Laboratory Report Submission Form

TO: Marmy Roshaidah Mohd Salleh Code: CLB 10904 (Chemical Process Principles)
From: (Student Name/Section) ID Number
1) MUHAMMAD MIRZA IRFAN BIN MUZAMIL 1) 55223121145
2) MUHAMAD DANIAL BIN MOHD KHAIRUDIN 2) 55223121066
3) NORSHAHIERA BINTI MOHAMED HANAFI 3) 55223121134
4) ROSMANI RUWAIDA BINTI MOHD YUSOFF 4) 55227121110
5) 5)
6) 6)
Title of experiment: Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Date of experiment:

Received by: Date Due:

Note: If late with good reason or medical note must be submitted to the lecturer, otherwise the mark will be reduced by 5% of
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1.0 OBJECTIVES State the objectives of the experiment or report (in point form). 0 2 3 4 5
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2.0 SUMMARY (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 5 8 10

Brief review on the objectives of the experiment, main experimental results and
discussions deemed significant and conclusions obtained from the work.

3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY (1-2 PAGES ONLY) (TOTAL 2 4 5 8 10

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2. Summary of theories including formulations related to the experimental work.

4.0 DATA AND RESULTS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%) 2 4 6 8 10

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5.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 40%) 8 16 24 32 40
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figure
2. Discuss on the findings and relations to the theory and objective of experiment
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 2 4 6 8 10
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1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or results with the theory
applicable to the experimental
2. Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement procedure, or
experimental procedures for future
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7.0 TUTORIALS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 10%)
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6.0 REFERENCES (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%)

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Table of Contents

1.0 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................. 2

2.0 Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 2
3.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 2
4.0 Result and Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 4
5.0 Conclusion and recommendation ............................................................................................................ 6
6.0 Tutorial ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
7.0 References.................................................................................................................................................. 8
8.0 Appendices ................................................................................................................................................ 9

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1.0 Objectives

• To evaluate and study the performance of the shell and tube heat exchanger at various operating
conditions.
• To perform mass and energy balance in Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

2.0 Summary

The goal of this experiment is to analyses and examine the performance of a shell and tube heat
exchanger under various operating situations, as well as to perform mass and energy balances in a Shell
and Tube Heat Exchanger. TT1 (hot water intake), TT2 (hot water out), TT3 (cold water inlet), and TT4
(cold water out) were measured in this experiment using a counterflow Heat Exchanger. This experiment
was carried out with two distinct flow rates, which were changed according to the fixed flow rate of 6
USGPM for cold water and 10 USGPM for hot water for set A. Set B, with a flow rate of 10 USGPM
for both cold and hot water. From the result can be concluded, the pressure drop is depends on the flow
rate but the temperature where the higher flow rate, the higher inlet pressure for both cold and hot water.
When the flow rate of the hot water increase, the temperature drop at the outlet of hot water is lower.

3.0 Introduction

A heat exchanger is a piece of industrial equipment that allows heat to be transferred between two
fluids that are at different temperatures when they enter and depart. The equipment's principal design
goal might be to remove heat from a hot fluid or to provide heat to a cold fluid. The designation of shell
and tube heat exchangers was clarified by R. (2007), who stated that heat exchangers having only one
phase (liquid or gas) on each side are referred to as one phase or single-phase heat exchangers. The phase
change commonly occurs on the shell side of two-phase heat exchangers, which can be used to heat a
liquid to boil it into a gas (vapour) or cool a vapour to condense it into a liquid (condensers). The
concentric tube heat exchanger is one of the most prevalent conductive-convective heat exchanger
designs. These heat exchangers are made up of coaxial tubes that are stacked one on top of the other.
Crossflow, parallel-flow, and counter-current heat exchangers are available. The flow in which the cold
and hot fluid flow axes are at an angle to one other is known as cross flow. As a result, the fluids will
cross in this configuration. One of the most critical and sometimes the most unpredictable aspects of heat
exchanger study is determining the total heat transfer coefficient. This coefficient accounts for both
convective and conductive resistances, as well as thermal resistances caused by fouling, for fluids
separated by a wall or tube. It's worth noting that the tubes of a shell tube heat exchanger are connected

2
to a huge flow region called a header at both ends of the shell, where fluid collects before entering and
after exiting the tubes. The fluids enter the heat exchanger from opposing sides in a counter-flow heat
exchanger. Because it transmits the most heat, this is the most energy-efficient design. In a heat
exchanger unit, there are two types of flow: counter-current flow and ro-current flow. To create a
counter-current flow, open valves V1, V12, V15, V18, and V28, and close valves V16, V17, V27, V29,
and V30. The valves V1, V12, V16, V17, and V28 are set to open for co-current flow, whereas valves
V15, V18, V27, V29, and V30 are set to close. There is a main power switch as well as a heater switch
on the control panel. A digital temperature and pressure reader is also included, as seen below:

A. Flow measurement
• FT1: Hot water flow rate (LPM)
• FT2: Cold water flow rate (LPM)
B. Temperature Measurement
• TT1: Hot water inlet temperature (°C)
• TT2: Hot water inlet temperature (°C)
• TT2: Hot water inlet temperature (°C)
• TT2: Hot water inlet temperature (°C)
Table 1: Control panel symbol

