2122 - sm025 Mathematics 2 Tutorial Book

SEMESTER II
(SDS PROGRAMME)
JOHOR MATRICULATION COLLEGE

Mathematics Unit
SM025 MATHEMATICS 2
TUTORIAL BOOK
Session 2021/2022
NAME : …………………………………………………............................
PRACTICUM : …………………………………………………............................
LECTURER : …………………………………………………............................
© Unit Matematik, Kolej Matrikulasi Johor ,

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
84900 Tangkak, Johor Darul Takzim
Phone : 06-9781613 • Fax : 06-9781672
(QS025)Tarikh Cetakan Pertama: Mei 2015

(SM025)Edisi Elektronik Pertama : November 2018
(SM025) Edisi Eletronik Kedua: Januari 2022
J O H O RE M A T R I C U L A T I O N C O L L E G E ( J M C )
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Materials were prepared and compiled by our dedicated Mathematics

lecturers:
• En. Mohd Rosdi bin Rawi • Pn. Mahanom Abd Ghafor
• Pn. Halimatul Sadiaah Hashim • Pn. Syahida Samsudin
• Hj. Ramli Kassim • Pn. Nor Hafizah Abd. Mujib
• Hj. Mohd Yazid Esmail • Pn. Maizatol Husna Mohammad Helni
• En. Boon Kok Siong • Pn. Nor Azian Mohideen Abdul Kadir
• En. Abdul Razak Azit • Cik Ng Geok Yan
• En. Azizan Wakis • Pn. Nurul Aliyah Hassan
• En. Azizan Bin Said • Pn. Norul Hidayah Abdullah
• Cik Jalilah Rubai • Pn. Nurul Hadiyati Onos @ Yunus
• Pn. Hafizatunnisa’ Hj Sadikan • Pn. Nik Maznah Nik Abdull
• Pn. Rozana Abd. Manap
• Pn. Nur Hidayah Binti Ahmad
• Pn. Lim Hwee Cheng
• Pn. Haslinda Baharin
• Pn. Roslina Mustafa
Editor : Ng Geok Yan
i
ASSESSMENT SM025 SESSION 2021/2022
TYPES % DESCRIPTION Topic

Summative 20 UPS1 1,2&3
Assessment Test UPS2 4&5
UPS3 6&7
1. GROUP Any topic
Continuous 40
DISCUSSION (5%)
Assessment
2. INDIVDUAL 1&2
ASSIGNMENT
(15%)
3. GROUP 6, 7 & 8
ASSIGNMENT
(20%)
Final Examination 40
Calculus
Will update soon 3,4 & 5
Statistics
8, 9 &10
TOTAL 100
ii
J O H O RE M A T R I C U L A T I O N C O L L E G E ( J M C )
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ASSESSMENT ii
❖ CALCULUS
CHAPTER 1 INTEGRATION 1
CHAPTER 2 FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
11
EQUATIONS
CHAPTER 3 NUMERICAL METHODS 15
CHAPTER 4 CONICS 18
CHAPTER 5 VECTORS 26
❖ STATISTICS
CHAPTER 6 DATA DESCRIPTION 30
CHAPTER 7 PERMUTATIONS AND 41

COMBINATIONS
CHAPTER 8 PROBABILITY 46
CHAPTER 9 RANDOM VARIABLES 54

CHAPTER 10 SPECIAL PROBABILITY 66
DISTRIBUTION
[ CHAPTER 1 : INTEGRATION ]
1.1 Integration of Functions (Indefinite Integrals)

1. Use the basic rules of integration, find the following indefinite integrals.
 4 dx x x
4 −4
a) b) dx c) dx
 − 6x
1 3
 
2
d) dx e) 3
dx f) dx
x x
 2 
g)  (x
2
+ 6 x 4 ) dx h)   + 4 x 3  dx i)  (5 + y)
3
dy
x 
3
 (3 − 2r )  2( 2 x − 6)  x (x − 2) dx
5 2
j) dr k) 2
dx l)
 
 7 3 
2
3x + 1  1
m)   3 − y + 4 y  dy n)  5 x 3 dx o)   3x − x3  dx
 y4 
 
2. Determine the following indefinite integrals.

1 2
a)  2 x + 3 dx b)  2 x + 3 dx
2 2
c)  dx d)  3(x − 1) dx
2 − 3x
 5
e)   3 − x  dx
3. Find the following indefinite integrals.

3 3x e x + e −3 x 5x  e
2x
3 
a)  5 e dx b)  e x dx c)   7 + e3 x dx
e 
 5 
  3 − e  5 dx 3
4 x +3
 dx
x
d) 2 x +1
e) f) dx

2 x9 + 1
x
g)    + e3 x + 2 dx
1
 x10 + 5x dx  6 xe
x2
h) i) dx
2
x e  4x
2 1− 4 x 3
j) dx k) 3
x 4 − 3 dx
MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 1

1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

4. Find the following indefinite integrals.
 4x 
a)  cos 4x dx b)  3 sin3 
 dx
x 2
 sec  5  dx 
2
c) d) dx
 x
cos   − 
2
 2
 1 
e)   3 sin 3x + cos 2  dx
2x 
f)  sin 2x cos 4x + sin 4x cos 2x dx
 cos h)  sin2 4 x dx
2
g) x dx
i)  4e
2 x +1
+ 2 cos2 3x dx j)  8(sin2 2 x − cos2 2 x ) dx
1.3 Techniques of Integration
5. Evaluate the following integrals by using suitable substitutions.
x4
a)  x 5 + 1 dx b)  2 x 1 + x 2 dx c)  (x
3
+ 3 x) 4 ( x 2 + 1)dx
2 (ln x ) 4
 e 1 + e dx  xe dx  x dx
x x 3x
d) e) f)
2 ln x
 x ln x 2 dx 2+ x  sin
3
g) h) dx i) x dx
1 + ln x
sec2 x cos x
 sin 4 x cos 4 x dx  tan 5 x dx 
3
j) k) l) dx
sin x
6. Find each of the following integrals by using the method of integration by parts.
 xe dx  (2 − x)e dx  8x e
x x 2 2x
a) b) c) dx
 (ln x ) dx
ln x
d)  x ln x 2 dx e) 2
f)  dx
x4
 x sin x dx  x sec
2
g) h) x dx

7. Evaluate the integrals of a rational function by using the method of

integration by partial fractions.
3 50
a)  dx b)  dx
x −42
x( x − 25)
2
3 x +1
c)  dx d)  dx
x ( x + 3)
2
x − 5x + 6
2
3x + 2 3x 2 − x + 7
e)  dx f)  dx
(4 x − 3) 2 ( x + 2 x + 1)( x − 2)
1.4 Definite Integral
8. Compute the given definite integrals:
 (2 )  (2 x )
1 4
a) s + s 2 − 2 ds b) 5
+ 1 dx
0 1
12 2
(e x
+ e−x )
2
x x + 25dx 
2
c) d) dx
0 1 ex
3 e
x ln x
e)  0 x2 +1
dx f)  x
dx
1
2 x 4
 xe x
3
g) 2
dx h) ln x dx
0 2
4 2
i) 
−3
x + 1 dx j) x x − 1dx
1
1
x +1
1
 x ln(1 + x ) dx  (x + 2)(x + 3) dx
2
k) l)
0 0
5 x + 22
6
m)  (x − 2)(x + 6) dx
3

9) Solve the following definite integral :

4 
x
a)  x ln xdx b) 1+ x
0
2
dx
2
1 2
1
c)  dx d)  xe
2x
dx
e−2
x − x ln x 0
e 1
x
e)  x ln xdx f)  x + 1dx
0
1
1
ex
10. a) By using the substitution u = e , find  x −x
x
dx .
0 e +e
 1 
b) By using the substitution ln x = t , find   ln(ln x ) +

dx .
(ln x ) 2 
4
ln x
c) Show that  dx = 8 ln 2 − 4 .
1 x
 ( x − 1) dx = 3 , find
2
11. a) If p.
0
x4 −1
a
9
b) If a  0, 1 x 3 dx = 8 , find a.
12. Find the area of the region R bounded by the following graphs.
y y
a) y=x b)
R
R y = x − x2
x
4

y y
c) d) y = x3
y = x2 64
y=4 R
R 8
4
x
x
e) f)
13. Find the area bounded by the specified lines and curves:
a) the x and y− axes, the line x = 3 and the curve y = x 2 + 1 .
b) the x − axis and the curve y = − x 2 + 2 x .
c) the y− axis, the lines y = 3 and y = 9 and the curve xy = −3 .
d) the y− axis, the lines y = 2 and y = 4 and the curve y = ln(− x ) .
14. For each of the following pairs of functions,

i) sketch the curves on the same axes.
ii) determine the points of intersection.
iii) find the area of the region bounded by the curves.
a) y = x + 5 and y = x 2 − 2 x + 1
b) y = x 2 − 3x and y = 9 − x 2
c) y = 1 + x 2 and y = (3 − x)(3 + x)
d) y = x 2 and x = y 2

15. Find the volume of the solid generated in Questions 13 by revolving the
region through 360 about the following axes :
a) x − axis b) x − axis
c) y− axis d) y− axis
16.
A jeweler has sketched the outline of an earning on a coordinate diagram

with boundaries as described by the given equation. Calculate its area.
17.
The diagram shows the graphs of y = x 2 and y = 2 − x 2 . Calculate

a) the shaded area
b) the volume of the solid generated when the shaded area is rotated
through  radians about the y−axis.

