Well Evacuation

STANDARD DRILLING PROCEDURES MANUAL CHAPTER 7 PAGE 1
WELL EVALUATION REVISION 2 08-05-03
CHAPTER INDEX
BULLETIN ITEM PAGE
7.1 INTRODUCTION 4
7.2 MUD SAMPLING 5
7.3 MUD LOGGING 5

7.3.1 Penetration Rate Logs 6
7.3.2 Responsibilities 6
7.3.3 Hydrocarbon Detection 7
7.3.4 Formation Sampling and Analysis 8
7.3.5 Cores (SWS) 8
7.3.6 Drilling and Mud Parameter Recording 8
7.3.7 Presentation 9
7.3.8 Reporting 9
7.3.9 Ditch Samples 9
7.3.10 Cuttings Description 9
7.3.11 Wellsite Lab Equipment Requirements for Cutting Sample 10
Collection and Examination
7.4 OPEN HOLE LOGGING 10

7.4.1 Open Hole Logging Programme 11
7.4.2 Responsibilities 11
7.4.3 Logging Operations 12
7.4.4 Log Quality Control 13
7.5 LOGGING TOOLS 14

7.5.1 Induction Spherically Focused (ISF) 14
7.5.2 Dual Laterology 15
7.5.3 Micro - SFL 15
7.5.4 SP 16
7.5.5 Gamma Ray 16
7.5.6 Density (Compensated) FDC or LDL and their Equivalents 17
7.5.7 Litho Density Tool (LDT) 18
7.5.8 Neuron (Compensated) - CNL 19
7.5.9 Acoustic (Borehole Compensation) 19
7.5.10 Well Seismic Tool 20
7.5.11 Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) 21
7.5.12 Dipmeter 22
7.5.13 Caliper log 23
7.5.14 Gamma Spectrometry Tool (GST) and Equivalent 23
7.5.15 Cement Bond Log (CBL) and Variable Density Log (VDL) 23
7.5.16 Cement Evaluation Tool Pulsed Echo Tool (PET) and 24
Segmented Bond Tool (SBT)
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7.6 SIDEWALL SAMPLING 29

7.6.1 Pore Fluid Interpretation 30
7.6.2 Special Sampling Procedure 30
7.6.3 Sidewall Sample Fluid Analysis 30
7.6.4 Sidewall Sample Reporting 31
7.6.5 Acetone Water Test Acetone Reactions 32
7.7 LOG HEADING AND PRINT REQUIREMENTS 33
7.8 LOGGING TIME ALLOCATION SHEET 34
7.9 WIRELINE STICKING 36

7.9.1 Procedure when Stuck 37
7.9.2 Schlumberger Cables and Weak Points 38
7.9.3 Fishing for Stuck Tool in Open Hole 39
7.9.4 Fishing for Stuck Tools in Cased Hole 41
7.9.5 General Remarks and Rules 42
7.10 WIRELINE FORMATION TESTING 43

7.10.1 Programme 43
7.10.2 Fluid Sampling 43
7.10.3 Pressure Sampling with Pre-test Chamber 44
7.10.4 Handling and Transportation of Samples 44
7.10.5 Types of Sample 44
7.10.6 Validation Check 45
7.10.7 Data Reporting 46
7.11 CORING 47
7.11.1 Equipment 47
7.11.2 Drilling Mud 47
7.11.3 Coring Point 48
7.11.4 Cutting the Core 48
7.11.5 Core Recovery 48
7.11.6 Core Preservation 50
7.11.7 Labelling 51
7.11.8 Pre-requisites 52
7.11.9 Core Transportation 53
7.11.10 Report of Coring Operation 53
7.12 SAFETY WHILE LOGGING 53

7.12.1 Safety Precautions for Radioactive Sources 53
7.12.2 Position of radioactive source in the string 54
7.12.3 Procedure for transporting Radioactive Logging Sources 55
7.12.4 Rig Radioactive Storage Facility 56
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7.12.5 Control of Radioactive Sources 57

7.12.6 Contingency Procedures 57
7.12.7 Accidents involving possible damage to a source, source 58
shield for transport container
7.12.8 Missing or Stolen Sources 60
7.12.9 Source lost in Transit 61
7.12.10 Emergency Situations 61
7.13 EXPLOSIVES SAFETY REGULATIONS 61

7.13.1 Explosives - Handling, Shipping and Storage 62
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7.1 INTRODUCTION
The main objective of all exploration and appraisal wells is to obtain "information".
Even in development wells, where the major objective is to complete the well for
production or injection etc, the gathering of "information" is a very important
secondary objective.
Much of the evaluation of a drilling well occurs in the lower sections of open hole. This
takes place when the hole has been standing open for a significant length of time, and
when the concern is naturally to complete the evaluation phase as quickly as possible in
order to decide on the next line of action for the well. Because of this implied urgency,
it is important that the evaluation procedures and methods are properly planned, co-
ordinated and carried out.
It is equally important that the "information", once gathered, is recorded and

transmitted accurately and securely, and with the degree of urgency requested by the
end-user of the information.
Individual well-evaluation requirements will be given in the drilling programme. The

procedures contained in this chapter are designed to describe the standard practices,
quality-control measures and data-reporting systems that apply for formation evaluation
in all wells. Exceptions to and deviations from the Standard Procedures will be
specified in individual drilling programmes, or amendments to the programmes.
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7.2 MUD SAMPLING
a) Geological Mud Samples:
A sample of mud (approx. 600 mls) is to be sent to geological Laboratory from every
drilling well at the following times:
1. Before spudding (spud mud.)

2. Before setting each casing string.
3. At the total depth (TD) of the well.
These mud samples are used for flora/fauna contamination studies. Each sample must
be clearly labelled showing:
1. Destination
2. Well name and number
3. Place of sampling
4. Mud type
5. Reason for sampling.
b) Logging Mud Samples:
At each logging depth in all drilling wells, a sample of mud (approx. 600 mls) is to be
sent to the Production Chemist Laboratory. Each sample must be clearly labelled
showing:
1. Destination
2. Type of sample (in this case of logging mud sample)
3. Name of Logging Company
4. Well name and number
5. Date of sampling
6. Place of sampling
7. Resistivities of mud filtrate and mud cake measured by logging company and
temperature at which measured.
8. Mud type
7.3 MUD LOGGING
Mud logging entails the continuous monitoring of the drilling, cuttings and mud data,
without interfering with the drilling or other rig activities. Mud logs are usually the first
logs available and in some cases the only log.
Two types, (basic and full) of mud logging services can be provided by the Mud
Logging Contractors. The Full Mud Logging is essentially the Basic mud logging with a
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skilled Mud Logging Engineer (ADT Engineer for Bariod and TC Engineer for Anadrill)
in attendance assisted by a computer with necessary engineering programmes for the
calculation of drilling fluid hydraulics, kick control, pore pressure, etc.
7.3.1 PENETRATION RATE LOGS
The penetration rate log provides the earliest information of the lithology of the drilled
section. When one plots the time taken to drill 10 feet against depth, a log is made that
will correlate closely with the SP, resistivity, conductivity and the GR. The log is
valuable for choosing coring depths, casing depths, final depths, etc. and often to detect
the presence of over-pressure/under-compacted formations.
The data for a penetration rate log is obtained from a Geolograph, which must be
available and maintained in working order on all rigs at all times.
The standing instructions are:
1. Keep a plot of 'time taken to drill 10 feet versus depth'. The depth from which a
penetration rate log should be kept shall be specified in every programme. A final plot
of the penetration rates is to be sent to DWE-OPS (DE/SDE in charge) for inclusion in
the well files.
2. Send at frequent intervals by E-mail to the office a tabulation of time taken to drill 10
feet illustrated below:
Interval Minutes per successive 10 feet interval
9000 - 9100 15 8 9 12 18 19 20 17 6
7
9100 - 9200 9 10 12 8 7 9 11 15 18
21
9200 - 9243 11 13 9 7 9 (2)
3. Include the depths of bit change, weight on bit, and type of bit on the penetration log.
7.3.2 RESPONSIBILITIES
The Production Geologist is the focal point for the services provided by Mud Logging
Contractors. He decides where (usually exploration and appraisal wells) and when
(usually below surface casing setting depth) mud logging services are required. He also
analyses mud log data (may be done jointly with the Exploration Geologist, checks on
quality of logs, and finalises services orders and invoices.
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Transportation of Mud logging equipment and Engineers is the responsibility of the Well
Engineer (WE) incharge, who liases on all aspects of communication between the
Production Geologist and the Drilling Supervisor (DSV) incharge of the rig.
The DSV should:
1. Carry out primary analyses of mud log data especially those related to over-pressure
detection.
2. Carry out spot checks on Mud Logger's sampling practices.
3. Despatch activity reports and mud logs in accordance with laid down instructions.
7.3.3 HYDROCARBON DETECTION
Gas Trap:
This continuously extracts the gas from the mud and its efficiency depends very much
on proper installation. When operational, the bottom is immersed two inches deep in
the mud and as near the flowline exit as possible. The ideal rate of discharge is three
gallons per minute.
Hydrocarbon Detection:
Hydrocarbon detection in mud logging depends heavily on analyses of occluded

hydrocarbon gas and liquids in mud samples, drill cuttings and sidewall cores.
Four main methods exits for continuous total gas analysis:
1. Catalytic Filament Detectors (CFD)
2. Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)
3. Filament lonisation Detector (FID)
4. High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC).
Of the four, the HPLC gives the most quantitative interpretation. Intermittent
quantitative gas and liquid analyses are done by the Chromatograph.
In general, the mud logger's duties in hydrocarbon detection involves the following:
1. Drying and separation of gas from the flowline mud returns.
2. Detection/recording of total gas levels in the flowline mud.

3. Quantitative chromatographic recording of the carbon number (up to C30) and
determination of the API from rock and fluid analysis.
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7.3.4 FORMATION SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
This involves the collection, washing, drying and bagging of formation samples.
Frequent determination of lag-time is essential for accurate depth matching of the
samples and should be indicated on the mud log whenever it is done.
Ditch cuttings are to be described and presented with standard SPDC legend.
Fluoroscopic and finger print analyses determination of hydrocarbon should also be
included.
Samples are to be collected as follows:
- Every 120 ft down to surface casing depth.

- Every 30 ft in 12-1/4" hole (for exploration wells)
Note: The rate of ditch cuttings collection may be changed by PXX-DEV or

BXX.
Four samples shall be collected, two of which shall be washed and dried. The dried
samples and one unwashed shall be despatched in appropriate sample boxes clearly
labelled and addressed to the Geological laboratory.
7.3.5 CORES (SWS)
The mud logging contractors shall carry out lithological studies and description of
sidewall samples. The DSV may be required to do so on a development well in the
absence of mud Logging Contractor.
7.3.6 DRILLING AND MUD PARAMETER RECORDING
Prediction of potential hazards in a well involves the continuous monitoring and

computing of the drilling and mud parameters.
These include:
1. Recording/Totalling pit volumes

2. Measuring/displaying of mud pump strokes
3. Recording/Displaying standpipe pressure
4. Recording/Displaying of the return and mudflow rates in the flowline
5. Recording/Displaying of the In/OUT mud weight
6. Calculating/Displaying of shale density/factor.
7. Recording/Displaying of the IN/OUT mud temperature
8. Recording of the totalled Kelly bushing revolutions with periodic
calculation of the revolution per minute (RPM)
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9. Measuring/Displaying of the drill string total hook-load and calculation of

WOB.
10. Foot by foot calculation of the drilling rate.
11. Plotting of D-exponent
12. Derivation of pore pressures.
7.3.7 PRESENTATION
Scale: The mud log should be presented in 1:1000 scale.
Legend: Lithologic symbols are to conform to SPDC standard legend.

Relevant legend shall be inscribed on the mud log header.
Penetration rate shall be plotted in MIN/10 ft on track-1.
7.3.8 REPORTING
An effective communication link between the logging unit and the rig floor must be
maintained at all times.
Six copies of the mud log, updated for operations up to 06.00 hours, should be
available to the DSV before 07.00 hrs for onward despatch to base.
The activity report must also be e-mailed or faxed Getim to WE/SWE before 07.00
hours, each day.
7.3.9 DITCH SAMPLES
Two ditch samples are collected from the shale shaker on all Exploration wells, starting
from the surface at 120 ft intervals down to surface casing setting depth, and
subsequently every 30 ft to 6000 ft, and every 15 ft. thereafter to TD.
The unwashed samples are packed in one cotton sample bag, for each sampling level.
The well name, number and depth (corrected for time lag) shall be indicated on the
outside of the sample bags as well as on the label attached to the bags. The samples
are despatched to Warri/Port Harcourt as soon as transport is available.
The time lag is calculated from the volume of the mud in the annulus, the output rate of
the mud pumps and the cuttings slip factor using the formula:
bbls. mud in annulus x slip factor

Time lag in minutes =
bbls. mud output per min.
(Take Slip factor = 1.25)
A nomographic chart may be used for easy calculation.

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7.3.10 CUTTINGS DESCRIPTION

In the case of an exploration well, the Mud Logging Contractor makes a lithological
description of the cuttings in triplicate. Two (2) copies shall be forwarded to the WE.
Samples will be described for lithology as follows:
- Every 120 ft over interval to surface casing setting depth.

