Math 241 Section 2.2 (8-2-2021)

MATH 241
LINEAR ALGEBRA I ( 1 ‫)اﻟﺟﺑر اﻟﺧطﻲ‬

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS - KAU
SECOND EDITION 2021
SECOND EDITION - 2021
The Determinant of a Matrix Eigenvalues and

Eigenvectors
Evaluation of a Determinant
using Elementary Operations
Gauss Elimination and Properties of Determinants
Gauss-Jordan elimination
Application of Determinants
Systems of linear
equations
Chapter Chapter Chapter

Two Four Six
Chapter Chapter Chapter

Vectors in ℝ!
One Three Seven
Vector Spaces
Operations with Matrices
Introduction to Linear
Properties of a Matrix Operations Subspaces of Vector Transformations
Spaces
The Inverse of a Matrix Spanning Sets and Linear The Kernel and
Independence Range
of a Linear
Basis and Dimension Transformation
Matrices for Linear

Transformations
Chapter 2: Matrices
2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations

Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
v Theorem
Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 be 𝑚×𝑛 matrices, and 𝑐, 𝑑 are scalars. Then
1. 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 4. 1𝐴 = 𝐴
(Commutative property).
5. 𝑐 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝑐𝐴 + 𝑐𝐵
2. 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 (Distributive property).
(Associative property).
6. 𝑐 + 𝑑 𝐴 = 𝑐𝐴 + 𝑑𝐴
3. 𝑐𝑑 𝐴 = 𝑐(𝑑𝐴) (Distributive property).
Remark 𝑂!×# is the 𝑚×𝑛 matrix consist entirely of zeros.

v Theorem
If 𝐴 = 𝑎$% !×#
, and 𝑐 is a scalar, then
1- 𝐴 + 𝑂!×# = 𝐴
2- 𝐴 + −𝐴 = 𝑂!×# = −𝐴 + 𝐴
3- If 𝑐𝐴 = 𝑂!×# , then 𝑐 = 0 or 𝐴 = 𝑂!×# .

Solving a Matrix Equation
Example Solve for 𝑥 in the equation 3𝑥 + 𝐴 = 𝐵, where
1 −2 −3 4
𝐴= and 𝐵 = .
0 3 2 1
Solution:- We have 3𝑥 + 𝐴 = 𝐵 Þ 3𝑥 = 𝐵 − 𝐴 Þ
& & −4 6 − (⁄' 2

𝑥= 𝐵−𝐴 = = ) ) .
' ' 2 −2 '
−'
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
v Theorem
Let 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 be matrices with size such that the given products are defined
and 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Then
1- 𝐴 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 𝐶 3- 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶
2- 𝐴 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴𝐶 4- 𝑡 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑡𝐴 𝐵 = 𝐴(𝑡𝐵).
The Multiplicative Identity Matrix
Remark The (multiplicative) identity matrix is defined by
1 0 0 … 0
0 1 0 … 0
0 0 1 … 0
𝐼# =
…
…
…
…
…
0 0 0 … 1 #×#
Properties of The Identity Matrix
v Theorem
Let 𝐴 be a matrix of size 𝑚×𝑛. Then
Ø 𝐴 𝐼# = 𝐴
Ø 𝐼! 𝐴 = 𝐴
Ø If 𝐴#×# is a square matrix, then 𝐼# 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼# = 𝐴.

Repeated Multiplication of a Square Matrix
Remark Let 𝐴 be a square matrix of size 𝑛×𝑛. Define
𝐴* = 𝐴 = 𝐴 = … = 𝐴, where 𝑘 is a positive integer and
𝐴+ = 𝐼# .
*
Also, 𝐴, 𝐴* = 𝐴,-* and 𝐴, = 𝐴,*
where 𝑙 and 𝑘 are positive integers.