18. Sketch the curve y = 9 − x 2 . The finite region bounded by the curve and the
x-axis is denoted by R,
a) find the area of the region R
9
b) hence, find 
0
9 − y dy
c) find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated through

2  radians about x-axis.
d) find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated
through  radians about y-axis.
19. Sketch the curve y = x( x − 3)( x + 2). If A1 and A2 denote the areas of the
regions bounded by the curve and the x − axis above and below
the x − axis respectively, find the ratio A1 : A2 .
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1.1 Integration of Functions (Indefinite Integrals)
x5 1
1. a) 4x + c b) +c c) − +c
5 3x 3
93 2
d) 2 x + c e) x +c f) − 2 x 3 + c
2
x3 6 x5 1 (5 + y ) 4
g) + +c h) − 2 + x 4 + c i) +c
3 5 x 4
5
(3 − 2r ) 6 2(2 x − 6) 2 x 4 2 x3
j) +c k) +c l) − +c
− 12 5 4 3
4 3
1
3y 3 8y 2 3 1 6 1
m) 28 y −4
+ +c n) − − +c o) 3 x 3 + − +c
4 3 5 x 10 x 2 x 5x 5

1 2
2. a) ln(2 x + 3) + c b) ln(2 x + 3) + c c) − ln(2 − 3 x) + c
2 3
2
d) ln( x − 1) + c e) 3x − 5 ln x + c
3
1 3x 1 1 7x 3 2x
3. a) e +c b) x − e −4 x + c c) e + e +c
5 4 49 2
5 5x 34 x + 3
d) 3 x + +c e) +c f) +c
2e 2 x +1 ln 5 4 ln 3
x
1
 
e3 x+ 2
g)   +
2 1
i) 3e x + c
2
+c h) ln( x 10 + 5 x) + c
1 3 5
ln
2
( )
3
1 2 x4 − 3 2
j) − e1− 4 x + c +c
3
k)
12 3
1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

 4x 
9 cos 
sin 4 x  3  +c  x
4. a) +c b) − c) 5 tan   + c
4 4 5
 x tan 2 x
d) − 4 tan   −  + c f) − cos 3 x + +c g)
 2 2
cos 6 x
− +c
6
1 sin 2 x 1 sin 8 x
g) x + +c h) x− +c
2 4 2 16
sin 6 x
i) 2e 2 x +1 + x + +c j) − 2 sin 4x + c
6
1.3 Techniques of Integration
5. a)
1
5
ln( x 5 + 1) b)
2
3
(
1+ x2 )
3/ 2
+c c)
1 3
15
5
(
x + 3x + c )
d)
2
3
(1 + e x ) 3 + c
1
e) e3 x + c
6
2
f)
2
5
5
ln x + c( )
2
g) ln(ln x 2 ) + c h) 2 x + 1 + ln x (−2 + ln x) + c
3

cos 3 x 4 1
i) − cos x + +c j) sin 4 x + c k) − +c
3 16 4 tan 4 x
l) 2 sin x + c
1
6 a) xe x − e x + c b) 3e x − xe x + c c) 4e 2 x ( x 2 − x + ) + c
2
x2
d) x 2 ln x − +c e) x(ln x) 2 − 2 x(ln x) + 2 x + c
2
ln x 1
f) − 3
− 3 +c g) − x cos x + sin x + c h) x tan x + ln cos x + c
3x 9 x
3 3
7. a) ln( x − 2) − ln( x + 2) + c b) − 2 ln( x) + ln( x − 5) + ln( x + 5) + c
4 4
1
c) ln x − ln( x 2 + 3) + c d) − 3 ln( x − 2) + 4 ln( x − 3) + c
2
3 17 10 11 17
e) ln(4 x − 3) − +c f) ln( x + 1) + + ln( x − 2) + c
16 16(4 x − 3) 9 3( x + 1) 9
1.4 Definite Integral
1
8 a) − b) 1368 c) 690.7 d) 5.15
3
1
e) 1 f) g) 4 h) 70.95
2
16 32  1024 
i) 14
1
j) k)
1
(2 ln 2 − 1) l) ln
27
m) ln 
2 15 2  3 
9. a) 14 ln2 - 3 b) ln 1 +  2 c) ln3
d)
1 4
4
(
3e + 1 ) e) 1.4404 f) 1 – ln2
1 e 2 +1 x
10. a) ln b) x ln(ln x ) − +c
2 2 ln x
1
11. a) 3 b) 2,
2
1 16
12. a) 8 b) c) d) 180
6 3
3
e) 8 unit2 f) 12 unit 2
4

4
13. a) 12 b) c) 3.3 d) 47.21
3
125 243 64 1
14. a) unit 2 b) unit 2 c) unit 2 d) unit 2
6 8 3 3
15. a)
348
5
 b)
16
15
 c) 2 (
 8
d) 2 e − e
4
)
9
16.
4
8
17. a) b) 
3
1296 81
18. a) 36 b) 18 c)  d) 
5 2

[CHAPTER 2: FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS]
2.1 Separable Variables
1. Solve the given differential equations by separation of variables.

dy dy 1 + ex 
a) = x 3 (1 + y ) b) = y 2  x 
dx dx  e 
c) (2 tan x ) dy = y 2 − 1
dx
d)
dx
( )
(x + 2) dy = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1 ( y − 2)
2. Solve the given differential equations subject to the indicated initial condition
dy dy 
a) = x 3 (1 + y ) ; y (0) = 3 b) = y sin t ; t = , y = −3
dx dt 2
dy
c) x 2 dx + 2 y dy = 0 ; y (0) = 2 d) e x+2 y = e y − 2 x ; x = ln 2,y = 0
dx
16
3. Express in partial fractions. Hence, find the particular solution of
x (4 − x)
2
dx 1 2
= x (4 − x) , given that x = 1 when t = 0 . Obtain an expression of t in
dt 16
terms of x .
2.2 First Order Linear Differential Equations
4. By using the integrating factor, find the general solution of the given differential
equations.
dy y dr
a) − =x b) + r tan  = sec
dx x + 1 d
xdy = (x sin x − y )dx
dx
c) d) y + 2x = 5 y 3
dy
5. Solve the given differential equations by using integrating factor subject to the
indicated initial condition.
a)
dy
+ 2 xy = x , y(0) = −3 b) (1 − x ) dy = 1 − y , y(0) = 3
dx dx
dy
6. Show that xy + y 2 = y ( x 2 + 3x − 1) is a linear differential equation.
dx
a) Hence, find the general solution of the equation.
b) Given that x = −3 when y = 1 , find the value of y when x = 3 .

The gradient of a curve at point (x, y ) is given by

dy y
7. = for all positive values
dx y − x
of x. If the point (4,6) lies on this curve, find the equation of the curve in the
form x = f ( y ) .
8. Find a curve in the xy plane which has stationary point corresponding to x = 1 and
3
whose tangent at point ( x, y ) has slope x 2 + y.
x
2.3 Applications
9. In a certain town, the population at any time changes at a rate proportional to the
dP
population, = kP . If the population in 1985 was 20000 and in 1995 was 24000.
dt
What is the expected population in 2005?
dM
10. Given = −kM , where M (t ) is the amount of radioactive present at any time.
dt
5 g of a certain radioactive isotope decay to 3g in 100 years. After how many
years will there be just 1 g remain?
11. A particle moves in a straight line so that, at time t seconds after passing through
a fixed point O, its acceleration is given by − (v 2 + 2v )ms −2 where v is its velocity.
The initial velocity of the particle is 2ms −1 .
2e −2t
a) Show that at any time t, v = . Hence, find the value of v when
2 − e − 2t
t = ln 2 seconds.
b) Find the displacement of the particle from O after t seconds.
12. Consider a simple electric circuit with the resistance of 3  and inductance
of 2 H . If a battery gives a constant voltage of 24 V and the switch is closed when
t = 0 , the current, I (t ) , after t seconds is given by
dI 3
+ I = 12 I (0) = 0
dt 2
a) Obtain I (t ) .
b) Determine the difference in the amount of current flowing through the circuit
from the fourth to the eight seconds. Gives your answer correct to 3 decimal
places.
c) If current is allowed to flow through the circuit for a very long period time,
estimate I (t ) .
13. A population of 300 million people is observed to increase 3% each year. How
many years will it take for the population to triple?
14. During a chemical reaction, substance A is converted into substance B at a rate

that is proportional to the square of the amount of A. When t = 0, 60 grams of A
are present, and after 1 hour (t = 1), only 10 grams of A remain unconverted. How
much of A is present after 2 hours?
Consolidation Exercises
15. A model for the concentration of glucose solution in the bloodstream, , is
given by the differential equation , where is the constant rate at

which glucose solution enters the bloodstream and is a positive constant.
If , show that the concentration at any time is
[8 marks]
After a very long period of time, the concentration of glucose is found to be 1 unit.
If C0 = 9 , what is the concentration of glucose at [4 marks]
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
2.1 Separable Variables
x4
1 + A sin x
d) y = 2 + A(x + 2)e x
1
c) y =
2
1. a) y = Ae − 1
4
b) y =
e −x
−x+c 1 − A sin x
1
x4
 x3 2  25 1 −3 x 
2. a) y = 4e − 1
4
b) y = −3e − cos t c) y =  − + 4  d) y = ln − e 
 3   24 3 
16 1 4 1  3x  1 1
= + 2+ ; t = ln  − +
3. x (4 − x) x x 4 − x
2
 4 − x  4x 4

2.2 First Order Linear Differential Equations
4. a) y = (x + 1)(x − ln x + 1 + c ) b) r = sin + c cos

sin x c c
c) y = − cos x + + d) x = y 3 +
x x y2
1 7 − x2
5. a) y = − e b) y = 1 + 2(1 − x) or y = 3-2 x
2 2
x2 3 c
6. a) y = + x −1+ b) y = 3
3 2 x
y 6
7. x= +
2 y
x3
8. y = x 3 ln x −
3
2.3 Applications
9. P = 20000e 0.0182t , P  28781
10. M = 5e −0.0051t , t  316 years
2 −1
11. a) ms b) S = ln 2 − e −2t
7
 − t 
3
12. a) I (t ) = 81 − e 2  b) 0.020 watt c) I (t ) = 8
 
13. 37.17 years
14. 5.45g
15.

[CHAPTER 3: NUMERICAL METHODS]
3.1 Solutions of Non-Linear Equations.
1. Find the approximate solution of the equation ln x + x − 2 = 0 by using

graphical method.
2. Show that the equation x 2 + 2 x − 4 = 0 has a solution between x = 1 and x = 2

by using
(a) Graphical method
(b) Algebraic method
3.2 Newton-Raphson Method
3. For questions (a) to (d), use the Newton-Raphson Method to obtain a root for
each equation using the given initial value, x0 , and giving your answer
correct to the required degree of accuracy.
a) x 3 − 5 x − 2 = 0 ; x0 = 2 , to 3 decimal places
b) ln x = 2 − x ; x0 = 2 , to 3 decimal places
c) x ln x = 1 ; x0 = 2 , to 4 decimal places
d) e x = 3 − x ; x0 = 1 , to 4 decimal places
4. Apply the Newton-Raphson method on the equation x 3 − 180 = 0 to find
the value of 3 180 correct to three decimal places.
5. By sketching the graph of y = 2 − x and y = ln x show that the equation

y = 2 − x − ln x has one real root lies between 1 and 2.
Hence, by using Newton–Raphson method and initial value 1.8, determine

the real root and give your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
6. Given the function f ( x) = x 3 − 1.265x + 1 .
a) By using Newton-Raphson Method, find what is the value of x when

f ( x) = 0 with x0 = −2 .
b) Repeat part (a) with x0 = 0.8 . Limit your iteration up to 5. Why does the
method fail with the new initial condition.

