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Use of glass waste as mineral filler in hot mix asphalt

Article  in  Science and Engineering of Composite Materials · January 2013

DOI: 10.1515/secm-2013-0135

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 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

USE OF GLASS WASTE AS MINERAL FILLER IN HOT MIX

ASPHALT

Journal: Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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Manuscript ID: SECM.2013.0135.R1

Manuscript Type: Original article

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Date Submitted by the Author: n/a

Complete List of Authors: Saltan, Mehmet; Suleyman Demirel University, Civil Engineering
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Öksüz, Betül
Uz, Volkan; Suleyman Demirel University, Civil Engineering

Keywords: Marshall Stability Test, Glass Waste, Mineral Filler, Hot Mix Asphalt
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Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

Page 1 of 23 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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2 1 USE OF GLASS WASTE AS MINERAL FILLER IN HOT MIX ASPHALT
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2
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5 3 Mehmet Saltan1 Betül Öksüz2 Volkan Emre Uz3
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5 1
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, 2
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
6 Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, TURKEY Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, TURKEY
9 7 mehmetsaltan@sdu.edu.tr betul_oksuz@msn.com
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10 9 3
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture,
11 10 Bozok University, 66100 Yozgat, Turkey
11 vemreuz@gmail.com
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12
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14 13 ABSTRACT
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16 14
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18 15 Necessity of resource is increasing due to continuously increase in World population and rapid
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20 16 industrialization, while natural resources are getting exhausted day by day. Usage of waste
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17 materials or by-products in highway constructions has substantial environmental and economic
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18 benefits. In this study, the usage of cullet and waste glass bottle dust as mineral filler material in hot
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27 19 mix asphalt alternate to traditional crushed stone dust were investigated. Optimum bitumen content
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29 20 was determined by Marshall Mix Design Method by using 6 different bitumen contents (4.0, 4.5,
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31 21 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5%). With the optimum bitumen content, 3 different mineral filler type (cullet,
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22 glass bottle waste and stone dust) and 6 different filler ratios (4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9%) were used to
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36 23 prepare asphalt mixture samples. Samples were performed by Marshall Stability test and the results
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38 24 were compared. It is concluded that cullet and glass bottle waste can be used in asphalt mixtures as
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40 25 mineral filler alternate to crushed stone dust if the economic and environmental factors are in favor.
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26 Keywords: Marshall Stability Test, Glass Waste, Mineral Filler, Hot Mix Asphalt
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47 28 1. INTRODUCTION
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49 29
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30 Grow in world population and industry brings up huge amount of natural resource necessity. Using
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52 31 waste or by-product materials instead of natural materials may have great benefits such as economic
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54 32 and environmental. Energy consumption can be decreased by reuse of by-products instead of
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33 natural materials. Environmentally risks can be decreased by use of by-products instead of
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57 34 stockpiling of them.
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59 35
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 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Page 2 of 23

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2 36 Waste glasses are grouped in industrial solid wastes. Most of industrial solid wastes can be used in
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37 highway constructions and road layers from top to subgrade. Higher performance and
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5 38 environmental friendly road pavements can be constructed by the use of by-products instead of
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7 39 traditional materials [1].
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40
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10 41 Mineral filler has two important roles in hot mix asphalt. The first one is to fill the voids between
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12 42 course and fine aggregates, hence denser and stiffer layers can be obtained. The second one is to
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43 provide more contact points between aggregates. Bitumen film cover filler’s large surface area and
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15 44 more stiff contact points can be generated with the aggregates. Mostly, crushed stone dust has been
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17 45 utilized in hot mix asphalt as mineral filler.
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20 47 The aim of this study is to investigate the usability of waste glass dust as mineral filler in HMA. A
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22 48 lot of researches have been carried out about using by-products or waste materials as mineral filler
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49 in hot mix asphalt (HMA) but waste glass dust had never been used before [2-13]. Flynn (1993)
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25 50 used the glass waste in hot mix asphalt as a part of granular material and the pavement was named
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27 51 as “glassphalt” [14]. Satisfactory results cannot be obtained by using glass waste as aggregate in
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52 HMA. Especially stripping problem was encountered in HMA containing glass more than 15% [1].
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30 53
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32 54 2. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

