ECE 323 / ECE 522

DATA COMMUNICATIONS

LESSON 2
LAYERED NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE, OPEN SYSTEMS
INTERCONNECTION

Professor:
ENGR. VICTOR – SOLITO DR. ISAAC
OBJECTIVES:

After completing this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Define open systems interconnection.
2. Name and explain the functions of each of the layers of the
seven-layer OSI model.
 OPEN SYSTEMS
INTERCONNECTION
OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION (OSI)
A set of standards for communicating among computers. It
is endorsed by both the ISO and ITU-T, which have worked
together to establish a set of ISO standards and ITU-T
recommendations that are essentially identical.

© GOOGLE

PURPOSE
To serve as a structural guideline for exchanging
information between computers, workstations, and networks.
 ISO SEVEN-LAYER OPEN SYSTEMS
INTERCONNECTION MODEL
ISO model is used to understand how data is being
transferred from one computer to another computer. The ISO
seven-layer open systems interconnection model was
developed to facilitate the intercommunications of data
processing equipment by separating network responsibilities
into seven distinct layers.
LAYER 7 APPLICATION

LAYER 6 PRESENTATION

LAYER 5 TRANSPORT

LAYER 4 SESSION

LAYER 3 NETWORK

LAYER 2 © GOOGLE
DATA LINK

LAYER 1 PHYSICAL
 Levels 4 to 7 address the
applications aspects of the
network that allow for two host
computers to communicate
directly

Levels 1 to 3 are concerned

with the actual mechanics of
moving data at one machine to
another.
© GOOGLE
SUMMARY OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY EACH LAYER

➢ The lowest level of the OSI hierarchy and is

responsible for the actual propagation of
unstructured data bits (1s and 0s) through a
transmission medium, which includes the
following:
❑ How bits are represented
❑ Bit rate
❑ How bit synchronization is achieved
➢ It specifies the following:
❑ The type of transmission medium(metallic cable,
optical fiber cable, or radio wave propagation)
❑ The transmission mode (simplex, duplex, or full
duplex)
❑ The physical, electrical, functional, and procedural
standards for accessing data communications
network.
SUMMARY OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY EACH LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER FOR A PHYSICAL LAYER

CABLE CONNECTION CONNECTIVITY

© GOOGLE

Connectivity devices connect devices on cabled networks. A hub is a

transparent device that samples the incoming bit stream and simply
repeats it to other devices connected to the hub. But it does not examine
the data to determine what the destination is.
SUMMARY OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY EACH LAYER
CARRIER SYSTEM

❑ It is used to propagate the data signals between

points in the network.
❑ It is a communication system that carry data through
a system using either metallic or optical fiber cables
or wireless arrangements, such as microwave,
satellites, and cellular radio systems.
❑ The carrier can use analog or digital signals that are
somehow converted to a different form (encoded or
modulated) by the data and then propagated through
the system.
 SUMMARY OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY EACH LAYER

➢ It is responsible for providing error-free communications across the

physical link connecting primary and secondary stations(nodes) within a
network (sometimes referred to as hop-to-hop delivery).
➢It packages data from the physical
layer into groups called blocks,
frames, or packets and provides a
mean to activate, maintain and
deactivate the data communications
link between nodes.
➢It also provides the final framing of
information signal, provides
synchronization, facilities the orderly
flow of data between nodes, outlines
procedures for error detection and
correction, and provides the physical
addressing information.
© GOOGLE
SUMMARY OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY EACH LAYER

▪ It provides details that enable data to be routed between

devices in an environment using multiple networks,
subnetworks, or both.
▪ Networking components that
operate at the network layer:
Routers and their software
▪ It determines which network
configuration is most
appropriate for the function
provided by the network and
addresses and routes data
within networks by
establishing, maintaining, and
terminating connections
between them.

© GOOGLE
❖ It controls and ensures the end-to-end integrity of the data message
propagated through the network between two devices, which provides
for the reliable, transparent transfer of data between two endpoints.
❖ It is responsible for message routing, segmenting, error recovery, and
two types of basic services to an upper-layer protocol: connection-
oriented and connectionless.
❖ The highest layer in the OSI hierarchy in terms of communications and
may provide data tracking, connection flow control, sequencing of data,
error checking, and application addressing and identification.
❖ The transport layer controls the reliability of a given through flow control,
segmentation/ desegmentation, and error control. Some protocols are
state- and connection-oriented. This layer can keep track of the
segments and re-transmit those that fail delivery. It provides
acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the
next data if no errors occurred.

© GOOGLE © GOOGLE
SUMMARY OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY EACH LAYER

➢ It is responsible for network availability(i.e., data storage and

processor capacity).