- Every 90 ft. down to 6,000 ft.
- Every 30 ft. from 6,000 ft. to total depth.
Ditch cutting cloth bags and storage boxes are to be ordered well in advance. Where
mud-logging services are available, the cuttings collection and description are carried
out by the mud-logging company (see 7.3.4).
7.3.11 WELLSITE LAB. EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CUTTING

SAMPLE
COLLECTION AND EXAMINATION
1. Fluoroscope 1 pc
2. Spare bulb for fluoroscope 1 pc
3. Forceps 1 pc
4. Microscope 1 pc
5. Microscope lamp + Transformer-rheostat 1 pc
6. Spare bulb for microscope lamp 1 pc.
7. Mortar 18 cm 1 pc.
8. Mortar 15 cm 1 pc.
9. Pestle 2 pcs.
10. Picking Needle 1 pc.
11. Sample bags 1,000 pcs.
12. Sample labels 1,000 pcs.
13. Sample boxes 10 pcs.
14. Sieve ASTM No. 20 1 pc.
15. Sieve ASTM No. 200 1 pc.
16. Test Tube 30 pcs.
17. Test tube rack 1 pcs.
18. Watch glasses 12 pcs.
19. Vythene 1 bottle
20. Acetone 1 bottle
21. Crucible 1 bottle
22. High Performance Liquid Chromatography and
Sample analysis chemicals 1 gal.
7.4 OPEN HOLE LOGGING
Electric Wireline Logging is the most common method of obtaining data from a well.
Logs are run in all wells, the majority, in open hole but several logs can be, and are run
through casing. The data logged in exploration and appraisal wells will be used to take
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decisions on the appraisal and development prospects of a field for completion and
later in the life of well for re-evaluation/studies.
Open hole logs are the most reliable evaluation data recorded from a well. They are
also the most consistent data available for correlating and mapping across a field. In
the majority of fields, they are the only data from which the reservoir model is created
and on the basis of which the development of the field does or does not take place.
The cost of open hole logs is usually between 5% and 10% of the well cost. Careful
planning and a good hole will reduce these costs considerably.
While running in with the tool in the cased part of the hole maximum safe speed shall be
applied, but while passing through obstructions, the speed must be reduced to 10,000
ft/hr or less. The latter is the normal speed for open hole, though in some situations,
particularly the first run into a deviated hole, this may be reduced. Close to reaching
the bottom of the hole and close to reaching surface, cable speed should be reduced to
avoid impact.
7.4.1 OPEN HOLE LOGGING PROGRAMME
For all open hole logging, a logging programme signed by the Petrophysicist should be
attached to the drilling programme. Any deviation from this programme whether a
reduction or an increase must be approved by PXX-PHY and DWE.
7.4.2 RESPONSIBILITIES
The overall responsibility for services provided by Electric wireline logging companies
rests with the Petrophysics section. However, day to day responsibilities is as follows:
The office based Drilling Engineer is responsible for:
1. Alerting and despatching wireline crews and equipment to rig.

2. Liaison and communication between WSDE and Petrophysicst.
The Petrophysicst is responsible for:
1. Establishing logging programme.

2. Analysis of transmitted data, quality check on logs and resultant modifications to
programme.
3. Checking of Service Orders and Invoices.
4. Follow-up on breakdowns and advise rig through the Drilling Engineer. He shall take
part in the completion of the Event Assessment Report.
5. Maintenance of statistics on wireline operations.
6. Ensuring that programmed logging tools (and necessary back-up) are available and
checked at logging company's base and on the wellsite prior to logging.
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The DS/WSDE is responsible for:
1. Ensuring that logging programme is carried out safely and efficiently.

2. Making primary quality control of recorded data, including a quick-look evaluation.
3. Despatching data in accordance with standing instructions and programme.
4. Returning equipment to base after operation.
7.4.3 LOGGING OPERATIONS
1. Ensure that all equipment and personnel required to carry out logging programme are
on wellsite in advance of the logging job. He should also ensure that fishing equipment
for all tools run in the hole are available.
2. Ensure that logs from adjacent/nearby wells are available for comparison/correlation.
3. Before going to the wellsite, discuss the logging programme with the area Petrophysicst.
On site, review the programme with the DSV/WSDE and confirm the running order of
tools.
4. Provide Logging Engineer with the following Data:
- Well description, location and DFE

- Bit and casing Sizes, T.D. and Casing Shoe Depths
- Mud type, Weight, Viscosity, water loss and pH
- Changes to drilling/logging programme.
- Downhole conditions relevant to operation (deviation, tight spots, doglegs, sloughing
shales, over or under-pressurised formations, lost circulation intervals, gas zones, etc.).
- Cementation details for cement bond logs.
5. Provide samples of mud (1 litre) mud filtrate and mud cake. The mud sample should be
homogeneous and taken from the flowline during circulation just prior to logging.
Ensure that measurements are made as soon as samples are ready.
After the Logging Engineer has made his measurements, the sample of mud should be
sent to the Production Chemistry laboratory properly labelled.
6. Ensure that at least two thermometers are run with each tool.
7. Ensure that Pre-Survey Calibrations are performed.
8. Ensure that depth at surface is set at zero. Check depth at casing shoe, with bell and
with previous logs.
9. Make sure that repeat sections are taken. This is most usefully applied if a repeat
section contains a wide range of values. Do not hesitate to repeat reservoir of interest
in case of doubt.
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10. For calliper logs and sonic logs, check readings in casing (57+1.5 Micro secs/ft for
sonic in single string casing (transit time may not be 57 microsecs in double string
casing). and casing ID for calliper).
11. Check that the after survey calibration is performed and shifts within tolerance.
12. Check for sudden shifts in one curve not reflected in other curves.
Note: If the tool performs adequately under these tests, it is known that the
response is stable. If the tool response is unstable, no recalibration is
performed on site and a repair must be made or another tool used.
13. Complete logging time allocation sheet accurately with logging engineer.
14. Record time since circulation and maximum recorded temperature.
15. Check that log headings are complete. These should include comprehensive remarks.
16. The dipmeter log should be checked as follows:
- Deviated data approximate the previous measured deviated data.

- The log repeats and callipers are reading correctly in the casing.
- Sonde rotation is less than once every 30 ft. This can be detected from the relative
bearing curve.
- Remarks indicate whether the azimuth curve has bee corrected for relative bearing
curve.
17. The plots of hydrostatic and formation pressures versus depth from the formation
testing log must be realistic. Do not hesitate to repeat point and/or take additional
points if the formation pressure plot is unclear.
18. In general, a wiper trip should be made after logging for + 24 hours depending on hole
condition.
7.4.4 LOG QUALITY CONTROL
The quantitative check of log quality is by comparison of the calibration of the particular
tool before and after the survey. The acceptable tolerances on this comparison are
given in the table below:
Before and after values are printed on the CSU log printout, as illustrated on the
attached examples for LDT/CNL, DLT/GR/SP and ISF/BHC/GR/SP logs.
Log Curve Tolerances Units
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Zero Plus
ISF/Sonic ILD +2 + 20 mmho/m
SFL +2 + 20 mmho/m
Sonic, SP no check
GR API Units
DLT/MSFL LLD + 0.1 + 2% ohm-m
LLS + 0.1 + 2% ohm-m
MSFL +2 + 20 mmho/m
LDT/CNL NRAT + 0.04 -
LLV/LLS + 1.1 cps
LITH + 0.3 cps
SS1/SS2 + 0.5 cps
7.5 LOGGING TOOLS
Specific features pertaining to logging tools used in SPDC are stated below. These
cover logging speeds, scales on logs, allowable tolerance and other features that pertain
to the quality of logs. An overlap of 200 ft minimum should be logged between logs.
7.5.1 INDUCTION SPHERICALLY FOCUSED (ISF)
a) Resistivity
Scale: Logarithmic 0.2 to 2000 ohm.m. Tracks 2 and 3.

If run with Sonic 0.2 - 20 ohm.m Track 2 + backup.
Speed: 6000'/hr. (but limited by GR requirements).
Calibration:
Zero Plus Units
Before Survey Tolerance 0 500 mmho/m
After Survey Tolerance + 2 + 20 mmho/m
Note: Look out for noise 'spikes' caused by poor contacts in tool or
electrodes, or wear on commutator. In general, as a result of anistotropy,
resistivity recorded by the SFL in shales tends to be equal to or slightly higher
(x 1.4) than induction resistivity.
b) Induction

If run with Sonic 0.2 - 20 ohm.m Track 2 + back.
Speed: 6000'/hr. (but limited by GR requirements).
Calibration:
Zero Plus Units
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After Survey Tolerance + 2 + 20 mmho/m
Note: Ensure that Induction has been correctly memorised. Induction survey
should repeat exactly.
7.5.2 DUAL LATEROLOG
Speed: 4000'/hr. limited by speed of MSFL or GR when run in combination.
Calibration: Zero Plus Units

Before Survey Tolerance 0 31.6 ohm/m
After Survey Tolerance + 0.1 + 2% ohm/m
Note: Ensure that memorisation depth is correct (curves on depth)
In water bearing zones RLLD > RLLS if RMF < Rw and RLL < RLLS if Rw < Rmf.
If run, the MSFL should read such that RLLS is between RLLD and RMSFL.
In oil zone RMSFL < RLLS < RLLD.
In shales, all curves should be equal though due to anisotropy RMSFL is often slightly
higher than RLLD.
7.5.3 MICRO-SFL
Speed: 2000'/hr.
Calibration:
Zero Plus Units
After Survey Tolerance +2 + 20 mmho/m
Note: This tool sometimes has a tendency to oscillate, particularly at high

resistivities. Above 100 ohm-m, the micro-tool reading is of little value.
General Comments:
Pad tools will rarely repeat exactly, but any discrepancy between runs should be minor.
If in doubt, ask for extra repeats. It is important to realise that in highly deviated wells
(>40 degrees) there is a tendency for pad tools to collapse under the weight of the tool
string leaving the calliper partially closed and especially for the SPHERICALLY
FOCUSSED RESISTIVITY TOOL to turn and face upwards i.e. the high side of the
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hole. A good indication of this is for the calliper to read quite less than the bit size and
the MSFL to read close to mud resistivity. Always check condition of pads before and
after survey.
Always make a short piece of film into the foot of the casing, and check the resistivity
readings and calliper.
Always run calliper with Micro-tools as it is essential for interpretation.
7.5.4 SP
Scale: 19 mV per division with backup. Track 1.

Speed: 6000'/hr. (limited by GR requirements)
Calibration: Recording not required.
Note: - Welding on the rig, storms and rig generator faults frequently cause
Noise.
- Oscillation is caused by magnetisation of drum, winch chain or spooler.
- If Galvo drifts off track, re-set it. This problem should be spotted during
the survey. Always note galvo shift in remarks and at a depth of
occurrence.
7.5.5 GAMMA-RAY
Scales: 0 - 150 API (Open Hole), 0 - 100 API (cased Hole) Track 1
Speed: 1800'/hr. Time Constant 2.

3600'/hr Time Constant 1 (Cased hole, for correlation only)
Calibration: Zero: 0 Plus: 165 API units.
Notes: - Check that GR is correctly memorised, to be on depth with main

simultaneous survey.
- Check for "cross-talk" with other radioactive tools.

- Reject a survey with spurious, random peaks or zero readings.
- Clean porous sections have a GR background reading around 15 API.
Shales exhibit valves around 80 to 100 API. Radioactive sands may read
higher.
- Repeat may not be exact, as a result of statistical variations.
7.5.6 DENSITY (COMPENSATED) - FDC OR LDL AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS

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Scales: Bulk Density : 1.80 to 2.80 g/cc. Tracks 2 - 3

Correction : -0.05 to + 0.15 g/cc (Track 3)
Speed: 1800'/hr. (Time Constant = 2)
Calibration: Before survey calibration format is as follows:
Block Jig Jig Units

Calibrated Measured Calibrated
FFDC 336 X 336 (+) CPS
NFDC 527 Y 527 (+) CPS
The numbers in the 'Block calibrated' column are constant, and an integral part of the
calibration software.
The 'Jig Measured' values are the actual count rates measured by the tool with the
calibration jig in place, and should match the count rates noted on the master (shop)
calibration within a specified tolerance when the GCB-C is in place.
The 'Jig Calibrated' numbers are normalised count rates after the computer has
applied appropriate calibration factors, and they should be very close to the number in
the first column (Block Calibrated).
Jig Before Jig After Units Tolerance

FFDC 336 (+) (336) CPS + 14
NFDC 527 (+) (527) CPS + 22
'Jig Before' values are precisely those recorded during before survey calibration as 'Jig
calibrated'
'Jig After' are the count rates from the jig corrected by the same factor as used by the
computer throughout the survey.
They should be very close to the 'jig before' readings, with a tolerance as noted in the
last column.
Note:
- Unless the mud weight is excessive, correction magnitude is close to zero. Treat any
survey with significant (0.05 g/cc) and fairly constant correction in porous intervals with
suspicion.
- Repeat Section will not match main survey exactly, but differences should be within
statistical variation.
- Recording of calliper is essential for interpretation.
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- Record tension on 1:200 throughout survey.

- Observe all safety precautions relating to handling and use of radioactive sources.
7.5.7 LITHO-DENSITY TOOL (LDT)
Scales: Bulk Density 1.80 to 2.80 g/cc Track 2 - 3

Correction -0.35 to 0.15 g/cc Track 2
Pe 0 to 20 Track 3
Speed: 1800'/hr
Calibration: Before survey calibration format is as follows:
BKGD AL+ FE AL UNITS
LL CPS
LU1 "
LU2 "
LU "
LS "
LITH "
SS1 "
SS2 "
These figures under AL + FE and AL should match the shop survey exactly while
figures under BKGD should match shop figures within following tolerances:
LU, LS :+ 2
LITH :+ 0.3
SS1, SS2 :+ 7
After survey check is as follows:
BACKGROUND BEFORE MEASURED AFTER

UNITS
LL CPS
LU1 "
LU2 "
LU "
LS "
LITH "
SS1 "
SS2 "
And before and after figure should be within the same tolerance as given above.
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7.5.8 NEUTRON (COMPENSATED) - CNL
Scale: 13: + 17: 47% limestone (Tracks 2 & 3) porosity when run with density.
0: 30: 60% when run in casing
Speed: 1800'/hr, T.C. = 2.
Calibrated:
CSU ZERO PLUS
Before Survey NRAT 0 2.16 + .01
After Survey 2.16 + 0.014
During Calibration, the calibrating box must be at least 2' away from any solid object.
Note:
- Check that hole size correction switch is properly set.