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35 56 In this study crushed limestone was used as aggregate. Coarse and fine aggregates are supplied from
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37 57 Isparta Municipality Asphalt Center. Crushed stone dust and two different glass waste dusts were
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58 used as mineral filler. Crushed stone dust was obtained by crushing limestone rocks to dust size.
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40 59 Crushed stone dust is composed of clean, strength and strong parts.
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42 60
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61 Waste glasses are grouped into two categories as domestic glass waste and scrap of glass in this
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45 62 study. Waste glasses were crushed to filler size in the laboratory.
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47 63
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64 Glasses are generally categorized into three groups: carbonate-lime, the lead-alkali-silica and boro-
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50 65 silica [15]. The chemical composition of glass waste is given in Table 1. Specific gravity tests for
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52 66 coarse and fine aggregates and mineral filler were performed in according to ASTM C 127 [16],
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67 ASTM C 128 [17] and ASTM C 854 [18] methods, respectively. Aggregate properties are given in
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55 68 Table 2.
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57 69
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Page 3 of 23 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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2 70 70-100 penetration asphalt cement was used for the study which was obtained from Isparta
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71 Municipality Asphalt Center. Penetration tests for the bitumen were carried out according to ASTM
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5 72 D5-97 [19]. Specific gravity for the bitumen was also determined in according to ASTM D70-03
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7 73 [20].
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74
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10 75 The aggregate gradation used in this study is given in Table 3 together with the General Directorate
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12 76 of Turkish Highways specification limits. It can be seen that the selected aggregate gradation is
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77 appropriate to Turkish Highway specification for bituminous course. Marshall Method was used for
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15 78 the mix design [21].
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17 79
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80 Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) is defined the voids between aggregate particles of compacted
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20 81 bituminous mixtures and calculated as the percentage of total volume.
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22 82
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83 For a given asphalt and aggregate gradation, the durability is enhanced if adequate film thickness is
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25 84 attained. For the given effective asphalt content, the film thickness will be greater if the aggregate
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27 85 gradation is coarser. This can most effectively be accomplished by decreasing or minimizing the
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86 percentage of fines. Establishing adequate Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA) during mix design
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30 87 and in the field application, will help to establish adequate film thickness without excessive asphalt
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32 88 which cause bleeding or flushing [13].

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89
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35 90 Asphalt mixtures with Limestone Aggregate and Limestone Mineral Filler were prepared with a 4,
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37 91 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, and 6.5 percent rate of bitumen content. The optimum bitumen content was calculated
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92 by taking the average values of the following four bitumen contents [13]:
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40 93 1. Bitumen content corresponding to maximum stability
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42 94 2. Bitumen content corresponding to maximum bulk specific gravity

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95 3. Bitumen content corresponding to the median of designed limits of percentage air voids in the
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45 96 total mix (for 4%)
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47 97 4. Bitumen content corresponding to the median of designed limits of percentage voids filled with
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98 bitumen in the total mix.
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50 99
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52 100 The maximum stability was obtained in 4% bitumen content which can be easily seen from Fig. 1.
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101 Relationships between bitumen contents and air voids and percentage voids filled with bitumen in
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55 102 the total mix are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Hence, bitumen contents corresponding to the median of
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57 103 designed limits of percentage air voids (for 4%) and percentage voids filled with bitumen in the
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104 total mix (for 80%) were obtained as 6.22% and 6.46%, respectively. Maximum specific gravity
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 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Page 4 of 23