7. Sketch the graphs of y = e x and y = −2 x + 2 on the same diagram.

a) Hence, find an approximation for the root of equation e x + 2 x − 2 = 0 .
b) By taking this value as the first approximation, use Newton-Raphson
Method to find an approximation for this root correct to 4 decimal
places.
3.3 Trapezoidal Rule

8. Use trapezoidal rule to find an estimate of the following definite integrals,
giving your answer correct to four decimal places.
4 1
ln x dx
a) 1 x dx , 4 ordinal b)  , 4 subinterval
0 1+ x

9. By using trapezoidal rule, estimate the value of 0
2 cos d where n = 4.
Give your answer correct to four decimal places.

10. Use the trapezoidal rule with four subintervals to approximate  4 cos4 xdx .
0
Give your answer correct to four decimal places.
11. Use the trapezoidal rule with uniform width of 0.4 to estimate the area of
the shaded region below.
y = (2 − x ) sin x
0 1 2

12. In the diagram, the region is rotated through 360o about the x-axis. By
using the trapezoidal rule with five strips, estimate the volume of the solid
generated. Give your answer correct to four decimal places.
y = xlnx
8.0472
0 1 5
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
3.1 Solutions of Non-Linear Equations.
1. 1  xo  2
3.2 Newton-Raphson Method
2. a) 2.414 b) 1.557
c) 1.7632 d) 0.7921
3. 5.646
4. 1.557
5. a) −1.4058
b) No solution. The given value is not in the correct interval.
6. a) 0.5
b) 0.3149
3.3 Trapezoidal Rule
7. a) 0.8861 b) 0.7919
9. 1.1470
10. 0.5413
11. 1.05 (3sf)
12. 234.5174

[CHAPTER 4 : CONICS ]
4.1 Circles
1. Find the center and the length of the radius of each of the circles.
a) (x − 3)2 + ( y + 2 )2 = 25
b) ( y − 4)2 + (x + 2)2 = 2
c) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 30 = 0
d) 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 4 x − 8 y − 11 = 0
2. Write the equation of each of the circles that satisfies the stated conditions.
Express the equations in the form x 2 + y 2 + Ax + By + C = 0
a) Center at the origin and r = 7
b) Center at (3,0) and r = 3
c) Tangent to the x - axis, a radius of length 4 and abscissa (x coordinate) of center is − 3 .
d) Tangent to both axes, a radius of 6 and the center in the third quadrant.
e) Passes through the points A(1, 3) and B(−1, 1) and has its diameter on the line x + 2 y = 1
f) A circle whose diameter has end points (4, -1) and (-6, 7).
g) Passes through the three points (1,2) , (− 3,8) and (− 9,6) .
h) x - intercept of 6, y - intercept of − 4 and passes through the origin.
3. Find the equations of the tangents to the following circles at the points given.
a) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 6 y + 8 = 0 , at (2,2) b) x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 2 y + 15 = 0 , at (3,−2)
4. Find the lengths of the tangents from given points to the given circles.
a) (3, 5) ; x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 4 = 0 b) (− 2, - 1) ; 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 x + y − 7 = 0
5. Determine the coordinates of the center and the radius of the circle with equation
x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 6 y − 26 = 0 .Find the distance from the point P(7,9) to the center of the
circle. Hence find the length of the tangents from P to the circle.

6. The lines − x − 2 y − 7 = 0 and 3x − y = 0 intersect at P.

a) Find the coordinate of P.
b) Find the general equation for the circles which touches the line 3x − y = 0 at P and
has the center lying on the line x + y = 0 .
c) Show that the point (10, 7) is located outside the circle. Hence find the length of
tangent to the circle from the point (10, 7) .
7. A circle which lies in the first quadrant touches the x-axis, y-axis and the straight line
3 x − 4 y − 20 = 0 . The point F (12,4) lies on the straight line. Find
a) the equation of the circle.

b) the length of the tangent from the point F to the circle.
c) the equation of another tangent from the point F to the circle.
Hint : Formula perpendicular distance from point P( h,k) to line ax + by + c = 0

| ah + bk + c |
is d =
a2 + b2
4.2 Ellipses
8. Find the vertices, foci and center for the ellipses.
x2 y2
a) + =1 b) 100x 2 + 4 y 2 = 25
25 4
( x − 1) 2 ( y − 2) 2
c) + =1 d) 4( x + 2) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 16
9 4
9. Determine the equation of the ellipse if given
a) center at (0, 0) , focus at (5, 0) ; vertex at (7, 0) .

b) foci at (3,  3) and length of major axis is 10.
c) vertices at (− 6, − 3) and (10, − 3) , c = 5 .
d) center at (− 1, − 2) ,focus at (− 1, 5) and passing through the point (3, − 2) .

10. Show that the following equations represents an ellipse. Find the coordinates of center,
vertices, foci and the length of major and minor axis. Hence, sketch the graph.
a) x 2 − 4 x + 4 y 2 = 0
b) 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 24x − 36 y − 36
c) y 2 + 9 x 2 + 18x + 6 y = 0
d) 9 x 2 − 54x = 47 − 4 y 2 − 16 y
11. Given the foci of an ellipse are ( –1,6 ) and (–1,0 ),with the length of the major axis is
10 units. Find the equation of the ellipse and hence, sketch the graph.
4.3 Parobola
12. Find the focus, directrix and vertex of each of the following parabolas.
a) x 2 = 9 y b) x 2 + 6 y = 0
c) y 2 = 4 x d) y 2 = −8 x
13. Sketch the following parabolas showing clearly the focus and directrix of each one.
a) ( y − 2) 2 = 4( x − 3) b) ( y + 2) 2 = −8( x − 1)
c) ( x − 2) 2 = −12( y − 1) d) x 2 + 8x = 8 y + 8
14. Find the equation of a parabola in Cartesian form whose focus and directrix are given
below:
a) (2,0) , x + 2 = 0
b) (0,4) , y + 4 = 0
c) (1,1) , y + 1 = 0
15. Find the equation of a parabola in Cartesian form whose focus, F and vertex,V are given below:
a) F (7,2) , V (5,2)
b) F (3,5) , V (3,1)
c) F (−4,−1) , V (1,−1)

16. Find the equation of the parabolas with vertex (0,0) that satisfy the given conditions:
a) directrix x + 4 = 0
b) focus F (0,−3)
c) open upward and through passing the point (3,4)
17. Discuss the parabolas with the equations given y = 3 + 4( x + 2) .
18. Express the following parabola equations in the standard form. State the coordinates of
their vertices, foci and equations of the directrix. Sketch their graphs.
a) y 2 − 4 y − 6 x = 8 b) y 2 = 2ax + 2a 2 , a  Z +
c) x 2 − 8 x + 4 y + 24 = 0 d) x 2 + a 2 + 8b = 2ax + 8 y ; a, b  0
19. Find the equation of parabola with its axis parallel to the x- axis, vertex at (− 3, 2)
and passing through the point (− 7, 6) . Hence, sketch its graph.
20. A cross-section of a parabolic reflector is shown in the figure. The bulb is located at
the focus and the opening at the focus is 16 cm.
a) Find an equation of the parabola.

b) Find the diameter of the opening CD , 9cm from the vertex.

SUGGESTED ANSWERS
4.1 Circles
1. a) C = (3,−2) r =5 b) C = (− 2,4) r= 2
1
c) C = (3, 5) r=2 d) C = ( , 1) r=2
2
2. a) x 2 + y 2 = 49 b) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 8 y + 9 = 0 , x 2 + y 2 + 6 x + 8 y + 9 = 0
d) x 2 + y 2 + 12x + 12 y + 36 = 0 e) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 2 y − 10 = 0
f) x 2 + y 2 = 2 x − 6 y − 31 = 0 g) 11x 2 + 11y 2 + 100x − 58 y − 39 = 0
h) x 2 + y 2 − 6x + 4 y = 0
3. a) y = x b) x + y − 1 = 0
4. a) d = 16 = 4 b) d = 1 = 1
5. Center (−1, 3) r = 6 , 10 , 8
6. a) P(−1,−3) b) x 2 + y 2 − 10x + 10 y + 10 = 0
c) 13  40 , located outside the circle, d = 129
7. a) ( x − 5) 2 + ( y − 5) 2 = 25 or x2 + y 2 − 10x − 10 y + 25 = 0
b) 5 c) 3 y + 4 x − 60 = 0
4.2 Ellipses
8. a) center (0, 0), Vertices (5, 0) and (− 5, 0) ,Foci ( ) (

21, 0 and − 21, 0 )
 5  5
b) center (0, 0) , Vertices  0,  and  0, −  , Foci (0, 2) and (0, - 2)
 2  2
(
c) center (1, 2) , Vertices (4, 2) and (− 2, 2) , Foci 1 + 5 , 2 and 1 − 5 , 2) ( )
d) center (− 2, (
− 2) , Vertices (− 2, 2) and (− 2, − 6) , Foci − 2, − 2 + 12 and )
(− 2, − 2 − 12 )

x2 y2
9. a) + =1
49 24
( x − 3) 2 y 2
b) + =1
16 25
( x − 2) 2 ( y + 3) 2
c) + =1
64 39
( x + 1) 2 ( y + 2) 2
d) + =1
16 65
( x − 2) 2
10. a) + y 2 = 1, center ( 2, 0) ,
4
Vertices (4, 0) and (0, 0) , Foci 2 + 3, 0 and ( ) (2 − )

3, 0 , Lengths of major
axis = 4, Lengths of minor axis = 2
( x − 3) 2 ( y + 2) 2
b) + = 1 , center (3, − 2) ,Vertices (6, − 2) and (0, − 2) ,
9 4
Foci (3 + ) ( )
5 , - 2 and 3 − 5 , − 2 , Lengths of major axis/minor axis = 6 /4
c)
( x + 1) 2 ( x + 3) 2
2
+
18
(
= 1 , Center (− 1, − 3) ,Vertices − 1, − 3 + 18 and )
(− 1, − 3 − )
18 , Foci (− 1, 1) and (− 1, − 7) , Lengths of major axis =
2( 18) = 6 2
Lengths of minor axis = 2 2
( x − 3)2 ( y + 2) 2
d) + = 1 , center (3, −2) , Vertices ( 3, 4 ) and ( 3, −8)
16 36
( ) ( )
Foci 3,−2 + 2 5 and 3,−2 − 2 5 , Lengths of major axis = 12
Lengths of minor axis = 8
( x + 1)
2
+
( y − 3)
2
=1
11.
16 25