- Check that correct time constant (2) is being used.
- Check that memorisation depth is accurate.
- Check for cross-talk.
- Erroneous readings. Ensure that repeat section and main survey are in good
agreement. Then check against logs in nearby well.
- Recording of Calliper is essential to the interpretation of CNL when logged in open
hole. The CNL normally makes use of the FDC/LDL Calliper. When CNL is recorded
alone, a specially modified FDC/LDL Calliper is run in conjunction for this purpose.
Note:
- Record tension on 1:200 scale

- Observe all safety precautions relating to handling and use of radioactive
sources.
- Record near and far count rates on tape.
7.5.9 ACOUSTIC (BOREHOLE COMPENSATED)
Scales: 50 - 100 - 150 microsecs/ft (run alone)

50 - 150 microsecs/ft single track (in combination)
Speed: 4000'/hr (limited by gamma ray when run in combination or by
borehole noise).
Calibration: The only check of correct operation of the sound velocity

DWE: DATE:
recording system is the travel time in steel casing which is 57 microsecs/ft.

Notes:
- Do not accept a survey with excessive cycle skips, which are long, thin
"peps" caused by severe signal attenuation. The "pips" may be either side of
the correct reading. Occasional cycle skips are no great disadvantage, but
since they can normally be prevented by a slight surface adjustment, they
should be kept to a minimum, particularly in reservoir sections. If cycle skips
cannot be cured by panel adjustment, three other causes are possible:
- Re-polarize the sonde.

- Ensure that centralisers are in good condition.
- Reduce speed of logging.
- Although cycle skipping is usually recognised in the form of "pips", it must be

remembered that under appropriate conditions, several feet of survey can be
recorded with the wrong time (t) because one did not notice any pips . This
situation does not frequently arise but the possibility should be borne in mind.
- Repeat will be exact, except for cycle skips.

- Calliper is not normally required with BHC.
- Sonic required good centralisation.
- Integrated Travel Time should always be recorded.
- A short section must be run in casing to check correct time (t) which should be
57 microsecs/ft.
- Ensure that trigger level is set manually by the Engineer, not automatically by
the equipment.
7.5.10 WELL SEISMIC TOOL (WST)
The WST records the wavetrain received at the stationary geophone after a seismic gun
has been shot at surface.
Wave trains are recorded in standard format on the CSU. The wave is first seen on the
CRT and may or may not be selected to go on the film. At least two waves per level,
plus stacks should be recorded on film.
Additionally, the depth Vs time data from the stack should be tabulated and also
included on film.
There is no calibration as the measurements made are of time, which are measured
against a quartz clock.
Notes:
DWE: DATE:
1. The wave train recorded should exhibit a preliminary 'quiet' stretch followed by
a sharp kick down. The time pick is chosen as the first point with a gradient -
positive or negative - exceeding a set value. If the preliminary stretch is noisy,
the wrong pick may be made.
2. Where noise is high, it may be due to rig activity, or the tool may not be firmly
set. Try to remedy this. If this cannot be done, stacking several shots may
help. In a stack, several wave trains are added together. In this way, 'random'
noise tends to cancel out while 'systematic' signal is reinforced, leading to a
better pick.
3. Check the difference in transit time between two checkshot levels against the
integral sonic times (pips) on the sonic log. As long as the sonic is good these
should be approximately equal.
4. Always check CBL to ensure checkshot interval has reasonable bonding.
5. Check shot depths should be chosen such that a measurement is made at the
most significant 'events' i.e. change in transit time on the sonic log and above
and below any long intervals of bad sonic log. In this way, a synthetic
impedance log can eventually be matched accurately with the seismic section.
7.5.11 VERTICAL SEISMIC PROFILING (VSP)
In a Standard Check Survey (10A), only the first sound arrival is measured in order to
calibrate the Sonic (i.e. to determine the time/depth conversion). During a VSP Survey,
however, the full wave trains of both down going and up going (i.e. reflected) signals
are recorded. Two of the major applications of VSP data acquisition and processing
are the generation of accurate seismograms, which are used to calibrate seismic
sections and the detection of faults either above or below TD.
VSP recording is done at many depth levels (50 to 400) to permit separation of up and
down going signals. Spacing between depth levels should be approximately 30 meters,
in such a way that the well is sampled evenly versus time (to be determined from the
transit time integrating of the sonic log).
7.5.12 DIPMETER
Scales: Resistivity scale selection is based on the principle that curves

have ample variation, without saturation. Scales may be
changed during the course of the operation.
Calliper scales normally 6" - 16" may be changed to suit hole size.
Deviation: 0 - 9o (vertical wells) 9 div. track 1

0 - 36o (deviated wells)
0 - 72o (highly deviated wells)
DWE: DATE:
Azimuth 0 - 360o 9 div. track 1

Relative Bearing 0 - 360 o 9 div. track 1
Speed: 2400'/hr maximum
Calibration: Before survey only. After panel calibration has been

recorded, a check is made of:
- Calliper calibration
- Deviation
- Azimuth and Relative bearing correct and tracking.
- Pads connected correctly, and no cross-talk.
Note: This is one of the easiest tools of all to ensure that the survey is good. Inside casing, both
callipers should be virtually identical and equal to ID of casing.
7.5.13 CALIPER LOG
Scale: As for hole size
Speed: As for logging tool.
Calibration: Record settings for two calibration rings before survey. Use rings
smaller than and larger than expected minimum and maximum
hole size.
Note: If the Calliper does not move smoothly, but jumps from one reading to
the next then the log with this type of defect should be rejected.
In tight intervals hole diameter should be bit size. Best check is ID of casing.
Micro SFL or Microlaterology calliper is a one-arm device with very low force and
soft pads. This calliper will follow the largest diameter hole (in the case of oval hole),
but reduced by twice the mud-cake thickness.
LDT/FDC Calliper is also a one-arm with high pad force, steel pad and back-up shoe.
This calliper will also follow the greatest diameter, reduced by mud-cake thickness
since the back-up shoe is assumed to cut through the mud-cake and press against the
formation.
These callipers are no longer used. The four-arm dipmeter has a four-arm calliper,
which gives two independent orthogonal readings of hole diameter. Pad force is
extremely high, and the reading will be affected very little by mud-cake.
BGT (Borehole geometry Tool) is a four-arm calliper similar to the Dipmeter tool,
giving two independent orthogonal readings of hole diameter, reduced by mud-cake.
The BGT can also be used to determine the magnitude and direction of hole deviation.
DWE: DATE:
Note: The BGT, LDT and Dipmeter calliper logs include a Hole Volume
Integrator, but remember that the integrated volume may be severely
underestimated.
Do not run calliper on 1:1000 scale.
7.5.14 GAMMA SPECTROMETRY TOOL, GST AND EQUIVALENT
Scales: Carbon Oxygen ration 0 to ca. 0.5, track 2 - 3

Salinity Indicator ratio ca 10 to 0, track 2 - 3
Lithology Indicator Ratio ca 2 to 0, track 2 all in
Porosity Indicator ratio ca 1 to 0, track 3 linear scales.
iron Indicator ratio ca 1 to 0, track 1.
Inelastic log: Record log at 5 minutes station. Longer lasting stations may be
needed to improve on the precision of COR data. Duration of such
stations and the speed of continuous inelastic log should be specified on
programme.
Capture log + 600 ft/hr.
Calibration: Not recorded. The film format SIQC (Stationary Inelastic Quality
Check) should be made during COR stations. The log quality indicators
and their expected ranges are shown below.
Notes:
Tool should be run with 4-1/4" fluid excluder (boron sleeve). Duration of each
COR stations and speed of continuous inelastic logging is determined by the
precision of COR log required. Any change from the 5-minute station should be
specified in the programme.
7.5.15 CEMENT BOND LOG (CBL) AND VARIABLE DENSITY LOG (VDL)
The major applications for the CBL/VDL combination are:
1. To determine effectiveness of cement sheath in the annulus between casing and

formation.
2. To check effectiveness of squeezes cementing.
3. To locate top of cement.
The CBL is a recording of the amplitude of the first arrival of a sound pulse after it has
travelled a certain distance along the casing. The transmitter - receiver spacing is 3 ft.
The amplitude is high in free pipe, and low in well-cemented casing.
DWE: DATE:
- The VDL is a recording, not only of the first arrival but also of the entire
wavetrain. This provides information about the bonding between cement and
formation. The transmitter - receiver spacing for the VDL is 5 ft.
Scales: Gamma Ray in track 1, scale 0 - 100 API units.

- CBL Amplitude in track 2, scale 0 - 50 mV
- VDL time in track 3, scale 100 microseconds per division
- TT2 (Transit Time) in track 1, scale 200 - 400 microsecs.
If a CCL is run in combination, it should be presented in track 1.
Quality Control:
Check repeatability. Calibrations are recorded before and after survey.

Transmit time for each type is known (see table below) the free pipe amplitude as a
function of casing ID.
Table: Approximate casing travel times:
Casing Size Casing Weight I.D 3 -Foot receiver

(inches) (lb/ft) (inches) (micro-sec)
4-1/2 9.5 4.09 233.5
11.6 4.00 232
5-1/2 17 4.89 247
7 23 6.37 272
26 6.28 270.5
29 6.18 269
35 6.00 266
38 5.92 264.5
7-5/8 26.4 6.97 282.5
29.7 6.88 280.5
33.7 6.76 279
39 6.62 276.5
8-5/8 36 7.82 296.5
40 7.72 295
9-5/8 43.5 8.76 312.5
53 8.54 308.5
10-3/4 45.5 9.95 332.5
7.5.16 CEMENT EVALUATION TOOL (CET), PULSED ECHO TOOL (PET) AND
SEGMENTED BOND TOOL (SBT)
The Schlumberger CET, and Atlas SBT have similar principles of measurement.
The major applications for CET, PET or SBT are:
1. To evaluate cement distribution and cement compressive strength.
DWE: DATE:
2. To provide information about casing internal diameter and deformation.
3. To provide information about the position of the tool in the hole.
For casing with a thickness less than 1.5 inch, the PET can also provide information
about casing. Relative Bearing and Deviation, which is used to calculate the orientation
of, cement channelling.
The CET (or PET) is a high frequency ultrasonic device with eight focused transducers,
which operate both as transmitters and receivers, to determine different azimuths of the
casing.
To achieve 360o coverage, the eight transducers are positioned in a 2-ft helical array
on the sonde body. A ninth transducer at the bottom of the sonde is used as a
reference to measure the transit time and alteration in the borehole fluid. A built-in
pendulum references the radial position of each transducer to the high side of the pipe in
deviated wells.
a) CET Log Presentation:
The left-hand track is used to display in one form or another the acoustic radii derived
from transit times. One output is the mean diameter as computed from the average of
the 8 transit times, with a resolution close to 0.1 mm. The third output is the tool
centring inside the casing to check proper centralisation.
The centre track contains the calculated values of maximum and minimum cement
compressive strength along the casing circumference at a given depth. These curves
are computed from the transducers outputs after vertical averaging over 4 feet and an
averaging over 45 degrees in azimuth, for two transducers.
The right-hand track can be viewed as a map of the cement behind the casing. It is
divided into 8 subtracks, one for each transducer. Shading is proportional to cement
strength (increased intensity indicates good bond) and is linearly interpolated between
each of the 8 calculated compressive strengths. At the right-hand side of track three
flags indicate whether fast formations or gas is present behind the casing. A fast
formation arrival is flagged as a thick dark line and the normal case by a single thin line.
b) PET Log Presentation:
Bonding - Track III
The Compressive Strength as measured by each transducer is presented in a variable

density display, in a side-by-side presentation of the transducers in the order 1, 3, 5, 7,
2, 4, 6 and 8. Compressive strengths above 2000 psi are the normally black, and the
DWE: DATE:
grey scale is for values below this. The white scale indicates an absence of cement. to
enhance visual appeal, a smoothing algorithm is used to reduce contrast as boundaries
between transducers.
Minimum and Maximum Compressive Strength - Track II:
The tool deviation and the relative bearing of transducer #1 can also be displayed in
track II. This permits evaluation of the cementation anomalies with respect to the high
side of the hole i.e. the presentation can be unravelled. Note that the azimuth is not
recorded so that no orientation with respect to the North is available.
Track 1 presentation:
- Mean Pipe Diameter

- Fluid Velocity
- CCL and Gamma ray
- Ovality
- Eccentralisation
- Average Casing Thickness
The PET can also be used to measure casing OD (thickness). In that case, the
following presentation can be provided:
In Tracks II and III, the thickness found by the transducers is presented. The scale is
marked on the log, and is normally 0.3" per division. Normal OD and thickness of the
casing as well as casing travel time are also presented. The presentation is in the form of
a vertical cross-section of the casing, with the tool diameter removed.
In Track I, an average thickness curve may be displayed, together with diameter,

ovality and eccentralisation.
c) Down-hole Normalisation Procedures for CET and PET:
Cement Evaluation Tool, CET (Schlumberger):
Make normalisation pass over free pipe section while running in hole, with W2FP and
W3FP constants set to 1. W2FP and W3FP are the sonic energy in free pipe (FP), as
measured in to different time windows (W2 and W3).
Schlumberger will produce an X-plot of W2XP (vertical scale versus W3XP v

(horizontal scale) over an interval where free pipe is present - Change W2FP and
W3FP with values read from the X-plot.
Check that the North-easterly points of the X-plot converge at W3XP and W2XP = 1.
Also check that the so-called WWM (displayed on the log) does not deviate from unity
by more than 15% over a free pipe section.
DWE: DATE:
Pulsed Echo Tool, PET HLS:
As for the CET, the window ratio is normalised in free pipe, but no X-plots are
produced.
d) Log Quality Control:
CET log quality control:
Fluid (fluid Velocity) = Fairly constant, no noise, correct value for

fluid.
ECCE (Eccentralisation) = 9-5/8" csg less than 0.2"
7" csg less than 0.15"
5" csg less than 0.07"
Transducer gains (AGTi): Difference between transducers is not

more than 2 dB.
Transducer Transit Time: Also in reasonable agreement.

