PRESENT PERFECT

A. Sentences with VERBS

+ S + has/have + Verb (3)

- S + has/have + not + Verb (3)
? Has/have + S + Verb (3)?

I
You
have
We
They
He
She
has
It
Dinda/ Joko

Example:
S Has/Have V3 O
We have eaten breakfast.
Tom has broken his leg.
I have sent my letter.

We haven’t eaten breakfast.

Tom hasn’t broken his leg.
I haven’t sent my letter.

Have we eaten breakfast?

Has Tom broken his leg?
Have I sent my letter?
Example:
(+) I have found my money.
(-) I haven’t found my money.
(?) Have I/ you found my money?

(+) Lala has gone to the book store.

(-) Lala has not gone to the book store.
(?) Has Lala gone to the book store?

(+) We have fallen from up stairs.

(-) We have not fallen from up stairs.
(?) Have we fallen from up stairs?
 (+) I have stayed in the dormitory
(-) I have not stayed in the dormitory
(?) Have I/ you stayed in the dormitory?

B. Sentences without VERBS

+ S + has/have + been + complement

- S + has/have + not + been + complement
? Has/have + S + been + complement?

Example:

S Has/Have Been Complement

Mark and Tina have been married for three years.
Tom has been in Pati since last Monday.

Mark and Tina haven’t been married for three years.

Tom hasn’t been in Pati since last Monday.

Have Mark and Tina been married for three years?

Has Tom been in Pati since last Monday?

FUNCTION: something happened in the past & is NOT happening now but is still related to
the present (there is a result now)
→ Menyatakan perbuatan yang telah selesai dilakukan dan hasilnya masih dirasakan sampai
sekarang.
Example:
1. She has already gone home. (Now she is not here, she is at home)
2. They have seen that movie. (Now they know the story)
3. Jack has washed his car. (Now his car is clean)
4. Frida has eaten lunch. (Now she is full)
5. We have bought a new car. (Now we have a car)
6. Since this morning, Tina has written two letters. (Now there are 2 letters)
7. I haven’t finished my homework. (Now I cannot go out)
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS or PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Sentences with VERBS

+ S + has/have + been + Verb(-ing)

- S + has/have + not + been + Verb(-ing)
? Has/have + S + been + Verb(-ing)

Example:
S Has/have Been V(-ing)
She has been living in Pati for 3 years.
They have been working since morning.

She hasn’t been living in Pati for 3 years.

They haven’t been working since morning.

Has she been living in Pati for 3 years?

Have they been working since morning?
Example:
(+) I has been sleeping since three hour ago.
(-) I hasn't been sleeping since three hour ago.
(?) Has I / you been sleeping since three hour ago?

(+) Ray has been walking around his house since this morning.
(-) Ray has not been walking around his house since this morning.
(?) Has Ray been walking around his house since this morning?

FUNCTION:
a. Duration to the present → *for….., since…., all morning, all day
 Right now I’m teaching. I have been teaching since 7:00.
 I have been waiting for 2 hours. Now I’m still waiting.
 It’s been raining all day. It’s still raining now.
 I am taking a German course this semester. I’ve been studying German for 1.5 years.
 You have to stop now Jack. You‘ve been working for 5 straight hours.
 A: Where is John?
B: He is in the garage. He’s been repairing his car for almost one hour.
b. The activity is NOT happening now or has just stopped. It was a long activity and we can
see fact(s).
 The ground is wet. It has been raining.
 A: What’s wrong with you Bob? You look tired and you are perspiring
B: I’m OK. I’ve been jogging.
 Your eyes are red. Have you been crying?
  A: Change your clothes now, Tim. You look so dirty. What have you been doing?
B: I’ve been playing football.
 A: Are you OK? You have lost your voice.
B: Yes, I’m OK. I’ve been giving a lecture for 4 hours.

Non-progressive Verbs
be know hear prefer (lebih senang) need
believe like see* understand have (possess)*
belong (milik) love smell* want taste*
think* feel* look* weigh*

Example:
 I have known Kathy for 7 years. (NOT “I have been knowing Kathy for 7 years.”)
 Rita is still sick. She’s been sick for 3 days. (NOT “She has been being sick for 3
years.”)
 A: Do you still have any questions?
B: No. I have understood this subject. (NOT “I have been understanding this
subject.”)
 They have had their car since last year. (NOT “They have been having their car since
last year.”)

Since/ for?
_ since __ 10 o’clock _since/ for _ 3 semesters
_ since_ I came here _since_ Jan 20, 2007
_ for _ five minutes _since_ last Monday
_since_ last visit _for_ 37 hours
 PRESENT PERFECT VS PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

A. Focus on the result NOT the action
itself
Example:
1. The ceiling was white. Now it’s blue,
Ann has painted it.
2. The car is going again now. Tom has
repaired it.
3. Somebody has smoked all my
cigarettes. The packet is empty.
4. I have lost my key. I don’t have it now.
5. Have you heard from George?
6. Kim hasn’t written to us recently.
B. HOW MANY things/ HOW MUCH /
HOW MANY TIMES something has
happened
Example:
1. Anna has written three letters today. 1. Anna has been writing letters all day.
2. How many pages have you read?
3. Jim has played tennis 3 times this
week
A. Focus on the action; it’s NOT
important whether something has
been finished or not
Example:
1. Ann’s clothes are covered in paint. She
has been painting the ceiling.
2. Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has
been repairing the car.
3. You’ve been smoking too much
recently. You should smoke less. You
cough a lot.
4. It has been raining for 2 hours.
5. Look at you. You’re bright red. Have
you been sunbathing?
B. HOW LONG something has been
happening
Example:
2. How long have you been reading that
book?
3. Jim has been playing tennis since 11
o’clock.
4. Sorry. Have you been waiting long?
 EXERCISE

Use “present perfect simple” or “present perfect continuous” to complete the

sentences below.

1. He (be) _ has been being / has been_ in prison for 2 years.

2. Brian (overwork) __ has been overworking/ has overworked __. That is why he looks
pale and tired.

3. Someone (take) __has taken / has been taking__ my books. I (look) __have been
looking / have looked___ for them for ages, but I can't find them anywhere.

4. A: You're filthy! What (you, do) ____________________?

B: I (work) ____________________ in the garden. I (plant) ____________________
all the vegetables for next year.

5. It (rain) ____________________ for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on
so we (postpone) ____________________ the match.

6. They (pull) ____________________ down most of the houses in this street but they
(not, touch) ____________________ the old shop at the corner.

7. He (study) ___________________ Russian for two years and doesn't even know the
alphabets yet.

8. A: How much longer until we arrive at the Singapore airport.

B: Let me see. It’s about 9:15. We (fly) ____________________ for almost 6 hours.
We should be there in another couple of hours.

9. We _________________ (have) no gas since the strike began.

10. I (wait) ____________________ for two hours, but nobody (arrive)

____________________
11. I’m exhausted. I (work) ____________________ all day and I (not, finish)
____________________ yet.