4.3 Parabola
 9
a) vertex (0, 0) , Focus  0,
9
12.  , directrix y = −
 4 4
 3
b) vertex (0, 0) , Focus  0, −  , directrix y =
3
 2 2
c) vertex (0, 0) , Focus (1, 0) , directrix x = −1

d) vertex (0, 0) , Focus (− 2, 0) , directrix x = 2
13. a) F (4, 2) , Directrix x = 2 b) F (−1, − 2) , Directrix x = 3

c) F (2, − 2) , Directrix y = 4 d) F (−4, − 1) , Directrix y = −5
14. a) y 2 = 8 x b) x 2 = 16 y c) ( x − 1) 2 = 4 y
15. a) ( y − 2) 2 = −8( x − 7)
b) ( x − 3) 2 = 16( y − 1)
c) ( y + 1) 2 = −20( x + 1)
d) ( x + 2) 2 = 20( y + 2)
9
16. a) y 2 = 16x b) x 2 = −12 y c) x 2 = y
4
17. ( y − 3) 2 = 4( x + 2) ,
Parabola open to the right with Vertex = (-2,3) , F (−1,3) , Directrix x = −3

1 7
18. a) ( y − 2) 2 = 6( x + 2) , V (−2, 2) , F (− , 2) , Directrix x = −
2 2
c) ( x − 4) 2 = −4( y + 2) , V (4, − 2) , F (4, − 3) , Directrix y = −1

(b) (d)
1 3
V (−9,0) , F ( − a,0) , x = − a V ( a , b ) , F ( a , b + 2) , x = b − 2
2 2
19. ( y − 2 )2 = −4( x + 3)
F (−4, 2)
V (−3, 2)
x = −2
20. a) y 2 = 16x b) 24 unit

[CHAPTER 5 : VECTORS]
5.1 Vectors in Three Dimensions
1. a) If u =  2, − 1, 3 , v =  4, 0, − 2  and w =  1, 1, 3  ,find 2v – (u + w).

b) If u = 3i − k and w = 3 j find – 8(u + w) + 2u.
2. The position vectors for points A and B are a and b respectively. Find the length
between A and B for every case below.
a) a = 5i − 3 j + k and b = −2i + j + 5k
b) a = 4i − j − 8k and b = 7i + 4 j − 5k
3. Find a vector of magnitude 7 having the same direction as 2i + j − 2k .
4. The position vectors a, b for points A and B are given by a = 4i − j + k and

b = −i + 3 j + 4k respectively. Find all vectors of length 5 units parallel to AB.
5.2 Scalar Product
5. Given that a = 2i + j + 3k and b = −i + j + k . Find

a) 2b • a
b) a • (a − b)
c) the angle between a and b.
6. The position vectors of points A, B and C are a = i + j + k , b = i + 2 j + 3k and

c = i − 3 j + 2k respectively. Find
a) a unit vector having the same direction as a + 2b + 3c.
b) the angle between a + 2b + 3c and a.
7. Given three vectors u = 8i − 2 j + 5k , v = 2i + 3 j +  k and w = −4i + j +  k . Calculate
a) α if u is perpendicular to v.
b) β if u is parallel to w.
8. a) If a and b are perpendicular, simplify (a − 2b) • (3a + 5b).

b) Vector a has magnitude 3 2 , vector b has magnitude 5 and the angle
between a and b is 135°. What is the value of a • b ?
9. Find the direction cosines and direction angles of a = 2i − j + 3k Hence, show that
cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1.

5.3 Vector Product
10. If a = i + j − 3k , b = 2i − 3 j + k , and c = i + j + k , find

a) 3a  5b b) a  c c) c  a
11. Simplify the following

a) a • (a  b) b) (a − b)  (a + b)
12. Given vectors u = pi + q j + k and v = −2i + j − 5k . If u  v = 9i + 13 j + r k . Find the

values of p, q and r.
13. Find all vectors of length 6 units which are perpendicular to both vectors
a = 2i + 3 j − 2k and b = i − 2 j + 3k .
14. Find the area of the triangle having vertices at A (2, 1, –1), B (3, 0, 2) and C (4, –2, 1).
15. Simplify a  (b + c) + a  (2b − c). Hence, find the value of  such that
a  (b + c) + a  (2b − c) =  a b if vectors a and b are perpendicular.
5.4 Application of Vectors in Geometry
16. Find the Cartesian equations of the following straight lines.

a) r = 2i − j − 2k + t (3 j + 2k ) b) r = t (3i + 4 j + 5k )
17. Find the vector, parametric and Cartesian equations of the line that
a) passes through (0, 1, 2) and with direction vector i + j − 2k .

b) is parallel to 2i − j + 3k and goes through the point (0, 2, –1).
c) passes through A(1, 2, 1) and B(2, 3, –1).
18. Find the angle between two straight lines L1 and L2 which are defined by
x − 2 y +1
L1 : x = 1 + 2t , y = 3 − t , z = 5 − 2t and L2 : = = 1− z .
4 8
19. Determine the equation of the plane that:

a) passes through (6, 5, 4) and is parallel to the
(i) xz plane
(ii) xy plane
(iii) yz plane

b) passes through (5, –2, 4) and is parallel to the plane 3x + y − 6 z + 8 = 0 .

c) passes through (1, 2, –3) and perpendicular to the line
x = t , y = −2 − 2t , z = 1 + 3t .
d) passes through (2, 0, 5) and (2, 0, 1) and perpendicular to the plane
x + 3y − z − 7 = 0 .
e) passes through (4, 0, –2) and perpendicular to the planes x − y + z = 0 and
2 x + y − 4 z + 5 = 0.
20. Find the angle between two planes below.

a) 2x – y + z = 5 and 3x + y – z = 1
b) 2x – 4y + 6z = 1 and 2x – y + z = 7
21. Find the angle between the line L and the plane .
a) L : r = 2i + 3j – k + t (2i – j – 2k) ,  : 2x + 4y – z = 1.
y −1 z − 2
b) L : x = 2, = ,  : x + 2y – z = 11.
2 3
22. Find the point of intersection of the line L and the plane P.
a) L : x = t , y = t , z = t; P : 3x − 2 y + z − 5 = 0
b) L : x = 2 − t , y = 3 + t , z = t; P : 3x + y + z = 1
____________________________________________________________________________
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
5.1 Vectors in Three Dimensions
1. a) <5, 0, –10> b) − 18i − 24 j + 6k
2. a) 9 b) 43
3.
7
(2i + j − 2k )
3
1
4.  (−5i + 4 j + 3k )
2
5.2 Scalar Product
5. a) 4 b) 12 c) 72.02°
1
6. a) (6i − 4 j + 13k ) b) 54.4°
221
5
7. a)  = −2 b)  = − 2

2 2
8. a) 3 a − 10 b b) ‒15
2 −1 3
9. cos = cos  = cos =
14 14 14
 = 57.7  = 105.5  = 36.7
5.3 Vector Product
10. a) ‒120i ‒ 105j ‒ 75k b) 4i ‒ 4j c) ‒4i + 4j

11. a) 0 b) 2(a  b)
12. p = 3 , q = −2 , r = −1
1
13.  (5i − 8 j − 7k )
23
66
14. 2
15. 3(a  b),  = 3
5.4 Application of Vectors in Geometry

y +1 z+2 x y z
16. a) x = 2 , 3 = 2 b) 3 = 4 = 5
y −1 z−2
17. a) r = j + 2k + t (i + j − 2k ) : x = t , y = 1 + t , z = 2 − 2t : x = 1 = − 2
x y−2 z +1
b) r = 2 j − k + t (2i − j + 3k ) : x = 2t , y = 2 − t , z = −1 + 3t : 2 = − 1 = 3
x −1 y − 2 z −1
c) r = i + 2 j + k + t (i + j − 2k ) : x = 1 + t , y = 2 + t , z = 1 − 2t : 1
=
1
=
−2
18. 85.75°
19. a) (i) y = 5 (ii) z = 4 (iii) x = 6 b) 3x + y − 6 z = −11
c) x − 2 y + 3z = −12 d) 12x − 4 y = 24 e) 3x + 6 y + 3z = 6
20. a)  = 60.5 b)  = 40.2
21. a)  = 8.4 b)  = 6.5
5 5 5
22. a)  , ,  b) (− 6,11,8)
2 2 2

[CHAPTER 6: DATA DESCRIPTION]
6.1 Introduction to Data
1. Based on the following statements, determine whether the data obtained is

discrete or continuous data.
a) The number of supermarkets in town

b) The number of calls in 30 minutes
c) The time taken to cook rice
d) The speed of cars on a particular road
2. Which of the following are ungrouped data?
a) The following represent the speed of vehicles along a road
40 50 45 42 60 55 54 53 56
b) The following data represent the number of children in 30 families
Number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of families 3 5 7 6 5 4
c) The following is the number of minutes taken to go from home to school for a
group of students
Number of minutes taken Number of students
11 – 15 7
16 – 20 12
21 – 25 15
26 – 30 6

d) The table below shows the distribution of speed ( in km per hour) for 200 cars
passing through a certain road.
Speed ( km/h) 65 – 69 70 – 74 75 – 79 80 – 84 85 – 89 90 – 94
Number of
34 80 58 12 10 6
cars
3. These data represent the numbers of cities served on non stop flights by
Southwest Airlines’s largest airports. Construct stem and leaf plot
38 41 25 32 13
19 18 28 14 29
4. The age of decreased productivity among private sector worker is shown as below.
Construct stem and leaf plot and analyze the data.
57 54 52 55 51 56
61 68 56 55 54 61
57 51 46 54 51 52
57 49 54 42 60 69
58 64 49 51 62 64
57 48 50 56 43 46
61 65 47 55 55 54
6.2 Measures of Location
5. The number of accidents in a town within the first ten days in a month are
9, 10, 12, 9, 2, 7, 3, 9, 7, 9
a) Determine the mean, median, mode, third quartile and fifteen percentile.
b) Find the percentage of days that the number of accidents is less than the mean.
6. The mean of 16, 10, 36, 25, 43, 29, 49, 34, x, and y is 29.4. x and y are constant.
a) If the mode is 34, find the value of x and y.
b) If x = 11, find the median.