(DTTi)
WWM in free Pipe: = 1 + 15%
After logging produce WXP Crossplot, check for coherence of data

normalisation, Check banana shape with interpretation.
In the event of one transducer failing a valid log is still possible due to the fact that each
transducer "overlaps" its neighbour. Thus a valid log is possible with only five
transducers only if no two failures are adjacent.
Downhole Limitations : 175 C 1400 bar
CMMS
CESS
Minimum Casing Size : 5-1/2" 4-1/2"
Maximum Casing Size : 9-5/8" 5-1/2"
Centraliser maximum opening diameters : 14" 10"
Centraliser minimum opening diameters : 4" 3-3/8"
Maximum logging speed : 6000 FPH
Maximum deviation : 75 degrees
Minimum deviation (for IMAR) : 3 degrees
Maximum mud density : 0.5 grams/cc
PET log quality control:

DWE: DATE:
When gas is outside the casing, the Bond Index can be near to or greater than unity,
and no cement strength evaluation is possible.
If the casing lies close to the borehole wall, particularly in hard rocks, it is possible to
receive a signal from the cement/formation interface, which is greater in amplitude than
the decaying echo from the casing itself. "Fast formation" reflections, if this occurs
while the measurement window is open, it could lead to a false Bond Index
measurement and a pessimistic determination of cement Compressive Strength. In the
PET however, because of the window position, which is shorter and earlier in the
wavetrain than in competing tools, this will normally occur only in extreme cases.
Because of the normalisation of the resonance window energy measurement, RW, with
the first arrival amplitude, FA, the tool is relatively insensitive to minor eccentering
(<1/2" for 9-5/8" casing and <1/4" for 5-1/2" casing).
Casing Weight and Curvatures are apparently of little effect due to downhole
calibration procedures, which normalises readings to the free pipe value.
The casing thickness measurement is nevertheless unreliable if the casing is thinner than
0.15" or thickness than 0.5".
As different cements have different densities and compressive strengths, experimental

calibration curves between acoustic impedance and compressive strengths are being
established for the most common cements.
Lightweight and foam cements may present considerable difficulty in identifying bonding
and will require a prior calibration and then use of water as a completion fluid.
Water and low density muds (<12.0 lb/gal. preferred) should be used wherever
possible, to sharpen the acoustic impedance contrasts between fluid and cement.
Note that fluids containing a high proportion of particulate material will act as a severe
acoustic attenuator, which may render measurement, invalid if not impossible.
The logging speed is limited to 30 ft/min (1800 ft/hr) because of data transmission rate
and data processing constraints.
The resolution is limited to 6" vertically (except at collars which have 2/9" resolution).
The pulse beam is approximately 1" in diameter, which restricts the proportion of the
circumference being investigated, depending upon the size of the casing.
e) SBT Measurement
The SBT quantitatively measures the cement bond integrity in six angular segments
encompassing the entire borehole. The acoustic transducers are mounted on six pads
DWE: DATE:
positioned in contact with the interior casing wall, providing compensated

measurements which are insensitive to heavy mud or gas-cut borehole fluids, fast
formation effects and moderate tool eccentering. The SBT also provides improved full
waveform measurements and tool orientation for identifying the low side of the bore-
hole.
Log Presentation
The SBT measurements are displayed in two log presentations for ease of
interpretation. The Primary presentation is similar to the conventional CBL format:
Track 1 displays the correlation curve (usually a gamma ray) and casing collar locator
(CCL).
Track II displays the cement bond amplitude, minimum and average attenuation traces.
The average attenuation trace is an average of the six-segmented measure segmented
measurements, and the minimum attenuation represents the 60o segment with the least
attenuation.
Track III displays the variable density waveform.
The Segmented Array presentation quantitatively displays all six compensated

attenuation measurements, a tool orientation trace and the Variable Attenuation Log
(VAL) or "cement map" of the casing periphery.
Track 1 displays the cement map tracks II and II displays the six attenuation
measurements and the tool orientation traces.
7.6 SIDEWALL SAMPLING
The exact sampling depth will be advised by DPE. Sidewall sampling may be carried
out for several reasons:
1. Paleontological analysis: Paleonotological samples are often taken to assist in an

accurate time geological zonation of the interval drilled.
2. Sand Size Analysis: (This is rarely done but could be advised for gravelpack design).
3. Lithological identification: (This is rarely done except on special request).
4. Environment of Deposition (on special request).
4. Definition of Fluid Type: Before the introduction of density/neutron tools, this was
previously the most common use of sidewall sampling. It is still often done in cases
DWE: DATE:
where LDT/CNL and resistivity logs, together with knowledge of the field leave
ambiguities.
7.6.1 PORE FLUID INTERPRETATION
The following table gives the possible situations encountered and an idealised
log/sidewall sample response.
Pore Fluid Log/Sidewall Sample Response

Gas Oil Water Resistivity FDC/CNL Separation CST Show
No No Yes Base Small to negative Non/trace
No Yes Yes >2 x base Small to negative Good
Slightly higher than
No Residual Yes Small to negative Weak/good
base
Yes No Yes >2 x base Large unless shaly Weak/trace
Yes Residual Yes >2 x base Large unless shaly Weak/good
Slightly higher than
Residual No Yes Small Trace/none
base
It is good practice to plot the SWS - depths and relevant indication on the 1:1000 scale
resistivity log at the wellsite (green = gas, red = oil, yellow = undifferentiated). It will
then be readily apparent where further sampling is required, and also reduce the chance
of leaving out or forgetting samples. The relative importance of lost samples can also
be easily determined, upon which a decision to run another gun can be made. Do not
let the Logging Engineer to rig down until this has been established or clearance from
the Petrophysicst/Production Geologists in the Division has been obtained.
7.6.2 SPECIAL SAMPLING PROCEDURE
The WSDE must attend the retrieval, bottling and marking of the samples. He enters all
data pertinent to this operation on the SWS Performance Report, which is made out in
quadruplicate. Three copies for the Petrophysicst and the other retained.
All sample bottles must be clearly marked with well name and number and depth. The
depth must be written also on the inside and scratched on the outside of the lid. It is
important to ensure that sample jars are kept well closed and sealed.
Exploration shale samples do not required further description but the PED samples are
analysed immediately by the WSDE. He enters a brief description of lithology, grain
size, sorting hardness and shale content on the form.
7.6.3 SIDEWALL SAMPLE FLUID ANALYSIS
The fluid analysis is carried out as follows in 3 steps:

- Florescence of sample under ultraviolet light.
- Colour of vythene (CH3 CCL3) cut.
DWE: DATE:
- Fluorescence of the vythene cut.
Experience to date has shown that the formation contains oil at the sampling level if the
vythene causes colouring from pale yellow to dark brown, irrespective of the
fluorescence, the formation contains gas or water. If distinct fluorescence of sample
and cut is observed with only a trace colour, the layer may contain very light out.
Ensure that the flourescope bulb has warmed up before the start of sample examination
under ultraviolet light. Also have an extra bulb on site. Break the core in two, and
observe the freshly broken surfaces. If gas indications appear between two oil shows,
and vice-versa, check the doubtful indication again on another part of the core. Check
the natural florescence of the vythene, and the mud and discount fluorescence due to
this if it is the same. It is advisable that fresh sample of vythene is used.
A representative portion of the sample is crushed and transferred into the test tube to
about one inch high in the tube. Vythene is added to a few millimetres above the
sample. The tube is shaken vigorously and allowed to stand for at least 5 minutes
before reporting colour and fluorescence. Hold the tube against a sheet of white paper
and note the discolouration. It is advisable to fill a test tube with pure solvent as
control/comparision.
7.6.4 SIDEWALL SAMPLE REPORTING
A performance report is made out for sidewall sampling operations. These sheets are
also signed by the Logging Engineer and WSDE.
A brief lithological description and the hydrocarbon indications of SWS samples are
also recorded. The indications are recorded to PED by radio at the earliest opportunity
using the following code:
A = Sample Fluorescence 0 = Nil

1 = Trace (dull blue or violet, or
blue spots)
2 = Whitish blue, grey, white
spots.
3 = White
4 = Bright white, yellow
B = Colour of Vythene Cut 0 = Nil (Pure solvent)

1 = Trace (Very light)
2 = Light yellow (light tea)
3 = Yellow, brown yellow
(normal tea)
4 = Yellow, brown, brown
DWE: DATE:
C = Vythene Cut Fluorescence 0 = Nil

1 = Trace
2 = Bluish white, grey
3 = White
4 = Strong white
If a sample is silty or shaly, or mud contains diesel oil, or other oil based fluids, this
should be pointed out, the indications might be anomalous or misleading.
Good shows indicate the presence of oil but do not necessarily mean the formation is oil
productive.
7.6.5 ACETONE WATER TEST ACETONE REACTION
This test may be carried out if the presence of light oil/condensate is suspected and
provided no carbonaceous or lignitic matter is present in the rock sample.
A representative portion of the sample is crushed, transferred into a test tube and
acetone added. After shaking vigorously, it is filtered into another test tube and an
equal amount of water is added. Presence of hydrocarbon is shown by its milky white
dispersion in the sample. Some oil may coalesce and float on top of the acetone-water
mixture.
Report Acetone reaction as follows:
0 = Nil
1 = Traces (faint)
2 = Translucent white (weak)
3 = Opaque white (fair)
4 = Milky (good)
False Indications from SWS/Ditch cuttings may arise from any or all of the following:
1. The presence of resinous material in the formation.
2. Gilsonite cement, which has been known to give a colour reaction with some solvent.
3. Contamination of cuttings by grease used for casing joints, tool joints or rotary table
bearings.
4. Certain mud additives like Black nite, diesel oil and other oil based fluids.
DWE: DATE:
5. If a sample is silty or shaly
The presence of any of these should be pointed out as the indications might be
anomalous or misleading.
7.7 LOG HEADING AND PRINT REQUIREMENTS:
a) Log headings and requirement data:
1. Well location data - supplied by WSDE; make sure that the correct well name and hole
number (sidetracks) is used.
2. Date and run number - essential to differentiate from similar logs which might be run
over the same interval.
3. Other services from the logging programme.
4. Program tape number - identified by the algorithms through which the data have been
processed.
5. Well data - supplied by the WSDE except 'casing - logging' and 'depth - logger'.
6. Mud data - provided by WSDE. Check units. The resistivities will be measured by the
Logging Engineer on samples provided by the WSDE. Check Rmf against salinity of
mud, ensure accurate measurement of Rmf.
Note: Items 5 and 6 are essential to correct logs for borehole effects.
7. Times and Temperature - ensure these are accurate. These data are used to estimate
true reservoir temperature.
8. Logging Unit and equipment Numbers - these are essential to identifying the source of
log problems which may be identified later.
b) Field Log Print Requirements:
OPEN HOLE
LOG Resistivity Density Sonic Other
DLL FDC Logs
DIL LDT/LDL
SCALE 1:1000 1:200 1:1000 1:200 1:1000 1:200 1:1000 1.2
WELLSITE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PEDX/1 1 - 1 - - - - -
PEDX/2 1 + (2)* - - - - - - -
PEDX/5 1 2 + (1)+ 1 2 + (1)+ 1 2 2 2
EPDX 1 + 1o - 1 - 1 - - -
PEDX 1* - - - - - - -
DWE: DATE:
TOTAL 8 (9)o 3 + (1)+ 4 3 + (1)+ 3 3 3 3
All prints except wellsite copy to be sent to DE who will pass them on to PXX-PHY
who will be responsible for checking and distributing.
Logs to be sent in soonest. Where the rig has to wait for printing logs, one print of each
scale may be sent as rush and (without header if necessary) scales can be confirmed by
radio with the Petrophysicist.
For exploration well, one copy to be marked BXX.
One copy 1:200 resistivity and density to be kept clean for submission with initial
completion proposal.
7.8 LOGGING TIME ALLOCATION SHEET
This self-explanatory form on Page 37 is the basis of all SPDC statistics on logging
contractor's performance. It is a factual document and agreement should easily be
reached on the time allocation if the WSDE is in constant touch with the Logging
Engineer all through the logging job. An example of this form is shown at the end of this
bulletin.
The following definition of "lost time" is given to avoid confusion.
A logging job can be divided into several stages. "Lost time" is recorded if it is
necessary at any stage to go back to an earlier stage. For example, the normal stages
for a log are:
1. Rig up, including surface checks and calibrations.
2. Running in hole, including depth checks.
3. Logging, including down hole calibrations and repeat sections.
4. Pulling out, after survey calibrations and rigging down.
Downtime is the time from the start of the stage, which had to be interrupted until the
same stage can be recommenced.
Alternatively, in case the log is eventually not run, the time from start of that log to
eventual abandonment of the log. Any downtime thus calculated is reduced by any time
usefully employed, e.g. by running another log.
All down time and events must be reported on the SPDC event assessment report form
by the WSDE and forwarded to DE/SDE.
DWE: DATE:
WELL : PETRO-1 **DATE/TIME L.E. LEFT BASE : DATE STARTED : Q/6/7

