Heat Transfer Lab (0904446)

Short lab report

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
The University of Jordan, Amman – Jordan
Mechanical engineering department
VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE PROFILES
By
Fadi Nabil Matanes 0140386
Adnan alshobaky 0140545
Mohamad jehad alakhras 0141586
Mahmoud emad Suleiman 0141780
Ma’mon alazazma 0142556
Moayad osama alhaj 0142572

1
Abstract:
Temperature and the difference in pressure (Ps-P) for a pitot tube was taken as the distance to
the pitot change from the pipe surface, also the fan pressure and orifice pressure drop have been
written after the device reaches steady state.
This has been done using water manometers for measuring the pressures and a thermocouple to
find the temperature .A scaled ruler which is attached to the pitot has been used to change its
distance from the pipe walls .A thermometer is used to measure the air inlet to the pipe
temperature. The heater current and voltage were read from an analog screen.
From the velocity profile sketch the axial velocity depends only on the location from the pipe
radius which is maximum at the centre (r=D/2) and zero at the pipe walls(r=0).The temperature
profile also depends on the location from the heat source which is on the pipe outside walls and
the temperature is maximum at the walls and minimum at the pipe centre.

Objectives:
To examine the velocity and temperature profiles of air flowing in a section of heated pipe. Also
to determine the mean temperature rise in the air and to compare the mean velocity of the air by:
(a) The mass flow/mean density.
(b) Velocity profile methods.

Apparatus:
The velocity and temperature traverse assembly, (a Pitot tube) may be traversed across a diameter of the
heated pipe. Its position at any point is read directly from a combined linear scale and varnier. The Pitot
tube measures the stagnation pressure only, the associated static pressure being sensed at a tapping point
in the wall of the heated pipe. The difference between the two pressures is measured by a differential
water manometer mounted on the pane!, and is used to calculate the velocity at points across the plane of
traverse.
The temperature of the air is measured by a thermocouple situated in the Pitot tube just behind the
piezometer opening. The output from this thermocouple appears at selector switch position 14.
The whole assembly is mounted on a small flange secured to the heated pipe in such a position that the
plane of the piezometer opening is at a distance of 276mm from the discharge end of the pipe.

2
Fig.1.Apparatus

Fig.2. Apparatus

3
Data Collected:
Table.1 : Experiment Conditions

27oC Room Temperature

0.90 bar Barometric Pressure
32.5 oC Air Inlet temperature
500 mm H2O Fan Pressure
130 mm H2O Orifice Pressure Drop
145 mm H2O Test Length Measure Drop
4.5 A Heater Current
230 V Heater Voltage

Table.2: Calculated Data

Actual Distance Across

Air Temperature Above Inlet V [Ps-P]
Tube
(oC) (m/s) (mm H2O)
(mm)
65 44.08625 110 1
61 50.69291 124 3
58 53.43502 140 5
56 55.3105 152 7
54 57.48036 160 9
53 58.53513 168 11
52 59.57123 172 13
52 59.91262 176 15
52 59.91262 176 17

Results:
Calculations:-

2 2
 Air Pressure at orifice = 0. 90×10 +0 .48×9. 81≃94.70 kN /m

 Air Density at orifice:

94 .70
ρ= =1 . 09895 kg /m3
0 . 2871×300 .15

 Air mass flow rate:

π
ṁa =1. 09895× ( 0 . 04 )2×0 . 613× √2×100×9 . 81/1. 09895≃0 .03575 kg/s
4
−3
220×4 . 5×10 0 . 94 1477
⋅ ⋅ ≃22 K
 Mean air temperature rise = 0 . 03575 1 . 0 1753

4
 o
 Mean air temperature = 300+22 .1=322 K =49 C

 P static in the PITOT plane =

[ 0. 897×102 + ( )
276
1524 ]
×0 .125×9 . 81 ≃89 . 922 kN /m2

89. 922
ρ̄= =0 . 972 kg/m3
 Mean density in PITOT plane: 0 . 2871×322

Sample example for the velocity at any point.

Take point (pitot traverse distance 78 mm) 

v=√2×102×9.81/0.972=45 .37 m/s

 Mean velocity from mass flow:

mass flow rate 0. 03575
V̄ = = ≃44 . 086 m/ s
ρ×area of pipe π 2
0 . 972× × ( 0. 0326 )
4

 Mean velocity from velocity profile:

−6
2 π ×10 ×area diagram×r pipe 2 π ×10-6×496×16. 3
V̄ = = ≃60 . 8589 m/s
area pipe π 2
×0 . 0326
4

5
 Fig.3.The transverse distance of the pitot tube vs the velocity (The velocity profile)

Fig.4.The transverse distance of the pitot tube vs the temperature (The temperature profile)

:Discussion
 From the velocity profile, we can evaluate the shear stress at any distance from the pipe
walls regarding the velocity (V) as a function of depth across the pipe cross section (y):
∂V
τ =μ
∂y

 .
 .

 At the skin of the pipe the temperature is maximum and at the center is minimum. So as
we moved away from the skin (The heating source) the temperature decreases.

:Conclusion

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 The axial velocity depends only on r,(velocity is a function of the radius of the pipe)
 The radial velocity component v and the gradient of the axial velocity component (u/ x)
are everywhere zero.
 The velocity is assumed to be zero at the wall.

 The temperature and velocity profiles in figures are not smooth due to errors in taking
readings.

 From the velocity profile we can determine the flow mean velocity and the flow rate in the
pipe.