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4.0 Result and Discussion

Set 1 Set 2
CW HW CW HW
Nominal 1.363 2.27 2.27 2.27
flow: m3/hr 6 10 10 10

: USGPM
Actual FC: 1.36 FH: 2.27 FC: 2.27 FH: 2.27
flow: :6 :10 :10 :10
m3/hr:
USGPM:
Temp, T1: 31.4 T1:60.8 T1: 32.1 T1: 65.0
°C/°F inlet
Temp,
°C/°F T2: 48.6 T2: 41.0 T2: 41.5 T2: 50.1
outlet
Pressure, PG-C:9 PG-H: 8 PG-C:10.5 PG-H: 4
psig, inlet
DP(Shell):1338 DP(Tube): 604 DP(Shell): 912 DP(Tube): 1393
Pressure
Drop, mm
H2O
Q, head load QC: 404582.12 QH: 689133.5 QC: 689133.5 QH:1395441.6
(BTU/HR)

Compute 0.59 0.49

ratio
QC/QH

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 The goal of this experiment is to assess the performance of a shell and tube heat exchanger under a
variety of operating conditions, as well as to perform mass and energy balances in a shell and tube heat
exchanger. In experiments, Khalil et al. (2017) mentioned the performance of heat exchangers with
varied helical baffles shape and water as the working fluid. Five helical baffles and a segmental baffle
were compared in terms of shell side pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. It's most commonly
utilised in processes that require vast volumes of fluid to be heated or cooled. The huge surface area of
a shell and tube heat exchanger allows for excellent heat transfer efficiency.

This experiment was carried out with the use of a shell and tube heat exchanger, which began by
heating the water to 70°C. Once the water had achieved the desired temperature, all of the pumps were
turned on, and the hot and cold water flow rates were adjusted according to the table. The data were
recorded when the pressure dropped, and the same was true for the temperature, where the data of the
entry and output of hot and cold water were recorded. This experiment was carried out with four
different flow rates (set A). The flow rate for cold water is 6 USGPM, whereas the flow rate for hot
water is 10 USGPM. Set B follows, with a flow rate of 10 USGPM for both cold and hot water.
As a consequence of the results obtained, the temperature differences for cold water are 31.4°C for set
A and 32.1°C for set B. In the meanwhile, the temperature difference between each set for hot water is
60.8 for set A. The next temperature for set B is 65 degrees Celsius. Because different flow rates were
employed in this experiment, the outcome was that the input pressure for cold and hot water increased
as the flow rate increased. In contrast to the flow rate, which has no influence on the hot water exit
temperature. The temperature decrease in the hot water exit increases as the cold water flow rate
increases.

Furthermore, for each set, the QC/QH ratio was determined. The raising of heat flow rate as the hot
water flow rate increases is the link between Qc and QH. For each set, the QC/QH value is 0.59 for set
A and 0.49 for set B. No set was chosen based on the data obtained. The QC/QC ratio was chosen
because it is the closest to 1, and the efficiency cannot be more than 1, and can only be equal to 1 if
Qc = 0.

Finally, there are a few errors that occur during the experiment, such as readings for pressure
decrease that are not steady owing to the air bubble not being released completely. Next, the flow rate
was a little too high and impossible to regulate on the controller, as mentioned.

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 5.0 Conclusion and recommendation

The performance of shell and tube heat exchange as executing the mass and energy balance was
determined as a result for this experiment. Because of the findings, it can be inferred that the pressure
reduction is caused by cold water rather than temperature. Meanwhile, the flow rate affects the shell and
tube heat transfer coefficient. To minimize corrosion, the system should entirely drain the water on the tube
and steam where it can condense on the shell side.

6.0 Tutorial

1.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using heat exchanger in Oil and gas processes. Describe
an example of industrial applications that utilized heat exchanger in its process

Advantages:
Size - Due to the existence of several tubes, STHEs can provide a higher surface area for heat
transmission while having a shorter overall length.
STHEs have a greater heat duty because they can withstand higher temperatures and pressures. This is
because, in addition to giving a greater overall heat transfer coefficient, improvements may be made to
eliminate thermal expansion effects and the thickness can be changed (more in the next point)
Versatility - STHEs are the most adaptable of all heat exchangers in terms of design flexibility.
Because of the tubular design, any head or closure with the desired shape and thickness may be utilized.
Depending on the working circumstances, the number of tubes and tube pitch may be adjusted.
Expansion bellows may be used to reduce thermal expansion, baffles can be utilized to impact total heat
transfer coefficients, and there's even a floating head that can be used to reduce tube thermal expansion.
The number of passes on both the shell and tube sides can be changed.

Disadvantages:
Size - yes. This can also be a drawback because there are more compact heat exchangers, such as plate
type exchangers, for lesser heat duty. STHEs also take up more space than double pipe heat exchangers
in some circumstances due to the lack of hairpin bends.
Maintenance - Tube cleaning is tough, and fouling is always a challenge when considering the total
heat transfer coefficient. This necessitates the cleaning of both the shell and the tubes on a regular basis.
If the pitch is triangular, cleaning tubes may be more challenging.