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2 105 value was obtained in 6.5% bitumen content. Optimum bitumen content can now be calculated as
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4.00 + 6.50 + 6.46 + 6.22
4 106 = 5.80 .
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6 107
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8 108 The flow value reflects the properties of plasticity and flexibility of asphalt mixtures. Marshall
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10 109 Samples corresponding to the deformation of the load are broken, which represents a measure of the
11 110 flow, is an indicator of the internal friction. Flow has an inverse linear relationship with internal
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13 111 friction [22]. The relationship between flow and bitumen content is shown in the Fig. 4. A linear
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15 112 relationship between the bitumen content and flow was obtained from the experimental results.
16 113 Increasing in the asphalt cement percentage also increases the flow value. Flow value in the
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18 114 optimum bitumen content is 3.43. The flow value falls in the specification limits.
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20 115
21 116 Because of to be toughed that the filler type change may affect the optimum bitumen content so that
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23 117 optimum bitumen content definition procedure is repeated for the other filler types. As described
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118 above, optimum bitumen contents for the mixtures with domestic and cullet glass waste filler
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26 119 materials were obtained as 5.94 and 5.85 respectively.
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28 120
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30 121 3. RESULTS
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33 123 3.1. Results of limestone mineral filler
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35 124
36 125 In this study not only the different filler types but also different filler ratios (5%, 6%, 7%, 8% and
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38 126 9%) were used. For each mineral filler type and filler ratio asphalt mixtures prepared in optimum
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40 127 bitumen content were subjected to Marshall Stability Test. Marshall Stability Test results for all
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128 mineral filler types and ratios are shown in Figs. 5-8.
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43 129
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45 130 The amount of filler should be decided carefully. When the filler amount is excessive mineral filler
46 131 material acts as a binding material sliding over each other the grains. This situation negatively
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48 132 affects the stability. When in adequate filler amount used in HMA dense layer cannot be achieved
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50 133 and strong contact points cannot be generated. Optimum filler ratio should be used in order to
51 134 prevent this drawback.
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53 135
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55 136 Increase of limestone filler ratio caused a decrease in stability (Fig. 5). Maximum stability is
56 137 obtained at the 5% filler content. Specific gravity and air voids filled with bitumen values are not
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58 138 affected by the change of mineral filler ratios (Figs. 6 and 7). Air voids decrease with increasing
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Page 5 of 23 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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2 139 limestone mineral filler ratios (Fig. 8). Grain size of mineral filler affects this situation. Voids in
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140 aggregates may be filled with smaller size mineral filler.
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5 141
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7 142 Maximum Marshall Stability was obtained at 5.5% filler content for limestone mineral filler (Fig.
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143 5). Specific gravity and voids filled bitumen did not affected by the change of filler content and tend
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10 144 to be horizontal (Fig. 6 and 7). Voids filled with bitumen and voids ratios changed between 52.75%
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12 145 and 65.29% (Fig. 7) and 3.61% and 3.86% (Fig. 8), respectively. These values satisfy with the
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146 specification limits.
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15 147
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17 148 3.2. Results of cullet glass dust mineral filler
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20 150 With the change of filler ratio Marshall Stability Test results for cullet glass dust are shown in Figs.
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22 151 5-8. Stability increased with the increase of filler ratio up to %6 and then stability decreased with
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152 the increase of filler ratio (Fig. 5). Marshall samples with cullet dust filler has specific gravity
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25 153 values at the 2,36 -2,37 band and air voids filled with bitumen values are ranged in %78-80 which
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27 154 seems not affected with the filler ratio change (Figs. 6 and 7). Air voids ratios look like stable with
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155 the change of filler ratio (Fig. 8). Air voids ratios are smaller for cullet glass filler materials in
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30 156 comparison with limestone mineral filler. Maximum Marshall Stability was obtained for 6% cullet
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32 157 glass mineral filler ratio (Fig. 5). Maximum specific gravity was obtained for 9% cullet glass dust
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158 (Fig. 6).
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35 159
36 160 3.3. Results of domestic glass waste dust mineral filler
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38 161
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40 162 Marshall Stability Test results for domestic glass waste dust mineral filler with different ratios are
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163 shown in Figs. 5-8. Stability increased with the increase of filler ratio up to %7 and then stability
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43 164 decreased with the increase of filler ratio (Fig. 5). Specific gravity and air voids filled with bitumen
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45 165 values increased with increasing mineral filler ratios (Figs. 6 and 7). But, air voids ratios decrease
46 166 with increasing filler ratios for domestic glass waste dust (Fig. 8). When filler types compared
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48 167 sharper change in air voids occurred in domestic glass waste dust filler. Maximum Marshall
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50 168 Stability was obtained at 7% filler ratio for domestic glass waste dust (Fig. 5). Maximum specific
51 169 gravity was obtained for 9% domestic glass waste dust (Fig. 6). Voids filled with bitumen and voids
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53 170 changed between 49.71% and 82.40% (Fig. 7) and 4.36% and 3.55% (Fig. 8), respectively. These
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55 171 values satisfy the specification limits.
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58 173
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 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Page 6 of 23