LOGGING CO. : PHYSICS LTD DATE/TIME L.E. ARR. LOC. : DRILLING DEPTH : 12,000 FT
RIG/HOIST : DATE/TIME L.E. DEP. LOC : LOGGING DEPTH : 11,000 FT
UNIT NO. : 2437 TOTAL TIME SPENT FOR JOB :
DAT TIME TYPE OF INTERNA OPERATI STAND DOW ASSOCIAT REMARKS

E STARTE SERVICE L (S) NG BY N ED (DEFLECTS HOLE
D HOURS HOURS TIME LOST PROBLEMS)
TIME
1.6 07.00 RIG UP 1/2 - -
07.30 ES-1 11997-400 4 - - -
11.30 MLC-1 10000-5000 4 - 3 - PAD BROKEN
10.30 GR-1 11987-5000 IN COMB WITH
SL
SL-1 11967-4000 6 - - - IN COMB WITH
GR
2.6 00.30 RIG 1/2 - - -
D
O
W
N
01.00 RT - 11 - ROUND-TRIP FOR
CHECKING HOLE
CONDITIONS
12.00 RIG UP 1/2
12.30 TIESHEE 11600* 2-1/2 - - 6 SHEETS
T
15.00 CDM-1 11985-5000
DS + CAL 5000-4000 6-1/2
21.30 SWS-1 11876* 3-1/2 - - F28, MF2, L2, E2,
R22
3.6 01.00 SWS-2 9361* 3 - - - (ONE LINE MIS-
FIRED) F20, MF10,
E2, RI6
04.00 SWS-3 8423* 3 - - - F30, R30
07.00 RIG 1/2 - -
D
O
W
N
07.30 FT - 11 - ROUND-TRIP
PRIOR TO FTT
18.30 RIG UP 1/2

19.00 FTT.1 10542 2 - - - SEAL FAILURE
21.00 FTT.2 10540 3-1/2 - - - MECHANICAL
FAILURE
4.6 00.30 FTT.3 10539 3 - - -
03.30 FTT.4 8339 2-1/2 - - -
06.00 RIG OWN 1/2 - - -
06.30
DWE: DATE:
SUB-
O
T
A
L
B.F
TOTAL 46-1/2 22 3
SIGNATURE: _______________________ SIGNATURE:

________________________
NAME: _______________________ NAME:
________________________
LOGGING ENGINEER PETROLEUM ENGINEER
WSDE
* STATE DEEPEST LEVEL ONLY FOR TIESHEET AND SWS

** TO BE RECEIVED FROM L.E
7.9 WIRELINE STICKING
The following procedure is to be followed to avoid fishing:
1. Keep lines tensions under constant review, and ensure that normal tension is known
within 100 lbs. at logging depth.
2. Extreme control should be taken at the first sign of a sticking tool. Precise procedure to
be followed subsequently depends upon a rapid assessment of the most probable
sticking mechanism. The five most probable causes of tool sticking are:
Key-seated cable:
This is caused by severe doglegs, or because of the cable wearing a slot into the
formation during a logging operation.
Key-seated tool head:
This can happen in the vicinity of dog-legs, or in oval or key-hole shaped holes.
Bridged hole:
Often this is because of shale collapse and unconsolidated sand at shallow depths.
Differential sticking:
This occurs when logging porous, permeable intervals in depleted reservoir zones, or
intervals at much lower pressure than the mud hydrostatic pressure.
DWE: DATE:
Damaged casing, cable or logging tool:
Damaged, collapsed or buckled casing may cause tool sticking. If the wireline cable
becomes knotted or bird-caged, or has broken amour wires, it is prone to getting
stuck. Always keep tension on the cable, since slacking off the cable may easily
damage it. A broken tool pad, calliper or centraliser may cause a tool to get stuck.
7.9.1 PROCEDURES WHEN STUCK
The two options of procedures to be followed are:
Procedure 'A':
1. When an overfull of 500 lbs. is reached, stop the winch, lower the cable until tension is
500 lbs. below normal.
2. If the stuck tool has powered arms, close the sonde arms.
3. Reduce tension to 1000 lbs. below normal.
4. Observe whether the tool is still moving (in this case down).
5. If the tool is still moving, attempt to work the tool above the obstruction. While the tool
is still moving down the hole, do not apply an overpull more than 500 lbs.
6. If the tool is still moving down, release tension further to 1,500 lbs. or 2,000 lbs. below
normal. Do not allow slack cable at the surface. Wait for 5 minutes.
7. When the tool will move neither down nor up, slowly increase the tension applied
during each upward pull until total tension is either normal logging tension plus two
thirds of nominal weak point strength or half the cable test strength, normally 8,000 lbs.
(i.e. 0.5 x 16,000 lbs. test strength). Do not exceed this limit without approval
from base.
Procedure 'B':
1. At the first sign of sticking, continue to increase pull to either normal logging tension plus
two thirds of nominal weak point strength or half the cable test strength, normally 8000
lbs. (i.e. 0.5 x 16,000 lbs. test strength). Do not exceed this limit without approval
from base.
2. At 2,000 lbs., start to close the sonde arms.
3. If the tool comes free, re-open arms and continue logging.

DWE: DATE:
4. If the tool does not pull free, reduce tension and 'work' the cable up and down as in
procedure 'A'.
Once the tool is stuck, continue attempts to free it until the decision is made to cut the
cable and strip over to the fish. The weak point must never be broken when a tool is
stuck in open hole except when:
a) The cable has been stripped over and the head of the tool is securely engaged
in the overshot, or
b) A decision has been made at base either to abandon the tool, or to pull off and
fish without overstripping.
Investigate whether it is the cable or the tool that is stuck by applying a stretch test, i.e.
measuring the cable extension generated by 200 lbs. increments of pull up to 2,000 lbs.
above normal logging tension.
Remember that, in deviated holes, friction at the dogleg may give a false impression of
key-seated cable.
7.9.2 SCHLUMBERGER CABLES AND WEAK POINTS
*CABLE DIAMETER WT/FT 9LBS) BREAKING STRAIN (LBS)

7* - 46** 15/32" 0.330 16,000
1* - 22** 7/32" 0.080 5,100
7* - 52** 9/16" 0.420 18,000
7* - 52R** 9/16" 0.462 24,600
* Number of Conductors
** Cable diameter as a percentage of an inch
WEAK POINTS BREAKING STRAIN (LBS) WHEN TO USE WHICH TYPE

A B
Strong 5,400 - 6,900 <14,000 ft <10,000 ft
Standard 4,700 - 5,600 Not used 10,000 - 11,000 ft
Deep Well 3,500 - 4,200 >14,000 ft >11,000 ft
Note: - For cables that are not new, the breaking strain will be lower than the quoted
values and the Logging Engineer will advise the probable breaking strain of
these cables.
- Also, the type of weak-point that has been used in the logging head should be
noted.
DWE: DATE:
- It is a good practice to do a "torture test" on the logging cable from time to

time; this involves trying to turn a strand of cable on its own length and it
should not break before at least five turns are made .
7.9.3 FISHING FOR STUCK TOOLS IN OPEN HOLE
When a tool becomes stuck in open hole, and all attempts to free it have failed, the
decision must be made at base whether to fish the tool or cement it in place. This is
particularly important in the case of tools containing radioactive sources, to which
special regulations apply. The tool can be fished using either the "cut cable and strip-
over" method or the "side-door overshot" method as described below.
In the unlikely event that the decision is made to cement the tool in place, specific
instructions for the procedure to be followed will be telexed from base. In general, the
Logging Engineer will probably have more experience at fishing for wireline equipment
than the SPDC WSDE.
Nevertheless, the responsibility for the fishing operation rests with the Shell DSV who
should familiarise himself with the equipment and technique to be used before the
operation commences. The Logging Engineer will supply the required fishing tools and
advice if requested, but once the tool is stuck, his assistance is in an advisory capacity
only.
a) Cut cable and Strip-over Method:
1. Set cable tension at 2,000 lbs. above normal hanging weight.
2. Clamp the T-bar on the cable just above the rotary table, and lower the cable until the
rotary table supports the T-bar. Continue lowering cable until there are several feet of
slack cable on the drill floor.
3. Cut the cable a few feet from the T-bar and make up rope sockets each end.
4. Ensure that a cable tension monitor extension is located on the drill floor in full view of
the driller, and a direct two-way intercom is installed between drill floor and logging
unit.
5. Attach upper wireline sheave to main cross-member of derrick with special chain to
leave blocks free to run pipe. Ensure that the wireline tension device cable is carefully
trained around the outside of the derrick to avoid damage during drill floor operations.
6. Make up correct fishing guide and grapple assembly for fishing neck of stuck tool. Use
correct skirt for hole size. Feed socket on cable end through fishing assembly. Attach
spear to rope socket and confirm that spear cannot pass back through fishing
equipment.
DWE: DATE:
7. Thread spear overshot through first stand of pipe and stab onto spear.
8. Take tension on wireline, check overshot assembly. Remove T-bar. Make up first
stand to fishing assembly.
9. Run first stand into hole, set slips.
10. Place C-clamp over top of drill-pipe, lower cable assembly to catch lower rope socket
on C-clamp, disconnect spear.
11. Pick up next stand of drill pipe, thread overshot through pipe, stab into spear, take
cable tension with winch, and remove C-clamp.
12. Lower stand, watching cable tension carefully, and stopping if cable tension increases.
Do not rotate pipe while lowering.
13. When the grapple is one joint above the tool, install circulating sub, circulate slowly to
clean top of tool. Lower pipe and engage fish in overshot. Engagement of fish can be
checked by increase in cable tension and pump pressure. Stop circulation. Do not pull
into overshot if cable/tool becomes free before drill pipe reaches tool depth.
14. Ensure that fishing head is engaged in grapple, set pipe slips. Attach T-bar to cable and
pick up T-bar with travelling block.
15. Pull up slowly on cable and break weak point. Where the tool has a radioactive
source, do not break the weak point, remain latched onto the tool and reverse cut
and thread.
16. Remove Bowen spear overshot and rope socket, knot-logging cable, take cable
tension with logging unit winch, remove T-bar.
17. Spool cable on to the logging unit drum.
18. Pull pipe out of hole slowly. Do not rotate. Close BOPs as soon as tool is safely
through.
19. Ensure that complete tool has been recovered.
The Wireline Logging Contractor supplies grapples, guides, skirts and circulation sub.
7.9.4 FISHING FOR STUCK TOOLS IN CASED HOLE
In deviated wells (>25o), it is almost invariably safer to strip over the cable to recover
both tool and cable.
DWE: DATE:
It should not normally be necessary to strip over the cable to recover a tool stuck inside
a vertical casing. In this case, it is far quicker, easier and cheaper to break the weak
point and fish for the tool with the cable removed from the hole. Nevertheless, the
decision to follow this course must be made by base. Stripping over shall be used for
radioactive tools.
Procedure in vertical casing when stripping over is as follows:
1. Clamp the T-bar to the cable above the rotary table.
2. Attach upper wireline sheave to main cross-member of derrick.
3. Pick up T-bar in travelling block, pull up and break weak point.
4. Lower block, take cable tension with logging unit, remove T-bar, spool cable on
logging unit.
5. Rig down wireline.
6. Make up fishing assembly with correct fishing guide skirt and grapple for casing size
and tool fishing neck.
7. Run in to top fish, carefully engage fish.
8. When fish is securely engaged, pull out slowly. Do not rotate.
9. Close BOPs as soon as tool is safely through.
10. Ensure that complete tool has been recovered.
Grapples, guides, skirts and circulating sub are supplied by the Wireline Logging
Contractor. Ensure the correct X-over to drill pipe is on site.
7.9.5 GENERAL REMARKS AND RULES
1. Always make sure that all dimensions of a tool going down hole, including those of the
fishing neck are known.
2. It is easier to fish tools with a long fishing neck. If the space between tool body and
hole (or casing) allows, it may be advisable to fish for the tool body using the correct
size basket grapple. The Logging Engineer should advice.
3. Ensure that correct size fishing equipment is used.
DWE: DATE:
4. If taking RFT samples in open hole (hole size > 8-1/2"), use 1.5 in stand-offs on the
RFT chambers to avoid differential sticking.
5. Do not use "side door overshot" method in deep, deviated wells.
6. The "cut and thread" method must be used in open hole for fishing tools with radioactive
sources or for stuck cable. If a tool with radioactive source is stuck the weak point
should not be broken after the fish has been engaged. Instead the "Reverse Cut and
Thread" method should be applied to recover the fish. This means that the cable stays
connected and that pipe and cable are pulled together, cutting the cable each time a
stand is pulled. Although expensive and time consuming, the "Reverse Cut and Thread"
method is the safest way to retrieve a stuck source.
8. Rotation of the drill pipe should be avoided when a fish has been caught in the
overshot.
9. The weak-point in a logging head must only be broken using the travelling block
and never using the logging company's winch system.
9. There must be strict adherence to safe work procedures, and all field personnel should
be given regular refresher training in these procedures.
10. The stated 'safe working load' should never be exceeded.
11. Non-destructive testing should be carried out annually to detect cracks or defects and
ensure timely withdrawal of damaged block or sheaves from services.
12. Items of movable lifting equipment should be visually inspected each time before use. It
is the responsibility of the user to send equipment for inspection if it is damaged or
suspected in any way.
13. Rented equipment should only be accepted for use if it has valid inspection certificates.
Contractors should have proof of inspection of the equipment they propose to use.
14. Logging cable sheaves and blocks should always have a back-up support to prevent
them from their elevated position.
15. Whenever the hole condition is a suspect, a dummy logging tool should be run in the
hole prior to running any tool with a radioactive source.
7.10 WIRELINE FORMATION TESTING
This section briefly describes the WLFT programme quality control and reporting of
results.
DWE: DATE:
The standard tools used are the Repeat Formation Tests (RFT) for Schlumberger,
Selective Formation Tester (SFT) for HLS and Formation Multitester (FMT) for
AWS, which is available in both open and cased hole mode. For further details, see
RFT Procedure Guide.
7.10.1 PROGRAMME
The RFT may be run for any one or more of the following reasons:
1. Fluid determination, to distinguish between gas and oil or even formation water.
2. PVT sampling or water sampling, this is for chemical composition determination.
3. Net pay determination
4. Fluid contact determination
A HCWC can be estimated from the intersect of the pressure gradient from the
hydrocarbon sand and from water bearing sands. It is important to obtain good control
over the fluid gradient. In zones greater than 20-ft thick at least 3 pressures are taken to
confirm the gradient obtained from any two.
5. Fluid Gradient can assist in a better calculation of reserves.
7.10.2 FLUID SAMPLING
Tool plugging is a problem that can occur when taking a fluid sample. In this case,
pressure will be erratic and/or may stabilise at a value, which is neither that of the
formation, nor of the mud column.
Tight test should only occur on pre-test since the test depth will then be changed
slightly. Seal failure or plugging may occur any time while sampling. In these cases,
close the chamber and reset the tool a few inches from the original spot. If the problem
continues, try an alternative depth.
When sample chambers are brought to surface, inspect for leaks and record the
pressure at surface. Low pressures (<50 psi) indicate water or muds, high pressures (+
100 psi) indicate gas, and intermediate pressures (+ 200 psi) indicate oil.
7.10.3 PRESSURE SAMPLING WITH PRE-TEST CHAMBER
1. Discuss the tool pressure testing operation with the Reservoir Engineer/petrophysicist
beforehand, so as to understand fully the reason for taking measurements.
2. Use gamma ray for depth control.
DWE: DATE:
3. A shop calibration, not more than Six months old, forms part of the survey. At the
wellsite, a before survey calibration is made to check tool offset, electronic drift and the
whole tool measurement integrity. It is advisable to carry out a dry test in the casing to
check if the tool packers are all right.
4. Plot stabilised mud and formation pressure measurements against depth (TVD and
TVDSS respectively). Check that mud pressures lie on a straight line, and check the
gradient against reported mud weight. Ensure that formation pressures are less than
mud pressure, and that they are realistic when reservoir geology and depletion are
considered. Mud hydrostatic pressures before and after measurements should agree
within 2 psi, indicating the repeatability of the gauge.
7.10.4 HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION OF SAMPLES
RFT samples are obtained either for fluid identification or for PVT analysis. In the later
case, one has a general idea of the type of sample being taken (oil or gas) from the log
indications. However, the actual content of a PVT sample can only be ascertained by
carrying out a physical check on the bottle. To avoid sending an unrepresentative
sample to the laboratory, it is important to ensure at the wellsite that the fluid in the
bottle is the right type, representative and sufficient for analysis.
7.10.5 TYPES OF SAMPLE
The types of sample can be quickly checked by connecting Flopetrol, Texsteam (or any
other high pressure) pump and Tee Connection to the RFT chamber and reading off the
pressure of the fluid in the chamber. Very slow pressure (close to atmospheric
pressure) indicates that the chamber contains water or leaking. One can determine
whether the sample is oil or gas from the compressibility of the material. Typical
compressibility values in the ranges of pressure and temperature 2,000 - 400 psi and
70 - 200 F are:
Water : Cw = 3 x 10-6/Psi
Oil : Co = 15 x 10-6/Psi
Gas : Cg = 500 x 10-6/psi
7.10.6 VALIDATION CHECK
This involves the comparison of bubble point pressures for two or more different
segregated samples by plotting pressure versus volume at the wellsite. The procedure
is based on the assumption that identification failures due to leakage, wrong sampling
depths, etc are unlikely. Very high volatile oil and gas samples do not give bubble points
by this method. Once the RFT sample is confirmed to be oil and the validity check is
satisfactory, the sample could be transferred at the wellsite at ambient temperature and
some 100 psi above reservoir pressure. This extra high pressure is necessary to ensure
that any free gas is dissolved and that sample is in one (liquid) phase.
DWE: DATE:
a) Determination of Bubble Point Pressure (BPP)
The BPP is determined in the sampler or receptable by observing the change of sample
pressure with a change in sample volume. The sample is brought to some 1,000 psi
above bottom-hole sampling pressure to ensure no free gas is present in the container.
Subsequently, measured quantities of displacing fluid (mercury or hydraulic oil) are
withdrawn from the container, reading the pressure after each step from an accurate
gauge.
A pressure volume plot is made from the readings and the BBP is found by graphic
interpretation.
b) Temperature influence:
Since the BBP of an oil/gas system is dependent on temperature, it is desirable to