7. Find the mean, median, mod, first quartile and sixtieth percentile of the following
data.
19
22 5 6 7 8 9
30 4 6 7
42 3 4 6 8 8
52 3 5 7 8
62
8. Determine the median, lower quartile, upper quartile, minimum and maximum
value for the following box plot:
a)
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
b)
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
9. For the following data, draw a box and whisker plot and find the median, lower
quartile, upper quartile.
a) 93 95 87 83 99 89 95 93 81 99
b) 40, 40, 42, 43, 45, 45, 47.5, 50, 50, 50, 61, 70
10. A basketball player score 14, 16, 20, 15, 22, 30, 16, and 28 points during a
tournament. Make a box-and-whisker plot for the points scored by the player.
Hence, comment on the distribution.

11. The following table shows the mean of monthly household income by state,
Malaysia, in 2009 and 2012.
(RM)
State
2009 2012
Johor 3,835 4,658
Kedah 2,667 3,425
Kelantan 2,536 3,168
Melaka 4,184 4,759
Negeri Sembilan 3,540 4,576
Pahang 3,279 3,745
Pulau Pinang 4,407 5,055
Perak 2,809 3,548
Perlis 2,617 3,538
Selangor 5,962 7,023
Terengganu 3,017 3,967
Sabah 3,102 4,013
Sarawak 3,581 4,293
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 5,488 8,586
W.P. Labuan 4,407 6,317
W.P. Putrajaya 6,747 8,101
a) Draw a parallel box-and-whisker plot for the data.
b) Use the parallel box-and-whisker plot to compare the data

12. Find the mean, median, mode, the first quartile, and the third quartile for the
following data.
a)
Marks Frequency
0 < x  20 9
20 < x  40 29
40 < x  60 42
60 < x  80 26
80 < x  100 14
b)
Marks Cumulative frequency
> 49.5 50
> 54.5 48
> 59.5 45
> 64.5 37
> 69.5 25
> 74.5 10
> 79.5 4
> 84.5 1
> 89.5 0
13. An experiment is carried out on the rearing of cows. The mass gain (in kilograms)
for 100 cows during a certain period is recorded in the following table
Mass gain(kg ) 5 – 9 10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34
Frequency 3 28 37 16 14 2
a) Calculate
i. Mean
ii. Median
iii. First quartile
iv. 65th percentile
b) By using box and whisker plot, state the skewness of the data.

6.3 Measures of Dispersion
14. The mean height of 10 students from a university is 171cm. The heights (in cm) of
9 of the students are as follows:
182 173 166 158 174 170 163 160 178
Find the standard deviation of the height of the 10 students, giving your answers
correct to 3 significant figures.
36
15. A set of numbers {1, 6, 3, 2, 8, 5, x, y} has mean of 4 and variance of .
7
Show that x + y = 7 and hence find the value of x and y.
16. The following table shows the time (to the nearest minute) spent reading during a
particular day (for a group of school children)
Time (x) Number of children
10 ≤ x < 15 8
15 ≤ x < 20 15
20 ≤ x < 25 K
25 ≤ x < 30 18
30 ≤ x < 35 12
35 ≤ x < 40 7
40 ≤ x < 45 5
457
If the mean of the time of a group of school children spend reading is minutes,
18
determine the value of K and standard deviation for the above data.

17. Given that a skewed distribution with a mean 87.77, a median 85.81 and a
variance (1.75)2. Calculate the Pearson’s coefficient of skewness. Then sketch the
shape of the distribution.
18. Calculate the Pearson’s coefficient of skewness for the following distribution
a) b)
Interva Freque
Class mark, l ncy
25 35 45 55 65 75 85
(xi)
15 – 19 8
Frequency 12 14 20 36 41 28 19
20 – 24 12
25 – 29 15
30 – 34 25
35 – 39 26
40 – 44 18
Consolidation Exercises 45 – 49 16
19. Given a sample of heights ( in cm) of seedlings in an experiment as follows:

76.0, 68.1, 73.4, 80.2, 75.4, 78.3
a) Find the mean and standard deviation of the above data
b) If it was later discovered that the measuring scales were reading cm below
the correct height, state the changes ( if any) on the mean and the variance
20. The consultation times ( in minutes) for 100 patients at a private clinic is given in
the table below.
Time interval (minutes), Frequency,
0–9 9
10 – 19 34
20 – 29 20
30 – 39 18
40 – 49 9
50 – 59 7
60 – 69 3

Given that  xf = 2620 and  x 2 f = 91858

a) Find
i. The mode and median
ii. The mean, standard deviation and Pearson skewness coefficient
b) Hence, state the reason, which of the above measures of central tendency
better describes the distribution of the data.
21. The time (in minute) used by 120 students surfing the internet to perform a certain
project is given in the following relative cumulative frequency table
Number of Customers
Time (minutes)
(relative cumulative)
x0 0
3
x  20
40
19
x  40
60
2
x  60
3
53
x  80
60
x  100 1
Find
(a) the median and mean
(b) Pearson’s skewnes coefficient and comment on the value obtained.
22. The summary statistics of the length (in cm) of a sample of 50 adults insects of a
certain species is as follows
 x = 45,  x 2
= 81
Calculate the mean and variance. Hence, comment on the distributon of the
sample based on the coefficient of variation.

SUGGESTED ANSWER
6.1 Introduction to Data
1. a) Discrete b) Discrete c) Continuous d) Continuous
2. a) Ungrouped b) Ungrouped c) Grouped d) Grouped
3.
1 3 4 8 9
2 5 8 9
3 2 8
4 1
4. The distribution is somewhat symmetric, unimodal and has a peak in the 50’s
4 2 3
4 6 6 7 8 9 9
5 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8
6 0 1 1 1 2 4 4
6 5 8 9
6.2 Measures of Location
5. a) Mean = 7.7, Median = 9, Mode = 9, third quartile = 9 and fifteen percentile = 2

b) Mean = 7.7, The percentage = 40%
6. a) x = 34 , y = 18
b) Median = 31.5
7. Mean = 40.04, Median = 42, Mode = 48, Q1 = 28, P60 = X14 = 44
8. a) median = 12, Q1 = 11, Q3 =15, min = 4, max = 22
b) median = 24, Q1 = 21, Q3 = 25.5, min = 20, max =29

9. a)
• •
min Q1 Q2 Q3 max
Median = 93, Q1 = 87, Q3 = 95
b)
min Q1 Q2 Q3 max (outlier)
median = 46.25, Q1 = 42.5, Q3 = 50

10. Median = 18, Q1 = 15.5, Q3 = 25
min Q1 Q2 Q3 max
The right whisker is longer than the left whisker.  The data is positively skewed.
11. a)
• • • • • 2012
• • • • •• 2009
2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000
b) The range for the household income in 2012 is greater than for the household
income in 2009. Both skewed to the right.
12. a) mean = 51.17, median = 50.48, mode = 48.97, Q1 = 34.48, Q3 = 67.69
b) mean = 69, median = 69.5, mode = 70.75, Q1 = 64.19, Q3 = 73.67
13. a) i. 17.8 ii. 17.07 iii. 13.43 iv. 19.09

b) The left whisker is slightly shorter than
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
• • right whisker.  Skewed to the right.
thus the data is slightly negatively
MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ skewed. Page 39
6.3 Measures of Dispersion

14. 9.36
15. x = 3, y = 4. x = 4, y = 3
16. K = 25, s = 7.967
17. Mean = 87.7, Median = 85.81, Standard deviation = 1.75,

Sk = 3.36 (highly positively skewed)
18. a) Mean = 59.12, median = 60.73, Standard deviation = 16.84
Sk = –0.29 or –0.22 (slightly negatively skewed)
b) Mean = 33.96, Median = 34.5, Standard deviation = 8.68
Sk = –0.187 or –0.126 (slightly negatively skewed)
Consolidation Exercise
19. a) mean = 75.23, s = 4.22 b) 75.23 + a, variance remains the

same
20. a) i. mode = 15.91, median = 23.0

ii. mean = 26.2, standard deviation = 15.31, skewness = 0.627 or 0.672
b) For a skewed data, the mean is being dragged in the direction of the skew (no
more equal to the mode and median). So, it loses ability to provide the best
central tendency. Therefore, median is the best indicator of central tendency,
since it is not strongly influenced by the skewed values.
21. Mean = 24.8125, mode = 23

S k = 0.267 , slightly positively skewed
22. Mean = 0.9, variance = 0.827
sd 0.827
CV =  100 =  100 = 101.04 .
mean 0 .9
The data is very dispersed/more variable since the CV is very large.

[CHAPTER 7: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS]
7.1 Permutations
1. Find the number of ways of arranging 7 different encyclopedias on a shelf?
2. How many arrangements can be formed from the word INCLUDE?
3. How many ways can 6 persons seat if there are 10 vacant seats in a van?
4. From the word TRIANGLES, in how many five-letter words can be formed if
a) there is no restriction.
b) the words must be ended with G.
c) there is no vowel in the arrangements.
5. Three-digit numbers are to be formed from the digits 0, 2, 3, 4 and 8 (excluding

number which begins with 0). How many numbers can be formed when
a) repetition is allowed.
b) repetition is not allowed.
6. How many 4 digit numbers can be formed using 4 different digits from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6?
How many of these numbers are odd and greater than 5000?
7. How many different arrangements can be formed from the word DISTINGUISH?
8. In how many ways can the word ARRANGE be rearranged if

b) the letter A must be together.
c) both the letter A must be separated.
9. A secret code consists of blocks of twelve digits, seven of which are ones and five of
which are threes. How many numbers of such blocks can be formed if the first and last
digits are of the same digits?

10. Find how many different words are possible to be formed from seven letters used to spell
EXCLUDE in each of the following cases.
a) The letter begins and ends with E.

b) The two letters E are next to each other.
c) The two letters E are not next to each other.
11. How many ways can all the alphabets from the word PUTRAJAYA be arranged if
a) the first letter is P and the last letter is A?
b) all the letters A must be next to each other?
c) they begin with a consonant and end with a vowel?
7.2 Combinations
12. A debate team of 4 members is to be selected from 10 students. In how many ways
can the team be chosen if
b) not more than one of the three top debaters is to be included.
c) at least one of the three junior debaters is to be included.
13. A delegation of five students is to be chosen from a group of ten boys and eight girls.
Find the number of such delegations that contain at least two boys and at least one girl.
14. A student is to answer 10 out of 12 questions in an examination.

a) How many choices she has?
b) How many if she must answer the first four questions.
c) How many if she must answer at least five of the first six questions.