➢ Session layer protocols

provide the logical connection
entities at the application layer.
➢ Session layer characteristics
include virtual connections
between applications entities,
synchronization of data flow for
recovery purposes, creation of
dialogue units and activity
units, connection parameter
negotiation, and partitioning
© GOOGLE
services into functional groups.
➢It provides independence to the application processes by
addressing any code or syntax conversion necessary to present the
data to the network in a common communications format.
➢It specifies how end-user applications should format the data.
➢It provides translation between local representations of data and the
representation of data that will be used for transfer between end
user.
➢It translates between different
data formats and protocols. It
performs code and character set
translation and formatting
information and determines the
display mechanism for
message.
➢Translation service:
❖ Encryption
❖ Data compression © GOOGLE
❖ Virtual terminals
 SUMMARY OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY
EACH LAYER

➢The highest layer in

the hierarchy and the
closest to the end user
which means both the
OSI application layer
and the user interact
directly with the
software application
like file transfer and e-
mail.

© GOOGLE
SUMMARY OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY EACH LAYER

➢ This layer is not the application itself, it is set of

services an application should be able to make use of
directly.
➢ It is analogous to the general manager of the network
by providing access to the OSI environment.
➢ It provides distributed information services and controls
the sequence of activities between the computer
application and the user of another application.
➢ It communicates directly with the user’s application
program.
SUMMARY OF THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY EACH LAYER

ISO SEVEN-LAYER OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION

MODEL
FUNCTION
Layer 7
User networking applications and interfacing to the network
Application
ISO LAYER AND NAME

Layer 6
Encoding language used in transmission
Presentation

Layer 5
Job management tracking
Session

Layer 4 Data tracking as it moves through a network

Transport

Layer 3 Network addressing and packet transmission on the network

Network

Layer 2 Frame formatting for transmitting data across a physical

Data link communications link.

Layer 1
Transmission method used to propagate bits through a network
Physical
© TOMASI
APPLICATION LAYER

PRESENTATION LAYER UPPER LAYER DATA

SESSION LAYER

TRANSPORT LAYER SEGMENT

NETWORK LAYER PACKETS

DATA LINK LAYER FRAMES

PHYSICAL LAYER BITS

 OSI SEVEN-LAYER INTERNATIONAL
PROTOCOL HIERARCHY
Overhead information is added to a PDU in the form of headers and trailers.

APPLICATIONS DATA EXCHANGE

© TOMASI
 DATA
COMMUNICATIONS
CIRCUIT

THE SECRET
OF
GETTING AHEAD
IS
GETTING STARTED
Data Communications Circuit

❖ It transfers digital information from one station to

another using electronic circuits.
❖ It provides a transmission path between locations.
❖ It utilizes electronic communications equipment and
facilitates to interconnect digital computer
equipment.
❖ It has five fundamental parts namely: (1) source, (2)
transmitter, (3) transmission medium, (4) receiver,
and (5) destination.
 © TOMASI

- like the source, it

could be a
- carries the encoded
mainframe
- generates data and signals from the
computer or any
could be a mainframe transmitter to the
other digital
computer or any other receiver.
equipment.
digital equipment.
- converts the encoded signals
- encodes source received back to their original form.
information and converts
it to a suitable form.
DATA TRANSMISSION
MODES
(FOROUZAN)
 Data Transmission Modes
(Forouzan)
➢ The primary concern when considering data transmission is the wiring
and the data stream.
➢ The transmission of binary data across a link can be accomplished in
either parallel or serial mode.
➢ Parallel mode – multiple bits are sent with each clock tick.
➢ Serial mode – one bit is sent with each clock tick.

© Forouzan
▪ PARALLEL TRANSMISSION – by grouping, multiple
data (n) bits at a time instead of one.
▪ SERIAL TRANSMISSION – one communication channel
to transmit data; occurs in three ways:

➢ Asynchronous – information is received and

translated by agreed upon patterns; an extra bit is
added to the beginning of each byte (0=START,
1=STOP); gap of varying duration occurs.
➢ Synchronous – bits are sent one after another w/o
start or stop bits; uneven gaps between frames.
➢ Isochronous – entire stream of bits is synchronized;
data arrived at a fixed rate.
 Serial and Parallel Data Transmission

Parallel by bit or serial by character Serial by bit

▪ Requires more data lines Used in long-distance data © TOMASI

▪ Used in short-distance data communications

communications

SPEED VS. SIMPLICITY

Student Activity
Please answer the student activity questions in PDF
FORMAT. Thanks.

1. Briefly discuss layer of the OSI model.