perform the subsequent BBP determination at the same sample temperature, e.g. by
using a constant temperature bath (Flopetrol).
If sample temperature cannot be determined, a tentative temperature correction can be

applied, reducing the measured BBP of one sample to the temperature of the other
sample using an empirical graph.
c) Comparison of BPP's:
Two samples are usually considered to be duplicates if the (corrected) BPP do not
differ by more than a certain percentage. The percentage depends on the accuracy of
the BPP determination procedure and must be assessed for a given set of equipment by
judging the possible errors in pressure readings, volume measurements and graphical
interpolations.
d) Transportation:
Care should be taken during transportation of RFT samples from wellsite to the
laboratory to ensure that the sample is not bled off. The practice of obtaining some
quantity of the fluid for identification should be avoided as the bottom of the chamber
contains heavier hydrocarbons.
7.10.7 DATA REPORTING
There are two forms for reporting RFT pressure, sampling and FIT sampling, the
WLFT Worksheet and key F.
Finally, the data should be entered onto the computer database using job U66 and
U660 input forms, sample as shown.
Date: 19 March 1979 Firing Technique: Normal
DWE: DATE:
Well: Nkali - 11 S.G. of Mud in hole: 1.50
Reservoir: F5.0
1. Number of the test (type of failure) : F.I.T 1

2. Test depth __________________ : 10,450
3. Choke Size __________________ : 4 x 0.020 ft
4. Snorkel used (Specify Type) : Not used
5. Complete seal (Yes or No) : Yes
6. Seal after (Minutes) : 0.5 minutes
7. Tool plugged (Yes or No) : Yes
8. Tool plugged after (minutes) : 2 mins. est. (1 min. actual)
minutes
9. Tool open (minutes) : 225 minutes
10. Formation pressure____________ : 3,604 (Flopetrol) psig
11. Mud hydrostatic pressure________ : 6,800 (Schlumberger) Psig
12. Pressure of chamber on surface________ : N/A psig.
13. Gas passed flow meter_______________ : 0 cu. ft
14. Number of gas bottles sampled : N/A
15. Volume/pressure of gas bottle(s) : 500/0 cc/psig
16. Total gas recovery_______________ : 0 cu. ft
17. Oil/Condensate recovery__________ : Trace only cc
18. Emulsion recovery________________ : 0 cc
19. Water recovery (vol. /s.g.) : 0 cc
20. Mud recovery (vol./s.g.) : 2,000 cc
21. Surface temperature______________ : N/A F o
22. Reservoir temperature____________ : N/AoF
23. GOR__________________________ : N/A cu. ft/bbl
24. Oil Specific Gravity______________ : N/A
25. Gas Density Relative to air________ : N/A
26. Percentage Fill of Chamber________ : N/A %
27. * Amerada Formation Pressure______ : Psig
28. * Amerada Mud Hydrostatic Pressure : Psig
* To be given only where immediately available, otherwise to be passed later.
7.11 CORING
Coring is an expensive operation which can only be justified when conventional log
analysis is inadequate for the particular study in view, such as:
- Measurement of petrophysical parameter to enhance well log evaluation.
- Resevoir simulation for pressure maintenance projects.

DWE: DATE:
- Detailed environment of deposition studies to assist in predicting reservoir

development.
- Compatibility of formation and injection fluids.
- Investigation of anomalous log response in potentially large fields.
- Residual Oil Saturation determination.
When a well is to be cored, the DSV/WSDE will be assisted by a geologist to locate

the coring point and in recovering the core. A coring engineer will be on site for running
the coring assembly and cutting the core, and a Field Chemist will assist with the mud.
A detailed coring programme will be given in the drilling programme.
7.11.1 EQUIPMENT
The following types of equipment are available:
For unconsolidated formations:
6-7/8" x 3" model 'B' rubber sleeve core barrel with C-35 diamond corehead. Core 20
ft at a time. The core is 3" in diameter. The Christensen 6-3/4" x 4 x 30/60 ft fibre glass
sleeve core barrel can also be used.
For consolidated formations:
Christensen 250P 6-3/4" x 4" 30/60-ft core barrel with 8-15/32" diamond core head.
Core is 4" in diameter. First core should be 30 ft. If recovery is good, a 60-ft core
may be taken in following runs.
For Residual Oil Saturation determination, the Sponge coring technique is used. The
sponge is fitted in an aluminium liner placed in the inview barrels of a Conventional Core
barrel (7-7/8" x 3.25").
7.11.2 DRILLING MUD

For most coring operations, special requirements are necessary. Mud properties
should be as per mud programme. Make-up water and mud samples should be
despatched to the laboratory for routine analysis.
7.11.3 CORING POINT
Determination of the coring point, is done by establishing correlation with nearby wells,
using the penetration rate log or/and MWD log.
Alternatively, drilling may stop at a specified point according to the programme
(normally a given depth below a given market) and logging DLT/MSFL/GR/SP to
DWE: DATE:
establishing a positive log correlation. This is only necessary if a good correlation cannot
be established.
Log to be sent Getim to PXX-PHY.
7.11.4 CUTTING THE CORE
This phase is normally supervised by the coring engineer who will advice on coring
parameters. It is important to record drilling parameters and penetration rate every foot,
as this will assist in correlating the recovered core with the right depth. These
parameters must be given in the core report. It may be advisable to open-up the rat-
hole after coring + 120 ft if further coring is required.
7.11.5 CORE RECOVERY
During the recovery phase, the core is removed from the core barrel and stored in
labelled boxes. It is important to remember that first out is last in i.e. the first core
out of the core barrel is the last of the recovered section of the core. Also
conventionally, at this stage, it is assumed that any core not recovered is from the
bottom of the cored interval.
Core recovery should be carried out as follows:
a) Conventional Core
1. Have sufficient core trays for a full core recovery plus 40% i.e. 14 x 3 ft trays for a 30
ft core. These trays are labelled 1 to 14 and each has a T (top) end and a B (bottom)
end. These should be positioned on the rig floor in a clear area with a clear route to the
rotary table. This route should not cross the drillers view of the core barrel.
2. When the barrel is on surface, the inner core barrel will be pulled out and suspended
from the travelling block. The core catcher will be removed and a clamp attached to
the end of the barrel. The end of the inner barrel will be about one foot from the rig
floor.
3. Using the clamp, the coring engineer will control the core falling, under gravity from the
core barrel. The driller will raise the barrel up to 3 ft from the rig floor if the core
comes in a continuous piece.
4. The WSDE will position himself between the core trays and the core barrel. Using a
Geologist hammer, hook the core from under the barrel and place in tray 1 with the
base of the core towards end B. If the core comes out in long lengths, a sharp blow
with the hammer may be used to break the core into a conventional length.
DWE: DATE:
When tray 1 is full, or nearly full and the next piece of core is too long to go in, pass
tray 1 back and take tray 2 in the same position and fill this up starting at end B.
Continue until the entire core is recovered.
During this part of the recovery, the Geologists should place himself by the core trays
not in use, but with a view of the core coming from the barrel. In this way, he can feed
WSDE with the correct next tray the right way - WSDE must still check this - and also
in case core drops while the WSDE is busy with the previous pieces of core, he can
advise on which is bottom and which is top.
5. After recovering all cores, carefully remove all trays to the previously prepared working
area. This must be well lit and sheltered from rain. It must have a water supply and
sufficient secure storage for all core materials and recovered cores.
Lay out trays and estimate recovery. Lay out sufficient clean trays to receive the entire
core recovered. Starting at the top of the core i.e. that nearest the T-end of the highest
numbers (e.g. X) box, transfer the core to the clean receiving box. The depth of this
first bit of core will be the starting point of the coring. The core should be cleaned by
wiping it off mud with a dry or damp (not wet) rag. When the first box is filled from the
catching trays (i.e. when end B of tray X is reached) continue with box X-1. From end
T, label this box with:
- Well number
- Core number.
- Box number and interval cored in this run.
Mark the core with a red and black line - red on right, black on left when standing at
the bottom looking to the top. This should be done before continuing with the next box.
The length of core in the box must be measured to determine the top depth for the next
box.
6. At this stage, the Geologist can start on his description while the WSDE continues to
clean and transfer the core from the trays to the boxes. The Geologist will normally
take small chips from the core and store in labelled SWS bottles for detailed
description and for the hydrocarbon shows. There should be full diameter and 2 - 3
inches long; approximately one sample should be taken from every 3 ft but they should
be representative of the lithology.
The sample should be sealed in a plastic bag with a label stating:
- Well
- Core number and box number
- Depth and thickness
- Sample number
DWE: DATE:
A duplicate label should be placed in a plastic bag and this placed in the gap left in the
core box. This gap and any other gaps should be filled with rags to stop any movement
of the core in the box during transportation.
Special sampling requirements as noted in the coring programme should be taken at this
stage.
7. Special description and sampling, the core is wrapped in aluminium foil. The core is
placed in boxes and packed with rags to arrest possible movement during
transportation.
b) Fibre Glass Sleeve Core:
The recovery procedure is somewhat similar to that for conventional core, the main
difference being that the core is initially recovered as a continuous sample in the rubber
sleeve.
The inner barrel is removed from the core barrel and laid down on the catwalk. After
removing the core catcher, the core still in its rubber sleeve, is pulled from the inner
barrel. Bending of the core should be avoided, and it should be remembered which
end is bottom.
Once the core is laid down on the catwalk, red and black lines are marked on the
rubber sleeve - red on right when standing at the bottom looking towards the top.
Next, the core is cut into 3-ft lengths each still enclosed in the rubber sleeve. Chips are
usually taken from the ends for description (store in SWS bottles) and the ends then
capped. One 3-ft length should be dealt with at a time to avoid mix-ups. The position
of empty intervals, soft or hard intervals, etc. is recorded but with a minimum
disturbance.
The core is then packed and sealed in the same way as the conventional core. Extra
care must be exercised when retrieving core from the inner tube because gas
trapped from the inner core right below the inner sleeve can cause explosion.
c) Sponge Coring:
In the case of Sponge Coring, the aluminium liner with sponge and core are wrapped in
heavy duty cling film and aluminium foil before they are put in PVC shipping containers.
The sponge core should be transported to the core analysis laboratories immediately.
PXX-PHY should be contacted on related wireline logging of NML (Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance log) which would require doping the drilling mud with Manganese Magnetite
and versenate.
7.11.6 CORE PRESERVATION