15. A man has 13 course mates and he wants to invite 6 of them to lunch.
a) In how many ways can he invite them?
b) In how many ways if two of the course mates are married to each other and will not
attend separately?
c) In how many ways if two of them are having personal dispute and will not attend
together?
16. A team of 3 students is being chosen from a committee of 15. Find the number of
different team can be formed. The committee consists of 10 boys in which two of them are
twins and 5 girls.
a) If the twin must be in the team, how many ways can this are done?
b) If the team must contain at least one boy and at least one girl, how many ways can this be
done?
c) If only one of the twins must be in the team, how many ways can this be done?
Miscellaneous Exercise
17. Twelve cards of similar color and size are labeled each with a number from 1 to 12.
In how many ways can
a) 7 cards be selected such that 4 cards are labeled with even numbers and remaining
cards are labeled with odd numbers?
b) 9 cards be arranged in a row such that the first 5 cards are labeled with even
numbers and the remaining cards are labeled with odd numbers?
c) 9 cards be arranged in a row such that 5 cards are labeled with even numbers and
the remaining cards are labeled with odd numbers?

18. In a cooking competition, 6 out of 10 contestants are females. In how many ways can
one choose
a) the champion, first and second runners-up?

b) four winners consisting of at least two females?
c) winners for first, second and third place consisting of two females and a male?
19. A total of candidates comprising of 5 mathematicians and 8 physicists will be selected

to form a committee. In how many ways can
a) a committee of 5 members can be formed if it consists of at least 3

mathematicians?
b) all candidates be placed in a row such that they always sit in group of the same
expertise?
20. a) A box contains 5 identical white marbles and 4 identical black marble. 4 marbles
are taken from the box and arranged in a row. How many ways can the marbles be
arranged?
b) 14 empty bottles of similar shape and size are labelled with a number from 1 to 14.
In how many ways can
i. 7 bottles be selected such that 4 are labelled with odd numbers and the rest with
even numbers?
ii. 5 bottles be arranged in a row such that the first 3 bottles are labelled with odd
numbers and the other 2 with even numbers?
21. a) There are 10 men, 15 women and 12 children participating in a family day event.
i. In how many ways can a group of 7 men, 13 women and 10 children be formed
if a particular lady and a particular child must be in that group?

ii. Thirty participants are required in an event. In how many ways can this group
be formed if each group must consist of at least 8 men?
b) A five-digit number may be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 with no

repetition. How many
i. five-digit numbers having values between 10000 and 50000 can be formed?
ii. five-digit even numbers having values more than 60000 can be formed?
22. A security code is to be formed by using three alphabets and four digits chosen from
the alphabets {a, b, c, d, e} and digits {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. All the digits and alphabets can
only be used once. Find the number of different ways the security code can be formed
if
a) there is no restriction imposed.
b) all alphabets are next to each other and all digits are next to each other.
c) it consists of least two consonants.
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
7.1 Permutations
1. 5040
2. 5040
3. 151200
4. a) 15120 b) 1680 c) 720
5. a) 100 b) 48
6. 360, 60
7. 3326400
8. a) 1260 b) 360 c) 900
9. 372
10. a) 120 b) 720 c) 1800
11. a) 2520 b) 5040 c)
16800

7.2 Combinations
12. a) 210 b) 140 c) 175

13. 7560
14. a) 66 b) 28 c) 51
15. a) 1716 b) 792 c) 1386
16. 455
a) 13 b) 325 c) 156
Miscellaneous Exercise
17. a) 300 b) 259200 c) 32659200

18. a) 720 b) 185 c) 360
19. a) 321 b) 9676800
20. a) 16 b) (i) 1225 (ii) 8820
21. a) i) 600600 ii) 7480980

b) i) 3360 ii) 1200
22. a) 756000 b) 43200 c) 529200

[CHAPTER 8: PROBABILITY]
8.1 Probability
1. A fair die is thrown. What is the probability that the number thrown is
a) Less than 4 b) More than 6
c) An even number d) An odd number
e) A factor of 6
2. A coin is tossed twice. What is the probability of getting

a) 2 heads b) At least 1 head
c) Not more than 1 head d) No heads
2. Out of 120 students, 60 are studying Biology, 50 are studying Physics and 20 are
studying both Biology and Physics. A student is chosen at random. Find the
probability that the student is studying
a) Biology or Physics b) Neither Biology nor Physics

c) Only Biology d) Exactly one of the two subjects
4. A student has to complete registration for next semester by choosing three

courses. The courses are chosen from five humanities courses and four other
courses. If the three courses are chosen at random, find the probability that
a) There will be all humanities courses
b) There will be at least one humanities course
c) There will be not more than two humanities courses
5. A club committee consists of 2 married couples, 3 single women and 5 single

men. Four members are to be chosen at random from the 12 members of the
committee to form a delegation to represent the club at a conference. Find the
probability that the delegation will consist of

a) 4 single men
b) 2 men and 2 women
c) One married couple and 2 single members
d) At least one single man
1
6. The probability that A hits a target is and the probability that B hits a target is
4
2
. Both shoot at a target without influencing one another. Find the probability
5
that
a) Both of them hit the target b) At least one of them hits the target
c) None of them hits the target d) A hits the target but B fails to do so
7. A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.2. If A and B are
mutually exclusive, find
a) P( A  B) b) P(A’  B’)
c) P (A’  B)
Two events A and B are such that P ( A) = and P(B ) = and P( A  B ) = . Find
2 1 1
8.
5 3 2
a) P (A ' ) b) P( A  B)
c) P(A'  B ) d) P( A  B')
e) P ( A  B )'
Given P ( A) = and P (B ) = where A and B are mutually exclusive. If

a b
9.
3 2
P( A  B ) =
2
3
( ) 7
and P A ' = , find the value a and b.
9

10. In a survey involving 50 families, 35 families have television, 20 families have car
and 15 families have radio. 15 families have television and car, 10 families have
television and radio, 12 families has car and radio and 8 families have all three
items. What is the probability that a family chosen at random from the sample
not owning any of the three items?
11. A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.3 and P(A B ) = 0.25, find
a) P( A  B) b) P( A  B) c) P(B A)
d) P(A B ) e) P(B  A) f) P(A B )
Given that P(C  D ) = , P(C D ) = and P(D C ) =

1 1 3
12. , find
4 3 5
a) P( C ) b) P( D )
c) P(C D) d) P(C  D )
1 1
13. If events A and B are such that P( A) = , P( B) = and P(A|B) = 0. Find P ( A  B )
3 5
P( A  B ) =
1 1 3
14. Given that A and B are two events where P(A) = , P(B’) = and .
2 3 4
Find
a) P( A ∩ B ) b) P(A B )
c) P(B  A) d) P(A' B )
3 2
15. It is given that P( A ) = and P( B ) = .
4 3
11
a) If P( A  B ) = , determine whether A and B are mutually exclusive or
12
independent events or neither.
5
b) If P( A  B ) = , find P( A  B ' ).
6

1 3 2
16. The probabilities of each of three events P, Q and R are , and
5 10 5
respectively.
a) Given that P, Q and R are mutually exclusive, find the probability that none of
them occurs.
b) Given that P, Q and R are independent, find the probability that exactly one of
them occurs.
17. In a school, 12% of the sixth form students are left-handed, 15% wear glasses and
3% are both left-handed and wear glasses. Find the probability that
a) A student is left-handed given that he/she wears glasses

b) A student is left-handed and also wear glasses
c) A student wears glasses given that he/she is right-handed
d) A student is neither left-handed nor wears glasses
18. An electronic display is equally likely to show any of the digits 1, 2, …, 9.

Determine the probability that it shows
a) A prime number
b) A prime number given that the number is odd
c) A prime number given that it is divisible by 3
d) A number divisible by 4 given that is an even number
19. Seven-digit numbers are formed from the digits 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4 and 5 without
repetition. If one of these numbers is chosen at random, find the probability that
it is
a) Greater than 4 000 000
b) An even number greater than 4 000 000

20. Six children Ani, Ana, Anita, Faiz, Fahmi and Farid stand in a line. If they stand in
random order, find the probability that
a) The three girls are next to each other
b) Ani and Fahmi are next to each other
c) Ana and Faiz are not next to each other
d) The boys stand alternately with the girls.
21. 5 blue marbles and 1 red marble are put in a bag. Chong and Beng take turn to
draw a marble from the bag. The boy wins the game when he draws a red
marble. They agree to let Chong starts the game first.
a) Assuming that they do not replace the marbles as they draw them out, find
probability that Beng wins the game.
b) If they replace each marble after it has been drawn out, find the probability that
i) Chong wins at his second drawn.
ii) Chong wins at his third drawn.
iii) Chong wins the game.
22. A game involves rolling a fair die followed by drawing a marble from either urn A
or B. If the outcome is less than 3, then a marble is drawn at random from urn A.
Otherwise, a marble is drawn at random from urn B. Urn A contains 3 red
marbles, 4 blue marbles, and 3 green marbles. Urn B contains 3 red marbles and
1 blue marble.
a) Find the probability that

i. a red marble is chosen.
ii. the outcome of the die is less than 3 if it is known that the marble drawn is red.
iii. it is a red or green marble.

b) The similar game is repeated but two marbles are drawn instead from either
urn A or B. Find the probability that both marbles are red if the first marble is
taken
i. with replacement.
ii. without replacement.
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
8.1 Probability
1 1 1 2
1. a) b) 0 c) d) e)
2 2 2 3
1 3 3 1
2. a) b) c) d)
4 4 4 4
3 1 1 7
3. a) b) c) d)
4 4 3 12
5 20 37
4. a) b) c)
42 21 42
1 14 56 92
5. a) b) c) d)
99 33 495 99
1 11 9 3
6. a) b) c) d)
10 20 20 20
7. a) 0.5 b) 0.5 c) 0.7
3 7 1 1 1
8. a) b) c) d) e)
5 30 10 6 2
2 8
9. a= b=
3 9
9
10.
50
11. a) 0.075 b) 0.625 c) 0.1875 d) 0.464 e) 0.8125 f) 0.5357

5 3 2 1
12. a) b) c) d)
12 4 3 3
8
13.
15
3
14. a) 0.2 b) 0.03 c) d) 0.76
22
4 3 1 1
15. a) b) c) d)
9 5 3 2
3 5
16. a) b)
7 21
1 1 2 1
17. a) b) c) d)
5 3 3 10
5 5 1 3
18. a) b) c) d)
12 8 2 8
1
19. a) A and B are independent events b)
6
20. a) 0.1 b) 0.452
1
21. a)
2
25 625 6
b) i) ii) iii)
216 7776 11
3 1 7
22. a) i) ii) iii)
5 6 10
81 16
b) i) ii)
200 45

[CHAPTER 9 : RANDOM VARIABLES]
9.1 Introduction to Random Variables
1. Suppose that a box contains 10 balls:
5 of the balls are red

2 of the balls are green
2 of the balls are blue
1 ball is yellow
Suppose we take one ball out of the box. Let X be the random variable that
represents the colour of the ball. Construct the probability distribution table.
9.2 Discrete Random Variables
2. The random variable Y is the number of tails obtained when two fair coins are tossed.
a) Write out the probability distribution function of Y.

b) Build the probability distribution table.
c) Find the probability that more tails are obtained than heads.
3. A discrete random variable X has the following probability distribution:
X 1 2 3 4 5
P( X = x )
1 1 1
b 2b
16 8 4
where b is a constant. Find
a) The value of b .
b) i) P( X  4) .
ii) P(2  X  5) .
c) The mode
4. Given
X 1 2 3 4
P( X = x ) 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3
where X is a discrete random variable.

a) Build the cumulative distribution table.
b) Find F (3) .