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2 174 4. CONCLUSIONS
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5 176 In this study, usability of cullet glass and domestic glass waste dust in hot mix asphalt as mineral
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7 177 filler material were investigated. To define the optimum bitumen content for the mixtures with
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178 limestone aggregate and limestone mineral filler, Marshall samples were prepared with 4.0, 4.5, 5.0,
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10 179 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5 percent bitumen contents. And the optimum bitumen content was found as 5.8
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12 180 percent. The procedure repeated for cullet and domestic glass dust filler materials and the optimum
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181 bitumen contents were found 5.85 and 5.94%, respectively. For each filler type and optimum
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15 182 bitumen contents, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9% filler percentages were used for preparing the Marshall
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17 183 Samples.
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184
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20 185 Marshall Stability and flow values for all filler types (limestone, cullet glass and domestic glass
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22 186 waste) satisfy with the General Directorate of Turkish Highways specification limits. Marshall
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187 Stability values of mixtures with cullet glass and domestic glass waste filler are slightly smaller
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25 188 than mixtures with limestone mineral filler material (Fig. 5). Although only the Marshall test
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27 189 method would not give appropriate results and evaluations in Turkey mix design of hot mix asphalts
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190 still relies on Marshall Method like many other countries. This study will be a basis for a more
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30 191 detailed further research and extra test methods, such as bending, fatigue and wearing on the surface
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32 192 during trafficking tests can be done.