Repeated Multiplication of a Square Matrix
2 −1
Example Find 𝐴' for the matrix 𝐴 = .
3 0
2 −1 2 −1 2 −1 1 −2 2 −1 −4 −1
𝐴' = = = .
3 0 3 0 3 0 6 −3 3 0 3 6
Number of Solutions of Linear Equations
v Theorem
For a system of linear equations in 𝑛 variables, we have one of the
following:
1. The system has only one solution.
2. The system has an infinite number of solutions.
3. The system has no solution.
Proof: Let us rewrite the system as a matrix equation
𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 (∗)
Where 𝐴 = coefficients matrix
𝑋 = variables matrix
𝐵 = constants matrix.
Then if the system has no solution or only one solution, we have nothing to prove.
Assume that the system has at least two distinct solutions say:
𝑀 and 𝑁
Another
Column column
matrix matrix
This means both satisfies the above equation (∗)

(i.e.) 𝐴𝑀 = 𝐵 ( ∗∗ )
𝐴𝑁 = 𝐵
But by assumption 𝑀 ≠ 𝑁, thus 𝑀 − 𝑁 ≠ 0. Now since 𝐴𝑀 = 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑁 then
𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴𝑁 ⇔ 𝐴𝑀 − 𝐴𝑁 = 0 ⇔ 𝐴(𝑀 − 𝑁) = 0.
Let 𝑌 = 𝑀 − 𝑁 this implies that 𝑌 is a solution of a homogeneous equation 𝐴𝑋 = 0
Let 𝑍 = 𝑀 + 𝑘𝑌 ( ∗∗∗ ) where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.

𝐴𝑍 = 𝐴(𝑀 + 𝑘𝑌)
Then multiplying ( ∗∗∗ ) by 𝐴 results in
= 𝐴𝑀 + 𝑘(𝐴𝑌)
= 𝐴𝑀 + 𝑘(𝑂)
(i.e.) 𝑍 is another solution of 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵. =𝐵+𝑂 =𝐵
As 𝑘 is an arbitrary scalar, whenever we change it, we obtain a new solution.
Hence, the system has an infinite number of solutions.

The Transpose of a Matrix
v Definition
𝑎&& 𝑎&) … 𝑎&#
𝑎)& 𝑎)) … 𝑎)#
If 𝐴 = ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ , then the transpose of a matrix 𝐴 is a matrix of size
𝑎!& 𝑎!) 𝑎!# 𝑚×𝑛
𝑛×𝑚 obtained as follows:
𝑎&& 𝑎)& 𝑎'& … 𝑎!& flipping all

𝑎&) 𝑎)) 𝑎') … 𝑎!) rows to
𝐴. = ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ columns or
𝑎&# 𝑎)# 𝑎'# … 𝑎!# vice versa
#×!
The Transpose of a Matrix
1 −2 2 4
Example Let 𝐴 = 0 −2 3 −1
3 4 0 −11 '×(
1 0 3
−2 −2 4
Then 𝐴. =
2 3 0
4 −1 −11 (×'
Symmetric Matrices
v Definition
A square matrix 𝐴 is called symmetric if 𝐴. = 𝐴.
This means if 𝐴 = 𝑎$% is a symmetric matrix, then

𝑎$% = 𝑎%$ for all 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
5 2 3
Example The matrix 𝐴 = 2 1 0 is symmetric.
3 0 7
Properties of Transposes
v Theorem
Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be two matrices with size such that the given matrix operations are
defined and 𝑐 ∈ ℝ. Then
1- 𝐴. . =𝐴 2- 𝐴 + 𝐵 . = 𝐴. + 𝐵.
3- (𝑐𝐴). = 𝑐𝐴. 4- 𝐴𝐵 . = 𝐵. 𝐴. (reversing the order).

Properties 2 and 4 can be generalized!! For instance, the transpose of the sum
of three matrices is equal to the sum of the transpose of each one
(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶). = 𝐴. + 𝐵. + 𝐶 . .
Moreover, the transpose of the product of three matrices is
(𝐴𝐵𝐶). = 𝐶 . 𝐵. 𝐴. .
Example Show that (𝐴𝐵). and 𝐵. 𝐴. are equal.