5. The discrete random variable X has cumulative distribution function
0 , x0
0.1 , 0 x2

 0.4 , 2 x4
F(x) = 
0.5 , 4 x6
 0.9 , 6 x8

 1.0 , x8
a) Find the probability distribution function for X .

b) Calculate P( X  4) .
c) Find the median and mode for X .
6. A discrete random variable X can take any one of five possible values and has
the following probability distribution:
X 0 2 5 8 n
P( X = x ) 0.1 0.25 0.2 2p p
Find:
a) the value of p .
b) the value of n, given that E( X ) = 5.7 .
c) ( )
E X2
d) Var(Y ) if Y = 2 X + 1
7. The discrete random variable X has cumulative distribution function F (x) defined
by
2+ x
F ( x) = , x = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
7
a) Find P( X  3) .
Show that P ( X = 4 ) =
1
b) .
7
c) Tabulate the probability distribution of X .
d) Calculate E ( X − 1)2

8. Two dice are thrown and the numbers A and B shown on each die are noted.
The score X from the throw is defined by
 A + B if A = B
X =
 A − B if A  B
Tabulate the probability distribution of X and evaluate E ( X ) and Var ( X ) .
9. The discrete random variable X has the probability distribution function
x 1 2 3 4
P( X = x ) k 2k 3k 4k
a) Show that k = 0.1
b) Find
i. E( X )
ii. E (X 2 )
iii. Var(2 − 5 X )
c) The discrete random variable Y = X 1 + X 2 .The 2 independent observations X 1

and X 2 are made of X .
i. Show that P(Y = 4) = 0.1

ii. Complete the probability distribution table for X 1 + X 2
Y 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P(Y = y ) 0.01 0.04 0.1 ? 0.25 0.24 ?
iii. Find P(1.5  Y  3.5)

9.3 Continuous Random Variables
10. The continuous random variable X has probability density function given by:
 k x2 −2 x2
f ( x) = 
 0 otherwise
Calculate
a) The value of the constant k c) P( X  1)

b) P( X  1) d) the median
2
 5 , 0  x 1
 2
f ( x) =  x , 1  x  2
5
 0 , otherwise

Calculate
1
a) P( X  )
3
1 3
b) P(  X  )
2 2
c) Median, m
2
5 , 2 x3

2
f ( x) =  ( x − 2) , 3  x  4
5
0 , otherwise


Find:
a) The cumulative function, F (x)
b) q if P( X  q ) = 0.8

13. The continuous random variable X has probability distribution density

function given by
 3
 (1 + x 2 ) , − 1  x  1
f ( x) =  8

 0 , otherwise
a) Sketch the graph of y = f ( x ) .

b) Find E ( X ) .
c) Show that  2 = 0.4 .
d) Find P( X   ) .
14. Given
3 2
 x , −1  x  1
f (x ) =  2
0 , elsewhere
Find
a) E ( X )
b) E (X 2 )
c) PX  E( X )
d) Var ( X )
e) Var(2 X + 1)
15. The continuous random variable X has probability distribution density

function given by
4 k , 0  x  1

f (x ) =  k , 1  x  3
0 , elsewhere

a) Find the value of k and hence show that the median of X is .
b) Show that and deduce the value of c given that E( X + c ) = 3E( X − c ).

Consolidation Exercise
16. A continuous random variable X has the cumulative function given by

0 , x 1
(x − a )2 , 1 x  3
12
F (x ) =
14x − x 2 − 25
, 3 x 7
b
1 , x7
where a and b are constants.

a) Show that a = 1 and b = 24 [4 marks]
b) Find P(2  X  5) . [2 marks]
c) Calculate the median. [3 marks]
d) Determine the density function. [3 marks]
e) Sketch the graph of f (x) and hence find the mode. [3 marks]
17. The cumulative probability distribution function of a discrete random variable X is

0, x  −1
1
 , −1  x  2
6
2
P( X  x) =  , 2  x  4
3
5 , 4 x6
6

1, x6

a) Construct the probability distribution table of X. [3 marks]

b) Calculate Var (X). [4 marks]
18. A continuous random variable, Y has a probability density function
c(3 − y 2 ), 0  y  2
f ( y) = 
 0, otherwise
3 3
Show that c = and E (Y ) = . [5 marks]
10 5

Hence,
a) Calculate P(Y  E (Y )). [3 marks]
b) Determine the mode of the distribution. [2 marks]
c) Show that the median, m of the distribution satisfies the equation
m 3 − 9 m + 5 = 0. [3 marks]
19. A nurse works five days in a week. The number of days in a week she works
overtime is a discrete random variable X with probability function.
 k
 3 3x − 1, x = 0,1,2


f ( x ) =  k ( x − 2), x = 3,4
 3
 k ( x − 1), x=5

 3
1
where k is a constant. Show k = . that [3 marks]
5
a) Find the probability she works overtime everyday in a week. [2 marks]

b) Calculate the probability that she will work overtime for at least
three days in a week. [2 marks]
c) Determine the most likely number of days in week she will work overtime. [2 marks]
d) Find the expected number of day in week she will work overtime.
Hence, evaluate E(3X + 1). [4 marks]
20. The continuous random variable X has the cumulative distribution function
0, x0

F ( x ) = a x 3 − 3 x 2 , 0  x 1
1, x 1

where a is constant. Show that a = 4. [2 marks]
Hence,
a) Calculate the mean and variance of X. [6 marks]
 1
b) Find P  X − E ( X )  . [2 marks]
 10 
c) If Y = 4 X – 3, find the E(Y) and Var (Y). [5 marks]

21. A fair die is thrown once. A random variable represents the score on the
uppermost face of a die. If the score is two or more, then the random variable X is
the score. If the score is one, the die is to be thrown once again and the random
variable X is the sum of scores of the two throws. Construct the probability
distribution table for X. [6 marks]
22. A discrete random variable X has a probability distribution function
25 − x x = 1, 2, 3, 4
P( x) = 32 where k is a constant
k x=5
1
(a) Show that k = . [ 2 marks ]
16
(b) Find P(1  X  3) . [ 2 marks ]
(c) Calculate the mean of X and hence, calculate E (2 X − 3) [ 4 marks ]
(d) Find the variance of X and hence, calculate Var( 9 − 2 x) [ 5 marks ]
23. The continuous random variable X has the probability density function
6
x
5 0  x 1
6
f ( x) = (2 − x) 2 1 x  2
5
0 otherwise
(a) Find the cumulative distribution function of X. [ 5 marks ]
(b) Find
(i) P(0.5  x  1.5) [ 2 marks ]
(ii) P( X  1.5) [ 2 marks ]
(c) Calculate the median of X correct to three decimal places. [ 3 marks ]
_______________________________________________________________________

SUGGESTED ANSWERS
9.1 Introduction to Random Variables
1.
colour red green blue yellow
P( X = colour) 1 1 1 1
2 5 5 10
9.2 Discrete Random Variables
2.
1
y = 0,2
4
1
y =1
a) P(Y=y) = 2
0 otherwise
b) Y 0 1 2
1 1 1
P(Y = y)
4 2 4
1
c)
4
3 3 9
3. a) b) i) ii) c) 4
16 8 16
4. a)
x 1 2 3 4
F(x) 0.4 0.5 0.7 1
b) 0.7
5. a)
0.1 , x = 0,4,8
0.3 , x=2

P( X = x) =  b) 0.5 c) median = 4 , mode = 6
0.4 , x=6
0 , otherwise

6. a) 0.15 c) 46.8
b) 12 d) 57.24
5
7. a)
7
c) X 1 2 3 4 5
3 1 1 1 1
P(X = x)
7 7 7 7 7
30
d)
7
8.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
P( X = x ) 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1
18 4 6 36 18 36 36 36 36
E(X ) = Var ( X ) =
28 1015
9 162
9. b) i. 3 ii. 10 iii. 25
c) ii. 0 . 2, 0 . 16 iii. 0.05
9.3 Continuous Random Variables
3 7 1
10. a) b) c) d) 0
16 16 8
13
11. a) c) 1.225
15
9
b)
20
 0 , x2
 2
 ( x − 2) , 2 x3
12. a) F ( x) =  5 b) 2+ 3
1
 ( x 2 − 4 x + 5) , 3  x  4
5
 1, x4
y

13. a)
3
4
3
8
8
x
0
-1 1
b) 0 d) 0.54
3 1 3 12
14. a) 0 b) c) d) e)
5 2 5 5
b) E ( X ) = 1, c =
1 1
15. a) k =
6 2
Consolidation Exercises
3
16. b) c) 3.54
4
 x −1
 6 , 1 x  3 0.33
 7 x
d) f ( x) =  − , 3  x  7 e)
12 12
 0, elsewhere