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193
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35 194 In conclusion, cullet glass and domestic glass waste dusts can be used in asphalt concrete mixtures
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37 195 as mineral filler materials according to Marshall Method. Using glass waste in hot mix asphalt
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196 pavements would be very useful in view of waste management.
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40 197
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42 198 REFERENCES
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199
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45 200 [1] Çağlar, G. A, 2007. Utilization of industrial waste materials in highway construction, MSc
46 201 Thesis, Đstanbul Technical University, Turkey.
47 202 [2] Muniandy, R., Aburkaba, E., Hamid, H., Yunus, R., 2009. An initial investigation of the use of
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203 local industrial wastes and by-products as mineral fillers in stone mastic asphalt pavement,
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50 204 ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 4 (3), 54-64.
51 205 [3] Ahmedzade, P., Alataş, T., Geçkil, T., 2008. Use of carbon black as filler in asphalt concrete,
52 206 ĐMO technical journal, 19, 4539-4544.
53
54 207 [4] Ahmed, H., Othman, A., Mahmoud, A., 2006. Effect of using waste cement dust as a mineral
55 208 filler on the mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt, Assiut University Bulletin for
56 209 Environmental Researches, 9 (1), 51-60.
57
58 210 [5] Çelik, O.N., Ceylan, S. and Kaya, M., 2007. Effect of Carboniferous-Triassic Rock Dust on the
59 211 Marshall Stabilities of Hot Bituminous Mixtures, International Conference on Maintenance
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2 212 and Rehabilitation of Pavements and Technological Control (MAIREPAV5), Fifth
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4 213 Proceedings, pp.43-48.
5
214 [6] Üstünkol, F., 2006. Investigation of usage of industrial wastes in flexible pavement, Balıkesir
6
7 215 University, Institute of Science, Department of Civil Engineering, MSc Thesis, 104p,
8 216 Balıkesir, Turkey.
9
10 217 [7] Karaşahin, M., Tığdemir, M., Fincanoğlu, A., Saltan, M., 1997. Use of pumice as filler in
11
12 218 asphalt concrete mixture, Ist Isparta Pumice Symposium, Isparta.
13
219 [8] Karaşahin and Terzi, 2007. Evaluation of marble dust in the mixture of asphaltic concrete.
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15 220 Construction and building Materials, 21, 616-620.
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17 221 [9] Acar, S., Tapkın, S., 1998. Examination of Marshall Sample’s properties prepared using
18
222 Portland cement, 2nd National Asphalt Symposium, 95-104.
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20 223 [10] Kandhal, P.S., Lynn, C., Parker, F., 1998. Characterization Tests for Mineral Fillers Related to
21
22 224 Performance of Asphalt Paving Mixtures, Transportation Research Record, 101-110,
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225 Auborn Unv. Auborn, USA.
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25 226 [11] Güngör, M.M., 1996. An investigation on the use of Afşin-Elbistan fly ash in flexible
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27 227 pavement as mineral filler, M.Sc. Thesis, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey.
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228 [12] Lav, A., Sütaş Đ., 1993. Use of pyrite cinder as filler in flexible road pavements, ĐMO
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30 229 Technical Journal, 4 (1), 631-642.
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32 230 [13] Uzun and Terzi, 2012. Evaluation of andesite waste as mineral filler in asphaltic concrete
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231 mixture, Construction and Building materials, 31, 284-288.
34
35 232 [14] Flynn, L., 1993. Glasphalt Utilization Dependent on Availability. Roads and Bridges, 31 (2),
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37 233 59-61.
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234 [15] Sherwood, P., 2001. Alternative materials in road construction. 2nd Edition, Thomas Telford,
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40 235 DOI: 10.1680/amirc2e.30312.
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42 236 [16] ASTM C 127. Test Method for Specific Gravity and Adsorption of Coarse Aggregate. Annual
43
237 Book of ASTM Standards USA, 1992.
44
45 238 [17] ASTM C 128, 1992. Test Method for Specific Gravity and Adsorption of Fine Aggregate.
46
47 239 Annual Book of ASTM Standards USA.
48
240 [18] ASTM C 854, 1992. Test Method for Specific Gravity and Adsorption of Mineral Filler.
49
50 241 Annual Book of ASTM Standards USA
51
52 242 [19] ASTM D5-97, 2003. Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials. Annual
53
243 Book of ASTM Standards, USA.
54
55 244 [20] ASTM D70-03, 2003. Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Density of Semi-Solid
56
57 245 Bituminous Materials (Pycnometer Method). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA.
58
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2 246 [21] ASTM D1559-89, 1992. Standard Test Method for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous
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247 Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, USA.
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5 248 [22] Umar, F., Ağar, E., 1991. Pavement Structure, Đstanbul: Đstanbul Technical university, Civil
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7 249 Engineering, Faculty Press [in Turkish].
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3 Response to Comments:
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7 Reviewer 1:
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9 - figures are not clear. should be recharted.
10 - written english and use of language should be rechecked.
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Response: Anative English person checked the all paper and the paper was corrected. Figures were also checked and corrected.
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15 Reviewer 2:
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17 In this kind of mix evaluation, only the Marshall test method would not give appropriate results and evaluations. So extra test methods,
18 such as bending, fatigue and wearing on the surface during trafficking tests should be done. Otherwise, the results and evaluations
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19 would be superficial.After being done more tests, the manuscript would be accepted.
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Response: We examined in this paper that the usability of cullet glass and domestic glass waste dust in hot mix asphalt as
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mineral filler material. And we showed that Marshall Stability and flow values for all filler types (limestone, cullet glass and
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domestic glass waste) satisfy with the General Directorate of Turkish Highways specification limits. In coming soon studies, the
23 tests mentioned by reviewer 2 may be considered as new studying topic.
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3 TABLE CAPTIONS
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7 Table 1. The chemical composition of glass waste
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9 Table 2. Properties of Aggregates
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11 Table 3. Aggregate granulometry
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9 Table 1. The chemical composition of glass waste
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carbonate- lead-alkali-
11 Composition Borosilica
12 lime silica
13 SiO2 70–73 60–70 60–80
14 Al2O3 1,7–2,0 - 1–4
15 Fe2 O3 0,06–0,24 - -
16 Cr2O3 0,1 - -
17 CaO 9,1–9,8 1 -
18 MgO 1,1–1,7 - -
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19 BaO 0,14–0,18 - -
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Na2O 13,8–14,4 7–10 45
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K2O 0,55–0,68 7 -
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23 PbO - 15–25 -
24 B2O3 - - 10–25
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9 Table 2. Properties of Aggregates
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11 Property Value Standard
12 Specific gravity of limestone coarse aggregate 2,695 ASTM C 127
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14 Saturated specific gravity of limestone coarse aggregate 2,605 ASTM C 127
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16 Water absorption of limestone coarse aggregate, % 1,3 ASTM C 127
17 Specific gravity of limestone fine aggregate 2,72 ASTM C 128
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19 Saturated Specific gravity of limestone fine aggregate 2,83 ASTM C 128
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21 Water absorption of limestone fine aggregate, % 1,12 ASTM C 128
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23 Specific gravity of limestone filler aggregate 2,56 ASTM C 854