2 1 −2 3 1
𝐴 = −1 0 3 and 𝐵 = 2 −1
0 −2 1 3 0
2 1 −2 3 1 2 1
𝐴𝐵 = −1 0 3 2 −1 = 6 −1
0 −2 1 3 0 −1 2
2 6 −1
(𝐴𝐵). =
1 −1 2
2 −1 0
3 2 3 2 6 −1
𝐵. 𝐴. = 1 0 −2 =
1 −1 0 1 −1 2
−2 3 1
(𝐴𝐵)! = 𝐵! 𝐴!
1 3
Example If 𝐴 = 0 −2 find the product 𝐴𝐴. .
−2 −1
1 3 10 −6 −5
1 0 −2
𝐴𝐴. = 0 −2 = −6 4 2
3 −2 −1
−2 −1 −5 2 5
Notice that 𝐴𝐴. = (𝐴𝐴. ). ; hence 𝐴𝐴. is symmetric.
It turns out that generally for any matrix 𝐴, the products 𝐴𝐴. & 𝐴. 𝐴 are symmetric.
Skew-Symmetric Matrices
v Definition
A square matrix 𝐴 is called skew-symmetric if 𝐴. = −𝐴.
0 1 2
Example If 𝐴 = 𝑎 0 3 is a skew-symmetric, find 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐?
𝑏 𝑐 0
0 1 2 0 −𝑎 −𝑏
If 𝐴 = 𝑎 0 3 −𝐴. = −1 0 −𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 0 −2 −3 0
𝐴 = −𝐴. ⟹ 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = −3.

Homework 2.2
Page Number Exercise Number
26 1, 2, 9, 11, 17, 31, 36
27 49, 51
28 59, 60
Elementary Linear Algebra Sixth Edition By

Larson | Edwards | Falvo

Math 241 Section 2.2 (8-2-2021)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Math 241 Section 2.2 (8-2-2021)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MATH 241

LINEAR ALGEBRA I ( 1 ‫)اﻟﺟﺑر اﻟﺧطﻲ‬

The Determinant of a Matrix Eigenvalues and

Chapter Chapter Chapter

Chapter Chapter Chapter

Matrices for Linear

2.2 Properties of Matrix Operations

Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Remark 𝑂!×# is the 𝑚×𝑛 matrix consist entirely of zeros.

Properties of Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

3- If 𝑐𝐴 = 𝑂!×# , then 𝑐 = 0 or 𝐴 = 𝑂!×# .

Solving a Matrix Equation

Example Solve for 𝑥 in the equation 3𝑥 + 𝐴 = 𝐵, where

& & −4 6 − (⁄' 2

Properties of Matrix Multiplication

The Multiplicative Identity Matrix

Remark The (multiplicative) identity matrix is defined by

Properties of The Identity Matrix

Ø If 𝐴#×# is a square matrix, then 𝐼# 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐼# = 𝐴.

Repeated Multiplication of a Square Matrix

Remark Let 𝐴 be a square matrix of size 𝑛×𝑛. Define

𝐴* = 𝐴 = 𝐴 = … = 𝐴, where 𝑘 is a positive integer and

where 𝑙 and 𝑘 are positive integers.

Repeated Multiplication of a Square Matrix

Number of Solutions of Linear Equations

This means both satisfies the above equation (∗)

Let 𝑍 = 𝑀 + 𝑘𝑌 ( ∗∗∗ ) where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.

As 𝑘 is an arbitrary scalar, whenever we change it, we obtain a new solution.

Hence, the system has an infinite number of solutions.

The Transpose of a Matrix

𝑛×𝑚 obtained as follows:

𝑎&& 𝑎)& 𝑎'& … 𝑎!& flipping all

The Transpose of a Matrix

This means if 𝐴 = 𝑎$% is a symmetric matrix, then

3- (𝑐𝐴). = 𝑐𝐴. 4- 𝐴𝐵 . = 𝐵. 𝐴. (reversing the order).

Moreover, the transpose of the product of three matrices is

Example Show that (𝐴𝐵). and 𝐵. 𝐴. are equal.

Notice that 𝐴𝐴. = (𝐴𝐴. ). ; hence 𝐴𝐴. is symmetric.

𝐴 = −𝐴. ⟹ 𝑎 = −1, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = −3.

Elementary Linear Algebra Sixth Edition By

You might also like