TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-Transportation engineering is a branch of civil engineering that

involves the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of transportation systems to help build
smart, safe, and livable communities.

Road Pricing scheme- means that motorists pay directly for driving on a particular roadway or in a
particular area.

Highways engineers -are responsible for ensuring that the thousands of miles of road across Britain are
in good condition. There are three main branches of highway engineering: planning, research, and
construction. Most highway engineers specialise in one of these areas.

A rail road engineer- is responsible for providing insight and technical engineering expertise on railway
projects and systems such as traction power, train and traffic signal controls, fare collection, rail vehicles
and more.

port engineer- works on the technical aspects of operations and infrastructure at a port. You oversee
ship maintenance and repair, and your duties include ensuring that engineering work meets safety
standards and marine regulations.

Harbour

•Place of refuge or rest

•Offer protection, shelter to vessels and are anchored

Harbours of Refuge

All naval crafts small or big require refuge in an emergency

Modern big ships will require a lot of elbow room for turning and manoeuvring

Should provide commodious accommodation

Commercial Harbours

Not situated on coasts of big rivers or even on island river coast

Do not have any emergency demand

Fishery Harbours

Constantly open for departure and arrival of fishing ships.

Loading and unloading facilities & quick despatch facilities for the perishable fish catch.

Refrigerated stores with ample storing space for preserving the catch.
Airport Engineer- plans, designs and lays out airports and landing fields. Oversees the construction work
involved in leveling fields, laying out and surfacing runways

Geotechnical Engineering

Foundation engineering is a branch of geotechnical engineering which applies soil mechanics, structural
engineering, and project serviceability requirements for design and construction of foundations for
onshore, offshore, and in-land structures.

A tunnel is an underground structure which is constructed through the surrounding mass of soil or rock.
Typically, a tunnel’s length is much greater than its width.

Tunnels are designed to withstand earth forces applied from all sides. They are mostly used in mining
(ore extraction), public utilities (water, sewage and fuel transportation) and transportation (roadways
and railways).

Retaining wall is a structure that are designed and constructed to withstand lateral pressure of soil or
hold back soil materials.

Excavation support systems are used to minimize the excavation area, to keep the sides of deep
excavations stable, and to ensure that movements will not cause damage to neighboring structures or to
utilities in the surrounding ground.