MATH 241

LINEAR ALGEBRA I ( 1 ‫)اﻟﺟﺑر اﻟﺧطﻲ‬

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS - KAU
SECOND EDITION 2021
SECOND EDITION - 2021

Textbook
SECOND EDITION - 2021
SECOND EDITION - 2021

Course Grades

30%
First Midterm Exam

Second Midterm Exam

30%

40%
Final Exam

No Blackboard assessments
SECOND EDITION - 2021

The Determinant of a Matrix Eigenvalues and

Eigenvectors
Evaluation of a Determinant
using Elementary Operations
Gauss Elimination and Properties of Determinants
Gauss-Jordan elimination
Application of Determinants
Systems of linear
equations

Chapter Chapter Chapter

Two Four Six

Chapter Chapter Chapter

Vectors in ℝ!
One Three Seven
Vector Spaces
Operations with Matrices
Introduction to Linear
Properties of a Matrix Operations Subspaces of Vector Transformations
Spaces
The Inverse of a Matrix Spanning Sets and Linear The Kernel and
Independence Range
of a Linear
Basis and Dimension Transformation

Matrices for Linear

Transformations
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Chapter One

Systems of Linear Equations

𝑎𝑥! = 𝑏!
Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations 𝑎𝑥" = 𝑏"

Gaussian Elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination

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Chapter 1: Systems of
Linear Equations

1.1 Introduction To Systems Of Linear Equations

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Linear Equations

v Definition
A linear equation in 𝒏-variables 𝑥!, 𝑥", … , 𝑥# has the form

𝑎!𝑥! + 𝑎"𝑥" + ⋯ . +𝑎# 𝑥# = 𝑏, ¨

where 𝑎!, 𝑎", … , 𝑎# and 𝑏 are constants real numbers.

𝑎!, 𝑎", … , 𝑎# are called the coefficients and 𝑏 is called the constant term.

𝑎! is called the leading coefficient and 𝑥! is called the leading variable.

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Linear Equations

Remarks

1. 𝑥!, 𝑥", … , 𝑥# in ¨ are called the variables.

2. Linear equations have no products or roots of variables and no variables involved in

trigonometric, exponential or logarithmic functions. Variables are of power 1.
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Linear Equations

Example
Linear Equations Non-linear equations

Ø xy + 37 = 2
Ø 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 17
Ø e"$ + y − 3z = 4
!
Ø " 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝜋𝑧 = log 2
Ø x" + y" = 4
Ø 12𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10
Ø sin x + y = 15
Ø sin 2 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −14
Ø log x + ln xy = 3
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Solutions of a Linear Equations

v Definition
A solution of a linear equation in 𝑛-variables is a sequence of 𝑛-real numbers 𝑠!, 𝑠", … . , 𝑠#
arranged so that the equation is satisfied when the values

𝑥! = 𝑠! , 𝑥" = 𝑠" , … , 𝑥# = 𝑠# ,

are substituted into the equation

𝑎!𝑥! + 𝑎"𝑥" + ⋯ . +𝑎# 𝑥# = 𝑏.

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A Solution Set

Example

𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = −2 is a solution for 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4. Some other solutions are

Solution set
% !
𝑥 = & and 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = − ".

v Definition:
A solution set is the set of all solutions of a linear equation.
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Parametric Representation of a Solution Set

Example Solve 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4.
We will solve it for one of the variables in terms of the others;
𝑥 = 4 − 2𝑦

Dependent variable Free variable

(not free)

In this case, the equation has infinite number of solutions. Let 𝑦 = 𝑡 where 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
(such a variable is called the parameter). Then, 𝑥 = 4 − 2𝑡 (𝑡 ∈ ℝ). If 𝑡 = 2, then
𝑥 = 0. Hence, (0,2) is a solution for 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4. The parametric representation of the
solution set is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑥 = 4 − 2𝑡 (𝑡 ∈ ℝ).
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Parametric Representation of a Solution Set

Example Consider the equation 2𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 5

2𝑥 + 10𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 5 Þ 2𝑥 = 3𝑧 − 10𝑦 + 5
& '
Þ 𝑥= "
𝑧 − 5𝑦 + ".

Here, 𝑦 and 𝑧 are free variables. Let 𝑦 = 𝑠, 𝑧 = 𝑡 where 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ; hence,

.

the parametric representation of the solution set is

& '
𝑦 = 𝑠, 𝑧 = 𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 5𝑠 + (𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ).
" "
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Systems of Linear Equations

A system of 𝑚-linear equations in 𝑛-variables is a set of 𝑚-linear

equations

𝑎!!𝑥! + 𝑎!"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎!# 𝑥# = 𝑏!

𝑎"!𝑥! + 𝑎""𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎"# 𝑥# = 𝑏"
𝑎&!𝑥! + 𝑎&"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎&# 𝑥# = 𝑏&

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

𝑎(!𝑥! + 𝑎("𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎(# 𝑥# = 𝑏(

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Systems of Linear Equations

A solution of a system of linear equations is a sequence of numbers 𝑠!, 𝑠", … , 𝑠# that

is a solution of each equation of the system.

Example
3𝑥! + 2𝑥" = 3
−𝑥! + 𝑥" = 4

is a system of 2-linear equations in 2-variables 𝑥! and 𝑥". Thus 𝑥! = −1, 𝑥" = 3 is

a solution of the system. However, 𝑥! = 1 and 𝑥" = 0 is not a solution.
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Number of Solutions of a System of Linear Equations

A system of linear equations in 𝑛-variables has either:

Only one solution An infinite number of No solution

solutions

(consistent system) (consistent system) (inconsistent system)

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Solving a System of Linear Equations

Example

A) Adding up the following two equations

𝑥+𝑦 =3
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1

results in 2𝑥 = 2 and that implies 𝑥 = 1; thus, 𝑦 = 2.

Hence, the system has exactly one solution and
the lines are intersecting. The solution set is 1, 2 .
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Solving a System of Linear Equations

B) The system
𝑥+𝑦 =3 The equations
are multiples
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 of each other

has clearly an infinite number of solutions.

Let 𝑦 = 𝑡 (𝑡 ∈ ℝ). Then 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑡. Thus, 𝑦 = 𝑡 is a
parametric solution, and hence the lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3,
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6 are coincident. The parametric
representation of the solution set is
𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑥 = 3 − 𝑡 (𝑡 ∈ ℝ).
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Solving a System of Linear Equations

Example

C) For the system

𝑥+𝑦 =3
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1,
there is no solution, and then the lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 are parallel.
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Homework 1.1
Page Number Exercise Number

11 1, 2, 11, 13

12 37, 47, 65

13 73, 75

Elementary Linear Algebra Sixth Edition By

Larson | Edwards | Falvo