Core preservation to prevent disturbance during transportation especially for
unconsolidated cores can be done by freezing or resination.
DWE: DATE:
The cores are frozen in thermally insulated containers packed with dry Ice. Unless
specifically recommended, freezing, using Nitrogen is not encouraged. The core must
be kept frozen until arrival at core analysis laboratory.
For preservation using resination proceed as follows:
1. Each section of the 3' Core is laid on an inclined stand to allow drilling mud from the
annulus of Inner Sleeve and the core.
2. A plastic end cap is placed on the lower end of each core section, using a metal jubilee
clip, and a small hole is cut into the bottom end cap.
3. A liquid plastic and hardener are pumped using a mixing gum and nozzle via the hole at
the base until resin completely covers the core, advancing liquid displacer air and
undrained mud. The resin sets in about 5 minutes. Ensure proper safety goggles and
breathing apparatus are worn. Finally, the resinated core Extra care must be exercised
when retrieving core from the inner tube because gas trapped from the inner core right
below the inner sleeve can cause an explosion.
7.11.7 LABELLING
In addition to sample labels, the following core box labels are required for proper Core
identification. Labels inserted in small plastic bags, giving the following information must
be securely be fixed to the top and bottom rim of the core boxes: box number, core
number, depth (of box, not core), total percentage recovery.
Exterior and interior of the boxes should be addressed as follows:
Exterior of Core boxes
- Well name/number:
- Core number:
- Box number: -------- of --------
Interior of Boxes
- Well name/number:
- Core number:
- Depth:
- Interval:
- Recovery:
- Box number---------- of --------
DWE: DATE:
7.11.8 PRE-REQUISITES
The DSV/WSDE must ensure that the following items are available on the wellsite
before the coring starts for any conventional coring:
- Quantity Aluminium core trays

- Quantity wooden core boxes, each designed to contain 5 trays
- Quantity x 5 gallon buckets with handle
- 600 - 800 ft Aluminium foil
- 250 - 300 ft cellophane wraps 6" diameter
- 4 rolls masking tape (water resistant)
- 2 pairs scissors
- 200 sample labels with strings attached
- 2 bottles gum
- 2 measuring tapes (graduated in feet and 1/10 foot)
- 3 knives
- 2 x 100 lb. bundles of rag
- 6 felt pen (water-proof ink - must include 2 black, 2 red and 2 yellow)
- 4 x 1 gallon containers
- 4 x 1 litre containers
- 6 pairs of gloves
- 100 x SWS jars
- Paraffin wax
- Plastic bags (for samples and labels)
- 1 Geologists hammer
- 2 hammers
- 500 pieces 2" nails
- 1 Hacksaw
- 500 labels core box top bottom
- Core description sheets
- 1 piece staple gun
- 2 boxes staples
- Safety goggles
- Ultra violet lamp
- Hydrocarbon solvent for 'cut colour' and 'cut' fluorescence' tests.
- Vythene and acetone
- Distilled water.
If unconventional coring is required, the following additional items will be required:
Fibre Glass Coring
- Fibre glass Inner Core barrels

- Caps for top and base of each section
- Jubilee clips
- Circular saw and spare blades
DWE: DATE:
Sponge Coring
- Enough 5' length PVC tubes

- Formation water of salinity representative of section to be cored.
7.11.9 CORE TRANSPORTATION:
Transportation of core from wellsite to base and from there to Core analysis laboratory
should be arranged by SWW.
7.11.10 REPORT OF CORING OPERATION
A comprehensive report of the operational aspect of the coring is expected from the
DSV and PXX-PHY. This shall include the core data sheet.
7.12 SAFETY WHILE LOGGING
Keep clear of logging cable.
Check the cable armour occasionally for unravelling armour strand. This applies
particularly to operations through a stuffing box.
Do not stand underneath the upper sheave wheel.
During open hole logging, ensure that the mud level in the well is monitored via the trip
tank.
Tag a reminder on the BOPs remote control panel to ensure that the cable is not cut by
inadvertent closure of BOPs during wireline operations.
7.12.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
The storage, transport and use of radioactive source materials used for logging
operations are governed by local regulations enforced by appropriate legislation. The
basic rules to be applied when using ionising radiation are given in Publications Nos. 26
and 60 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). In addition,
the Group publication "Ionizing Radiation Safety Guide" (Ref 43) uses the
recommendations of the ICRP as the main source of guidance.
The radioactive sources used in neutron and Formation Density logging emit high-
energy neutrons and gamma rays, both of which present a health hazard. Lead shielding
is provided for reducing the radiation to a safe level while handling/preparing the tools at
surface.
DWE: DATE:
The radioactive source must be very conspicuously marked: "Caution - Radioactive

Material”.
For safety reasons, the Radioactive source (while on a well location but not in use)
should be secured at safe distance or in a special radioactive store.
Immediate vital danger to human beings exists only if the actual source (capsule) is
released from its inner shield.
These are some precautions to take during logging with radioactive sources:
1. Should the equipment become stuck in the hole, it is essential that great care be
exercised not to damage the inner shield. In cased wells, a bit and scraper must always
be run first. In open hole, the survey must be cancelled if the hole is unstable as
evidenced, e.g. by overpulls during earlier surveys of the same logging series.
2. If the tool becomes stuck, the stripping-over technique must always be used. Rotation
of the pipe to facilitate engagement of the fish shall not be done since it may cause the
inner shield to break. Do not break the weak point when engaged, reverse cut.
3. If fishing is unsuccessful, the sonde must be isolated in the hole by setting a cement plug
above it. The plug must be at least 500 ft long and placed in separate cement jobs,
feeling for hard cement on each occasion. Authorisations for this must be sort from
DPR.
After some time, the inner shield may corrode and cause contamination of produced
fluids. A periodic check (say every other year) of the level of radioactivity of the
produced fluids is necessary.
4. Side-tracking past the fish must not be undertaken and drilling of a replacement hole
required special approval.
7.12.2 POSITION OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCE IN THE STRING
1. In a combination stack run on wireline or drillpipe (comprising resistivity, density,

neutron, sonic tools, etc.), the radioactive sondes must always be positioned above the
sonic tool in order to facilitate recovery of the sources during fishing operations
following a stuck string.
2. When an LWD is run, there must be no obstruction in the drill pipe from surface down
to the neutron - density source cavity in order to facilitate recovery of the sources on
wireline following a stuck string.
3. If the string is stuck while logging on drill pipe, and if a first attempt to free the drill pipe
fails, the source should be retrieved on wireline before further attempts are made to free
the stuck drill string.
DWE: DATE:
7.12.3 PROCEDURE FOR TRANSPORTATION RADIOACTIVE LOGGING

SOURCES
1. During normal operations, radioactive logging tools on rental to Shell should remain on
offshore and swamp rigs up to three months to minimise the movement of radioactive
sources between rigs and workshops by sea. Logging contractors should be equipped
to carry out basic maintenance and field calibrations at the rig site.
2. Radioactive sources are always transported in their shields. On land, the shields are
placed in the source compartment of the logging truck. Over water, the shields are
placed in a dedicated transport container.
3. The radioactive shield must be chained and securely locked to the truck or the transport
container.
4. Shields and containers must be maintained in the condition in which they were originally
approved. This includes painting, ensuring labels are legible and replacing worn parts
and locks.
5. Packaging and labelling of the radioactive materials must be of the standard required for
the type and quantity of radioactive materials to be transported.
6. Copies of the waybill must be attached to the container and the manifest. Other copies
for dispatcher, logging company and final destination.
7. The Supervisor at the final destination must be informed of the despatch of radioactive
sources and expected time of arrival.
8. For transport of sources from a location, all preparations such as packaging, labelling
and paper work are the responsibility of the Logging Contractor.
9. Radioactive containers must be placed away from explosive, inflammable or corrosive

substances.
10. Procedures and Contingency Plans and be equipped with monitoring badges. These
workers are responsible for documentation, registration and the transfer of sources to
the permanent storage facility at the rig site. They must also inform their base of the
arrival in the I.A. of radioactive sources, and arrange transport to their workshops. The
"Classified Workers" must comply with the regulations limiting annual radiation
exposure to less than 1 milliSievert/yr.
11. To avoid night stops, radioactive sources should be transported by fast landing craft
that can reach most swamp locations in eight hours from I.A. For transport to offshore
rigs, use the supply boats.
DWE: DATE:
Note: - SPDC Policy stipulates that Transportation of radioactive sources

by air within its operational areas is prohibited.
- It should be considered good practice to have a floater and a
beacon attached to radioactive transport containers going offshore
7.12.4 RIG RADIOACTIVE STORAGE FACILITY
When sources are received at a location, they should be transferred immediately from
the transport container or logging truck to the permanent storage facility (unless the
truck serves as the permanent store). The Logging Engineer or other "classified
worker" under his instructions should do such transfers.
The store must be of an approved design, provide protection against rain and weather
and be fire-resistant. It shall be securely locked and arrangements made for the safe
custody of keys to prevent unauthorised access.
The store should be painted yellow and clearly marked with yellow and black trefoil
signs and the warning: "DANGER - RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL".
The radiation limit at the store surface should be less than 0.5 microsievert/hr at 0.1m
from the store. The radiation level around the store should be checked before and after
every logging operation.
Never store more than the full complement of sources in the store. Do not use it for
third party sources.
The store should be located in a place where Security/Safety can be assured but as far
as possible away from living quarters, work areas and busy walkways, explosives and
inflammable materials.
Avoid all unnecessary movement of sources on site, only the Logging Engineer or other
"Classified Workers" under his direct instructions are authorised to remove sources
from the store.
Sources should only be moved when they are correctly locked in their carrying shield
with the keys removed. To minimise radiation exposure, the person moving the sources
should keep them well away from his body. The use of a vehicle, trolley or crane is
recommended. When it is done this way, the carrying shield should be secured in
position.
If the store has been interfered with, a check on the sources should be carried out
immediately using a dose-meter and the results compared with the record kept on site.
DWE: DATE:
It is important that a radiation-monitoring device be installed in a visible part of the

working area where they can be clearly seen and read anytime a radioactive source is at
the wellsite.
7.12.5 CONTROL OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
It is of the utmost importance that the whereabouts of every sealed source is known at
all times. To achieve this, an accounting system is essential. The Logging Contractors
controlling the storage of sources should maintain records of those sources and details
of their issue from, and return to the store. The records should be retained for a period
or two years from the date of the last entry.
The data recorded should include:
- The special number of the sealed source

- The nuclide
- The date of receipt
- The activity at a specified date
- The dates and results of wipe tests or leakage tests
- The whereabouts of the sources, updated during each movement
- The date and number of disposal.
7.12.6 CONTINGENCY PROCEDURES
The procedures below detail further actions to be taken and aspects to be considered
in case of accidents or incidents involving radioactive sources during transport and in
storage on a rig.
It is the responsibility of the Logging Engineer as Radiation Protection Supervisor to

implement these contingency plans, for calling upon support when required and for
providing information to SPDC Management and safety department.
a) Safety Equipment for Emergencies:
The Logging Contractor should keep the following safety equipment on site at all times
when radioactive sources are present:
- Radiation monitors for gamma and neutron radiation.