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Application Heat Exchanger in Industry
Heat exchangers may be used in the food sector to cool down a variety of different goods. Many goods,
such as hazelnut paste and other forms of food pastes, must be refrigerated or heated before they can be
processed further. Heat exchangers can be employed in this procedure. Scraped Surface Heat
Exchangers, or SSHEs, are the type of heat exchanger employed. SSHE is intended to process a wide
range of high viscosity materials as well as heat exchange a wide range of heat sensitive goods such as
fruit pulps. The continual scraping motion on the surface guarantees that the contents are heated evenly
and that fouling is avoided. It's also popular for materials that harden at the wall. The amount of heat
transfer can be adjusted by changing different properties of the Heat Exchanger, according to study.
ASSHE is very effective in heating and cooling food pastes, and the amount of heat transfer can be
manipulated by changing various parameters of the Heat Exchanger. According to studies, the A-SSHE
has nearly double the heat transfer coefficient of an identical C-SSHE.

2. Write a one-paragraph summary of any journal article that studies on shell and tube heat exchanger
process. The article must have been published within the last 5 years. Explain on the equipment used in
the study and its significance to the study done

This research investigates the melting of a phase change material (PCM) in a multi-tube heat exchanger
(MTHX). The inner tube/tubes and the outer tube/tubes are filled with water as the heat transfer fluid
(HTF), while the middle tube/tubes are filled with RT35 as the PCM. The goal of this research is to see
how the number of inner tubes affects the charging process as a geometrical parameter. The effects of
changing operating factors such as the HTF mass flow rate and intake temperature are also investigated.
A comparison of double pipe and basic MTHX is performed to better understand the consequences of
the suggested configurations. The results reveal that when the input temperature rises, the melting
process accelerates and the total melting time decreases, however a corresponding increase in mass flow
rate does not lower the melting time as much. The melt zone expands, and its included vortices intensify
as the number of inner tubes in the shell side of the MTHX increases from one to four, resulting in
increased convective heat transfer and hence a faster melting rate. The melting time is reduced by 29%
because of the increased number of tubes.

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7.0 References
1. Khalil, E.E. & Adel, Ahmed & AbdelMaksoud, Waleed & ElHarriri, Gamal & El-Said,
Emad. (2017). Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance. 10.2514/6.2017-5026

2. Serth, R. (2007). Design Of Shell-And-Tube Heat Exchangers. Process Heat

Transfer, 187– 243. doi: 10.1016/b978-012373588-1/50008-5

3. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers. (2019). Kerns Process Heat Transfer, 289–380.

doi: 10.1002/9781119364825.ch

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8.0 Appendices

Set A & set B

COLD WATER (Qc) HOT WATER (QH)

m3 m3
0.227125 0.227125
hr 1.363 m3 hr 2.271 m3
6 USGPM × = 10 USGPM × =
1 USGPM hr 1 USGPM hr

m3 1 kg 3245.2381 kg m3 1 kg 5407.143 kg
ḿ=1.363 × = ḿ=2.271 × =
hr 0.00042 m3 hr hr 0.00042 m3 hr

J J
C =4185.5 C =4185.5
P P
kg℃ kg℃

∆T =31.4 ℃ ∆T =32.1 ℃

Q C =( ḿ)cold (CP ) cold (∆T )cold Q C =( ḿ)cold (CP ) cold (∆T )cold

3245.2381 kg 4185.5 J 5407.143 kg 4185.5 J

¿ × ℃×31.4 ℃ ¿ × ℃× 32.1 ℃
hr kg hr kg

J 9.486 X 10−4 BTU J 9.486 X 10−4 BTU

¿426504443.7 × ¿726464264.6 ×
Hr 1J Hr 1J

BTU BTU
¿404582.12 ¿689133.5
Hr Hr

Qc
Compute ratio=
Q H
404582.12
689133.5 ¿ ¿0.59

9
 COLD WATER (Qc) HOT WATER (QH)
m3 m3
0.227125 0.227125
hr 2.271 m3 hr 2.271 m3
10 USGPM × = 10 USGPM × =
1 USGPM hr 1 USGPM hr

m3 1 kg 5407.143 kg m3 1 kg 5407.143 kg
ḿ=2.271 × = ḿ=2.271 × =
hr 0.00042 m3 hr hr 0.00042 m3 hr

J J
C =4185.5 C =4185.5
P P
kg℃ kg℃

∆T =32.1℃ ∆T =65.0 ℃

Q C =( ḿ)cold (CP ) cold (∆T )cold Q C =( ḿ)cold (CP ) cold (∆T )cold

5407.143 kg 4185.5 J 5407.143 kg 4185.5 J

¿ × ℃× 32.1℃ ¿ × ℃× 65.0℃
hr kg hr kg

J 9.486 X 10−4 BTU J 9.486 X 10−4 BTU

¿726474264.6 × ¿1471053807 ×
Hr 1J Hr 1J

BTU BTU
¿689133.5 ¿1395441.6
Hr Hr

Qc
Compute ratio=
Q H
689133.5
= 0.49
1395441.6

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