a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of existence.

Idealism

- Past Qs
o Short Note: Idealism (5 marks)

I. Introduction:
a. The philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality.
b. Idealism is the metaphysical and epistemological doctrine that ideas or thoughts make
up fundamental reality.
II. Tenets of Idealism
a. Only consciousness is knowable:
i. Essentially, it is any philosophy which argues that the only thing actually
knowable is consciousness (or the contents of consciousness), whereas we
never can be sure that matter or anything in the outside world really exists.
ii. Thus, the only real things are mental entities, not physical things (which exist
only in the sense that they are perceived).
b. A form of Monism in contrast with Dualism:
i. Idealism is a form of Monism (as opposed to Dualism or Pluralism).
c. In contrast with Materialism
i. Stands in direct contrast to other Monist beliefs such Materialism (which hold
that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is physical matter).
d. In contrast with Realism
i. It is also contrasted with Realism (which holds that things have an absolute
existence prior to, and independent of, our knowledge or perceptions).