- Measuring tape (2 of 100 meter each)
- Stop watch
- Calculator
- Three bags of lead shot to shield gamma radiation (2kg/bag)
- Paraffin slabs or plastic bags with water or oil to shield neutron radiation
- Chain barriers/yellow masking tape and radiation warning signs
DWE: DATE:
- Handling tools for the logging sources

- Fishing kit for the logging tool string containing the source
b) Reporting of Radioactive Incidents:
The Shell DSV on site must be informed immediately of any incidents involving
radioactive material. The office based DE and/or SDE must also be informed as soon
as possible in order to co-ordinate contingency plans.
Office based Logging Contractor, SPDC Management and Safety department shall be
informed immediately after the incident.
The responsibility for notification to the Government Authorities of incidents involving

the loss or theft of radioactive sources lies with the owner of that source, i.e. the
Logging Contractor. SPDC shall be copied on any such notification.
All Shell correspondence with Nigerian Authorities in respect of the above

must be approved by Shell Divisional Management.
The following Government agencies and bodies should be informed:
- Nigerian Police Force, Warri/Port Harcourt

- The Naval Base, Warri/Port Harcourt
- Department of Petroleum Resources (Warri/Port Harcourt and Lagos)
- NAPIMS, Lagos
- Federal Ministry of Mines, Power and Steel
- Federal Environmental Protection Agency
If an accident involving radioactive sources is considered to pose a potential risk to

individuals or the public at large, Shell Management may decide to notify the public
accordingly via the media or by distributing handout in the areas potentially at risk.
Any such communication with the general public must be approved first by the
Technical department involved, Safety, Security, Public Affairs and Legal departments
and Divisional Management.
7.12.7 ACCIDENTS INVOLVING POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO A SOURCE,

SOURCE SHIELD OR TRANSPORT CONTAINER
These situations may occur as result of road accidents, collisions between boats or
other incidents in which a source container may be involved.
1. Perform life-saving rescue and emergency first aid. Whatever the situation, no life
should be endangered in order to reduce the potential hazard of an exposed source.
2. Only "classified workers" should be directly involved in radioactive source recovery

operations.
DWE: DATE:
3. Other personnel on site should always be informed that a radioactive sources recovery
operation is in progress, they should be kept away from the scene of the accident.
4. The Logging Contractor, Shell Management and Safety department must be informed
before any action is carried out. Emergency addresses and telephone numbers are listed
in the SPDC Contingency Procedures.
Limit unnecessary exposure to Radiation by:
Keeping maximum distance from the source:
The dose rate diminishes with the square of the distance, use handling tools and avoid
direct contact between source and body under all circumstances.
Provide maximum shielding:
All the available radiation shielding material on site, such as pipes, bags of cement, sand
or mud (barytes) chemicals should be used to reduce the dose rates received.
Keep exposure time down:
Plan all moves well, train on dummies and move fast when in the radiation zone.
a) Actions to be implemented by "classified workers"
1. Measure the radiation intensity with a meter. If no meter is available, assume that the
source is completely unshielded.
2. Prevent access to the vicinity. If the incident gives rise to increase dose rates, erect
warning signs and barriers at the 2.5 microSievert contour.
3. Interview all personnel who have been exposed to radiation and obtain their names and
particulars.
4. Plan a course of action, before entering the radiation area. Collect emergency
equipment. Estimate the likely dose individuals will be exposed to by taking the planned
course of action.
5. Report to SPDC Management and Logging Contractor.
6. Inform the police if the public at large is potentially at risk.
7. Do not leave the area unsupervised
8. Implement the planned course of action.
DWE: DATE:
9. Replace, if possible a source which has become separated from its container. Use the
emergency equipment and keep all sources at arms length.
Note: No source should be picked up with bare hands.
10. Work quickly, the maximum time for anybody operating in the radiation area depends
on the strength and the distance from the source. A second person should stand at the
barrier to time the operation and shout when the maximum time has expired. Use a
dose-rate meter to check that the source is back in its container.
11. Shield the source if it cannot be replaced inside its shield, by placing lead bricks, layers
or lead sheet, bags of lead shot, cement, sand or similar material near to, or over the
source. Take care to keep all parts of the body at arm's length from the source. Use
the emergency equipment.
12. Call for specialist assistance via SPDC or the Logging Contractor if the source cannot
be safely retrieved.
13. Advise the local authorities.
c) Fires involving radioactive sources:
Sources and containers are not combustible and are designed to withstand fire without
damage. If a fire occurs, the sources should be removed from the area if this can be
done without risk. Otherwise abandon the sources and inform the fire service as soon
as possible.
Any shielded sources which has been in a fire must be treated as unshielded, even
though there may be no obvious indication that the shield has been affected. A radiation
survey of the shield should be performed as soon as possible.
7.12.8 MISSING OR STOLEN SOURCES
If a radioactive source is missing, the following action should be taken:
1. Immediately report the loss to the SDE.
2. Take action to monitor and establish safe area where personnel can assemble.
3. All personnel coming into a safe area must be monitored to establish whether or not the
source has become lodged in their clothing, toolbox, etc.
4. Logging Contract personnel should search all areas where the source is most likely to
be, using appropriate radiation monitors. If after two hours the source has not been
DWE: DATE:
found, the area of the search should be extended. The Logging Contractor, SDE and
Shell management, Security and Safety departments should be notified by Getim telex.
5. Activity on the location should be brought to a minimum, but work may continue in
areas declared safe.
6. Sources lost overboard constitute a potential risk to divers.
7. Goods to be transported from the location should be monitored very carefully for
radiation.
7.12.9 SOURCE LOST IN TRANSIT
If a source container is lost in transit, the Police, Logging Contractor, SPDC

Management, Security and safety departments should be informed immediately.
The Logging Contractor should organise a thorough search, if it is not located, the local
authorities should be notified within 48 hours of discovering the loss. A full report is
also required.
Interview all staff involved in transporting the source. It shall be necessary to retrace
the exact route taken by the vehicle or boat and a search carried out visually with the
aid of instruments.
7.12.10 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
For the following emergency situations, consult the Radiation Safety Manual for Well
Logging Operations. (Draft SIPM June 1991) and SIEP HSE Manual EP 95-0210:
- Rig emergency
- Over-exposure
- Leakage of radioactive substance
- Source stuck in logging operation
- Tool stuck in a well/fishing operation
- Abandonment of radioactive sources in a well
- Damaged minitron tube
- Contaminated area
- Skin decontamination
7.13 EXPLOSIVES SAFETY REGULATIONS
Explosives of any kind must be handled on the well site with great care. While this may
seem obvious with regards to perforating and pipe cutting tools (perforating guns, jet
cutters and string shots), it is equally necessary for other equipment utilising explosives,
e.g. side-wall guns and wireline testers for cased hole.
DWE: DATE:
1. Anybody not directly involved in the operation must stay away from the place where
the tools are primed and from the derrick floor during the handling of the tool. People
directly involved in the operation must stay outside the 'live angle' as much as possible.
2. Thunderstorms are sources of dangerous electric potentials. Any operation involving

the use of explosives at the surface must be interrupted for as long as the storm lasts.
3. During the handling of explosives, the safety switch in the truck (skid) must remain
turned off and the key kept by the Logging Engineer.
4. The Logging Engineer must check and eliminate any electric potential between derrick,
wellhead and logging unit after which he installs grounding clamps between these units.
He must then check that the electrical potential read on the voltmeter is not more that
0.25V. If these requirements are not met, he checks the position and connection of the
clamps. If this potential cannot be eliminated with all generators shut down, the job
must be called off and DWX-OPS and DWE consulted for action.
5. The radio transmitter must be turned off before priming/arming a perforating gun and
should remain so until the gun is at least 200 ft below ground while running in with the
gun and from 200 ft below ground to rig down when coming out of the well. Also all rig
generators and welding outfits must be turned off while primed or misfired gun is on
ground level or less than 200 feet below rotary table.
6. If the critical phase of the operation (handling at the surface) is performed at night, the
only permissible lighting must be provided by a completely separate battery (or
generator) powered unit, insulated from the ground and with sealed flood-lights.
7. When leaving the well site, the operator must collect and return all explosives including
the damaged or misfired ones. The latter must be packed in a special red box marked
'Explosives to be destroyed' Defective detonators must be packed separately with the
lead spliced and insulated.
8. The DSV, WSDE and DST/TCP specialist must ensure that TCP safety procedures
are strictly followed at all times during TCP operations. All Checklist forms duly signed
by all three personnel must be sent to DWE and logging contractor's offices.
7.13.1 EXPLOSIVES HANDLING, SHIPPING AND STORAGE
Three basic types of explosives are in use for wireline operations:
Slow burning charges:
These burn without exploding, and include packer setting charges and sidewall sample
gun charges.
DWE: DATE:
High Explosives:
These burn only with difficulty, and do not normally explode unless initiated by an
explosion or confined at high temperatures. Included in this category, are all charges
for perforating guns, jet cutters, formation interval tester charges, and primacord.
Detonators:
These will explode violently if exposed to excessive shock (hammering), high

temperature, and electrical current above a certain minimum (including induced current
from radio transmissions). Detonators for perforating guns and cutters, side well sample
and formation interval igniters, and Baker igniters are all of this type.
Classes 1 and 2:
Explosives in the first two categories are safe, provided reasonable care is exercised.
Certain specific regulations apply to their shipment by air or sea, and these must be
adhered to. They may be shipped in their original packing cases, or properly mounted
in hollow carrier guns, provided the ends are carefully capped against mechanical
damage or water ingress.
Care must be taken to prevent it from being dropped, spillage, water damage or
exposure to excess heat during transportation. An explosive store is provided for the
exclusive storage of wireline charges on the platform in a location remote from
personnel accommodation and working areas. This store, for security reasons, should
be in full view, locked and chained to a large object. The contents of the store must be
limited to those charges required for perforation within one month, plus a small supply
of primacord charges, and jet cutters or sidewall sample charges if necessary.
Class 3:
Detonators must be handled, transported and stored with extreme care. They must be
kept free from shocks, heat and sources of electrical power including radio transmitters
and lighting discharges. Stringent regulations apply to their transport, and these must be
scrupulously observed. If possible, they should be transported under personal
supervision.
A separate storage cabinet remote from all other explosives, accommodation and
working area is supplied on each rig/platform. The contents of the store must be limited
to blasting caps required for immediate foreseeable jobs, although in general if a small
over-supply of explosive of this nature has been transported to a location, it is probably
safer to retain it than to ship it back to shore.
DWE: DATE:
CHAPTER 7: WELL EVALUATION READERS’ FORM
Use this form to communicate:
1. Any inaccuracies or confusion in the text.
2. Ease of finding information
3. Adequacy of reference
4. Too many or too little detail
5. What is missing?
6. What is not required?
7. Any other suggestions or comments?
NAME: DEPT.: TELEPHONE:
Please dispatch form to DWE-TEC or DWW-TEC

DWE: DATE:
DWE: DATE:

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STANDARD DRILLING PROCEDURES MANUAL CHAPTER 7 PAGE 1

WELL EVALUATION REVISION 2 08-05-03

BULLETIN ITEM PAGE

7.2 MUD SAMPLING 5

7.3 MUD LOGGING 5

7.4 OPEN HOLE LOGGING 10

7.5 LOGGING TOOLS 14

7.6 SIDEWALL SAMPLING 29

7.7 LOG HEADING AND PRINT REQUIREMENTS 33

7.8 LOGGING TIME ALLOCATION SHEET 34

7.9 WIRELINE STICKING 36

7.10 WIRELINE FORMATION TESTING 43

7.12 SAFETY WHILE LOGGING 53

7.12.5 Control of Radioactive Sources 57

7.13 EXPLOSIVES SAFETY REGULATIONS 61

It is equally important that the "information", once gathered, is recorded and

Individual well-evaluation requirements will be given in the drilling programme. The

7.2 MUD SAMPLING

a) Geological Mud Samples:

1. Before spudding (spud mud.)

b) Logging Mud Samples:

7.3 MUD LOGGING

7.3.1 PENETRATION RATE LOGS

The standing instructions are:

Interval Minutes per successive 10 feet interval

9200 - 9243 11 13 9 7 9 (2)

The DSV should:

7.3.3 HYDROCARBON DETECTION

Hydrocarbon detection in mud logging depends heavily on analyses of occluded

Four main methods exits for continuous total gas analysis:

1. Catalytic Filament Detectors (CFD)

2. Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)

3. Filament lonisation Detector (FID)

4. High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC).

1. Drying and separation of gas from the flowline mud returns.

2. Detection/recording of total gas levels in the flowline mud.

7.3.4 FORMATION SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

Samples are to be collected as follows:

- Every 120 ft down to surface casing depth.

Note: The rate of ditch cuttings collection may be changed by PXX-DEV or

7.3.5 CORES (SWS)

7.3.6 DRILLING AND MUD PARAMETER RECORDING

Prediction of potential hazards in a well involves the continuous monitoring and

1. Recording/Totalling pit volumes

9. Measuring/Displaying of the drill string total hook-load and calculation of

Scale: The mud log should be presented in 1:1000 scale.

Legend: Lithologic symbols are to conform to SPDC standard legend.

Penetration rate shall be plotted in MIN/10 ft on track-1.

7.3.9 DITCH SAMPLES

bbls. mud in annulus x slip factor

(Take Slip factor = 1.25)

A nomographic chart may be used for easy calculation.

7.3.10 CUTTINGS DESCRIPTION

Samples will be described for lithology as follows:

- Every 120 ft over interval to surface casing setting depth.

7.3.11 WELLSITE LAB. EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CUTTING

7.4 OPEN HOLE LOGGING

7.4.1 OPEN HOLE LOGGING PROGRAMME

The office based Drilling Engineer is responsible for:

1. Alerting and despatching wireline crews and equipment to rig.

The Petrophysicst is responsible for:

1. Establishing logging programme.

The DS/WSDE is responsible for:

1. Ensuring that logging programme is carried out safely and efficiently.