24 Specific gravity of cullet glass filler aggregate 2,44 ASTM C 854
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26 Specific gravity of domestic glass waste filler aggregate 2,49 ASTM C 854
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Table 3. Aggregate granulometry
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11 Turkish Specification Limits Study Values
12 Sieve
(%passing) (passing,%)
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14 19mm (3/4”) 100 100
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16 12.5mm (1/2”) 83-100 91,5
17 9.5mm (3/8”) 70-90 80
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19 4.75mm(No.4) 40-55 47,5
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21 2.00mm(No.10) 25-38 31,5
22 0.425mm(No.40) 10-20 15
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24 0.180mm (No.80) 6-15 10,5
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No.200 4-10 7
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 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Page 14 of 23

1
2
3 FIGURE CAPTIONS
4
5
6
7 Figure 1. Marshall Stability for bitumen content
8
9 Figure 2. Relationship between air voids and bitumen content
10
11 Figure 3. Relationship between air voids filled with bitumen and bitumen content
12
13 Figure 4. Relationship between flow and bitumen content for limestone mineral filler
14
15 Figure 5. Relationship between Marshall Stability and filler ratio
16
17 Figure 6. Relationship between specific gravity and filler ratio
18
Fo
19 Figure 7. Relationship between air voids filled with bitumen and filler ratio
20
21
Figure 8. Relationship between air voids and filler ratio
22
r

23
Figure 9. Comparison of Flow values
24
Re

25
26
27
28
vi

29
30
31
ew

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33
34
35
36
On

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ly

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Page 15 of 23 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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Fo
19
Fig. 1. Marshall Stability for bitumen content
20
21
22
r

23
24
Re

25
26
27
28
vi

29
30
31
ew

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33
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36
On

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ly

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 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Page 16 of 23

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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11
12
13
14
15
16
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Fo
19
Fig. 2. Relationship between air voids and bitumen content
20
21
22
r

23
24
Re

25
26
27
28
vi

29
30
31
ew

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33
34
35
36
On

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41
ly

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Page 17 of 23 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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2
3
4
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6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
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Fo
19
Fig. 3. Relationship between air voids filled with bitumen and bitumen content
20
21
22
r

23
24
Re

25
26
27
28
vi

29
30
31
ew

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33
34
35
36
On

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ly

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 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Page 18 of 23

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2
3
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5
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8
9
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12
13
14
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18
Fo
19
20
21 Fig. 4. Relationship between flow and bitumen content for limestone mineral filler
22
r

23
24
Re

25
26
27
28
vi

29
30
31
ew

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33
34
35
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On

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ly

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Page 19 of 23 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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18
Fo
19
20
21 Fig. 5. Relationship between Marshall Stability and filler ratio
22
r

23
24
Re

25
26
27
28
vi

29
30
31
ew

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33
34
35
36
On

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ly

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 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Page 20 of 23

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Fo
19
20
21
22
r

23
24
Re

25
26
27
28
vi

29
30
31 Fig. 6. Relationship between specific gravity and limestone mineral filler ratio
ew

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33
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35
36
On

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ly

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Page 21 of 23 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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Fo
19
20
21
22
r

23
24
Re

25 Fig. 7. Relationship between air voids filled with bitumen and filler ratio
26
27
28
vi

29
30
31
ew

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33
34
35
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On

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ly

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 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials Page 22 of 23

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Fo
19
20
21
22
r

23
24
Re

25
26 Fig. 8. Relationship between air voids and limestone mineral filler ratio
27
28
vi

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30
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ew

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33
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On

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ly

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Page 23 of 23 Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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Fo
19
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Fig. 9. Comparison of Flow values
r

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24
Re

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vi

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30
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ew

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On

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ly

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Science and Engineering of Composite Materials

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