1 3 7
Mode = 3
17. a)
x -1 2 4 6
P(X = x) 1 1 1 1
6 2 6 6
55
b)
12

301
18. a) = 0.482 b) 0
625
4 7 43 48
19. a) b) c) mode = 2 d) E ( X ) = , E (3 X + 1) =
15 15 15 5
2 19
20. a) E ( X ) = , Var ( X ) =
5 350
b) 0.664
7 152
c) E (Y ) = − , Var (Y ) =
5 175
21.
X 2 3 4 5 6 7
P( X = x) 7 7 7 7 7 1
36 36 36 36 36 36
3
22. b)
4
31 7
c) E ( X ) = , E (2 X − 3) = = 0.875
16 8
d) Var ( X ) = 1.4336 Var (9 − 2 X ) = 5.7344
0
3 2 x0
x 0  x 1
23 . a) F ( x) = 5
1 − (2 − x )3
2 1 x  2
5 x2
1
b) (i) 0.8 (ii) 0.05

c) m = 0.913

[CHAPTER 10: SPECIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION]
10.1 Binomial Distribution
1. If W ~ B(20,0.25), determine the following probability

i. by using binomial formula
ii. by using statistical table.
a) P(W  3) d) P (W  6)
b) P(W = 5) e) P(4  W  9)
c) P (W  4) f) P(7  W  10)
2. Six coins are tossed. Find the probability that there are:
a) Not more than four heads
b) At least two heads
3. If X ~ B(15, 0.75), find

a) P( X  6) d) P( X  7)
b) P( X = 8) e) P( X  5)
c) P( X  3)
4. Find the mean and variance of the binomial distribution B(6, 0.25)
5. It is claimed that 95% of first class mail with the same city is delivered
within two days of the time of mailing. Six letters are randomly sent to
different locations.
a) What is the probability that all six will arrive within two days
b) What is the probability that exactly five will arrive within two days
c) Find the mean number of the letters that will arrive within two days
d) Find the variance number and standard deviation of the letters that
will arrive within two days.
6. In a local racer club, it is known that the expected number of people

that can drift their car safely is 3 and the variance is 1.2. Find the
probability that at least four people can drift safely.

7. According to the Johor Education Department, 40% of students go to

school by bus. Students are chosen at random from a school in Johor.
Find the minimum number of students that must be chosen so that the
probability of at least one student going to school by bus is more than
0.9.
8. Every working day Mr. Driver pulls out his drive on to a main road in
such a way that there is a very small probability p that his car will be
involved in a collision.
a) Show that in a five-days week the probability that there will be no

collision is (1 − p )5 .
b) Using a binomial expansion, show that the probability that there
will be at least one collision in a five-days week is approximately
5 p.
10.2 Poisson Distribution
9. The random variable Y  Po (1.0) . Find the probability:

i. by using Poisson formula.
ii. by using statistical table
a) P(Y = 7) b) P(Y = 4) c) P(Y ≤ 5) d) P(Y  3)
10. Find the values of a,b,c and d given that X  Po(2.5) :

a) P(X ≤ a) = 0.8912 b) P(X  b) = 0.5438
c) P(X ≤ c) = 0.9997 d) P(X  d) = 0.0420
11. The number of letters arriving at a particular address each day can be
modeled by a Poisson Distribution with a mean of seven letters per
day, find the probability that tomorrow :
a) no letters will arrive

b) four letters will arrive
c) at least two letters will arrive
d) fewer than five letters will arrive

12. a) The number of swimming accidents per week at a particular

stretch of
coastline is a Poisson variable with parameter 3.
i. Find the probability that in any one week chosen at random
exactly two swimming accidents occur.
ii. Find the probability that in any four-week period there are
fewer than four swimming accidents.
b) In a particular document there are an average of eight typing errors

a page. Find the probability that :
i. on a certain page there are fewer than four typing errors.
ii. on a half page section there are six typing errors.
10.3 Normal Distribution
13. Find the following probabilities

a) If X ~ N ( 5 , 1 ) , find P ( X <6.5 )
b) If X ~ N ( 65 , 81 ) , find P ( 53 < X < 72 )
c) If X ~ N ( 25 , 25 ) , find P ( 19 < X < 24 )
d) If X ~ N ( 50 , 9 ) , find P( X − 50  3)
14. Using Z ~ N ( 0 , 1 ) , find k such that :

a) P ( z < k ) = 0.85
b) P ( z  k ) = 0.1
15. The mass, M grams, of a batch of commutative coins is such that

M~N( 50, 9). Each coin is weighed individually before packaging and will
be rejected if its mass is less than 47g. What percentage of coins would
you expect to be rejected ?
16. The scores , X , in a Mathematics Competition are such that X ~ N ( 80 , 20 ).

Find :
a) The probability that Ali, a student chosen at random, scores

between 75 and 90 on the test.

b) The probability that Erica, a student chosen at random, scores less

than 72.
c) The probability that Intan, a student chosen at random, scores more
than 85, given that she scored less than 90.
d) The score needed to obtain a high Distinction Certificate, if those
are awarded to the top 8 % of the students.
17. If X ~ N(100,  2 ) and P( X  106) = 0.8849 .Find the variance  2 .
18. The masses of packets of sugar are normally distributed. In a large

consignment of packets of sugar, it is found that 99.76% of them have a
mass greater than 286g and probability of each pack is less than 312g is
0.9918. Estimate the mean and the variance of this distribution.
10.4 Distribution Approximation
19. If X  B( 200,0.7), use the normal approximation to find

a) P(X ≥ 130)
b) P(136 ≤ X < 148)
c) P( X < 142)
d) P( X > 152)
e) P( 141 < X < 146).
20. 10% of the chocolates produced in a factory are misshapes. In a

sample of 1000 chocolates find the probability that the number of
misshapes is
a) less than 80
b) between 90 and 115 inclusive
c) 120 or more.
21. It is estimated that 1/5 of the population of Malaysia watched last

year’s World Cup Final on television. If random samples of 100 people
are interviewed, calculate the mean and variance of the number of
people from these samples who watched the World Cup Final on
television.

Use normal distribution tables to estimate, to 2 significant figures, the

approximate probability of finding, in a random sample of 100 people,
more than 30 people who watched the World Cup Final.
22. Show that the probability of a total of seven when two fair dice are
tossed is 1/6. A pair of fair dice tossed 100 times and the total
observed on each occasion. What is the probability of getting more
than 25 seven ? How many tosses would be required in order that the
probability of getting at least one seven is 0.9 or more ?
_________________________________________________________________
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
10.1 Binomial Distribution
1. a) 0.2252 b) 0.2023 c) 0.7748

d) 0.6172 e) 0.5713 f) 0.2003
2. a) 0.8906 b) 0.8906
3. a) 0.0042 b) 0.0393 c) 1
d) 0.0042 e) 0.9999
4.  = np = 1.5;  2 = npq = 1.125
5. a) 0.7351 b) 0.2321 c) 5.7 d)

0.285;0.534
6. 0.3370
7. 5
8. a) P( X = 0) = (1 − p)5 b) P( X  1)  5 p
10.2 Poisson Distribution
9. a) 0.000073 b) 0.0153 c) 0.9994 d)

0.0803

10. a) 4 b) 3 c) 9 d) 5
11. a) e −7 b) 0.0912 c) 0.9927 d)
0.1730
12. a) i. 0.2241 ii. 0.0023 b)i. 0.0424 ii. 0.1042
10.3 Normal Distribution
13. a) 0.9332 b) 0.6905 c) 0.3056 d)

0.6826
14. a) 1.44 b) 1.64
15. 15.87%
16. a) 0.856 b) 0.0367 c) 0.1203 d) 86
17. 25
18.  2 = 24.8 ;  = 300.05
10.4 Distribution Approximation
19. a) 0.9474 b) 0.6319 c) 0.5910 d)

0.0268 e) 0.2113
20. a) 0.0154 b) 0.8149 c) 0.0197
21.  = np = 20;  2 = npq = 16; 0.0043
22. 0.0089; n = 14

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SEMESTER II

JOHOR MATRICULATION COLLEGE

© Unit Matematik, Kolej Matrikulasi Johor ,

(QS025)Tarikh Cetakan Pertama: Mei 2015

Materials were prepared and compiled by our dedicated Mathematics

• En. Mohd Rosdi bin Rawi • Pn. Mahanom Abd Ghafor

• Pn. Halimatul Sadiaah Hashim • Pn. Syahida Samsudin

• Hj. Ramli Kassim • Pn. Nor Hafizah Abd. Mujib

• Hj. Mohd Yazid Esmail • Pn. Maizatol Husna Mohammad Helni

Editor : Ng Geok Yan

TYPES % DESCRIPTION Topic

CHAPTER 6 DATA DESCRIPTION 30

CHAPTER 7 PERMUTATIONS AND 41

CHAPTER 9 RANDOM VARIABLES 54

1.1 Integration of Functions (Indefinite Integrals)

2. Determine the following indefinite integrals.

3. Find the following indefinite integrals.

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 1

1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

1.3 Techniques of Integration

5. Evaluate the following integrals by using suitable substitutions.

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 2

7. Evaluate the integrals of a rational function by using the method of

1.4 Definite Integral

8. Compute the given definite integrals:

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 3

9) Solve the following definite integral :

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 4

b) the x − axis and the curve y = − x 2 + 2 x .

c) the y− axis, the lines y = 3 and y = 9 and the curve xy = −3 .

d) the y− axis, the lines y = 2 and y = 4 and the curve y = ln(− x ) .

14. For each of the following pairs of functions,

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 5

A jeweler has sketched the outline of an earning on a coordinate diagram

The diagram shows the graphs of y = x 2 and y = 2 − x 2 . Calculate

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 6

c) find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated through

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 7

1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

1.3 Techniques of Integration

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 8

1.4 Definite Integral

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 9

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 10

2.1 Separable Variables

1. Solve the given differential equations by separation of variables.

2.2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 11

The gradient of a curve at point (x, y ) is given by

14. During a chemical reaction, substance A is converted into substance B at a rate

15. A model for the concentration of glucose solution in the bloodstream, , is

given by the differential equation , where is the constant rate at

If C0 = 9 , what is the concentration of glucose at [4 marks]

2.1 Separable Variables

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 13

2.2 First Order Linear Differential Equations

4. a) y = (x + 1)(x − ln x + 1 + c ) b) r = sin + c cos

9. P = 20000e 0.0182t , P  28781

10. M = 5e −0.0051t , t  316 years

MATHEMATICS UNIT KMJ Page 14

3.1 Solutions of Non-Linear Equations.

1. Find the approximate solution of the equation ln x + x − 2 = 0 by using

2. Show that the equation x 2 + 2 x − 4 = 0 has a solution between x = 1 and x = 2