In last session we discussed

Mega Menti
Today’s Session

Biological
Classification
 NCERT 11th & 12th Schedule

Mon Tue Wed Thurs Fri Sat

01:00 PM 01:00 PM 1:00 PM

1:00 PM 1:00 PM 1:00 PM

Class 11 Class 12 General

Vedantu NCERT 11&12
Homework

The alveolar epithelium in the lung is

(a) non-ciliated columnar

(b) non-ciliated squamous
(c) ciliated columnar
(d) ciliated squamous
Homework

The alveolar epithelium in the lung is

(a) non-ciliated columnar

(b) non-ciliated squamous
(c) ciliated columnar
(d) ciliated squamous
 Bhavleen

Tanisha Gupta
Vaishnavi Sonawane

Sejal Namdev
Previous session
MENTI WINNER
 Today’s session

Biological Classification

● Different system of classifications

● Five Kingdom Classification
 Textbook Exercise
1. Discuss how classification systems have undergone several changes over a
period of time?

2. State two economically important uses of:

(a) heterotrophic bacteria (b) archaebacteria

3. What is the nature of cell-walls in diatoms?

4. Find out what do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘red-tides’ signify.

5. How are viroids different from viruses?

6. Describe briefly the four major groups of Protozoa.

 Textbook Exercise
7. Plants are autotrophic. Can you think of some plants that are partially
heterotrophic?
8. What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify?
9. Give a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi under the
following:
(i) mode of nutrition (ii) mode of reproduction
10. What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
11. Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of
genetic material. Also name four common viral diseases.
12. Organise a discussion in your class on the topic – Are viruses living or
nonliving?
 Biological Classification

Biological classification is the scientific

procedure that involves the arrangement of the
organisms in a hierarchical series of groups and
sub-groups on the basis of their similarities and
dissimilarities.

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION

ARTIFICIAL NATURAL
CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION

NATURAL
PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION
 Biological Classification

NATURAL
ARTIFICIAL NATURAL
PHYLOGENETIC
CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION
In this type, plants are
classified on the basis of
In this type of
their complete Both morphology and
classification, plants
morphology. In it, the phylogeny are
are classified on the
classification of whole considered. In
basis of one or two
plant is included (like phylogenetic
morphological
stem, root, leaves, classification, the plants
characters i.e. overall
flowers etc). are arranged on the
morphology is not
Maximum characters basis of their evolution.
considered.
are taken as base in this
classification.
 Biological Classification
Based on few morphological Character
(Aristotle)

PLANTS ANIMALS
● Enaima - Red
● Herbs
blood
● Shrubs
● Anaima - Without
● Trees
red blood
Two Kingdom system of classification: Linnaeus

PLANTS ANIMALS

● They have a cell ● The cell wall is

wall. absent.
● Autotrophic mode ● Heterotrophic
of nutrition. mode of nutrition.

System did not distinguish between

● Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
● Unicellular and multicellular organisms
● Photosynthetic (green algae) and
non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.
Three Kingdom system of classification: Ernst Haeckel
Protista

● Includes organisms, which lack the capability

of tissue differentiation.

● This group included algae, fungi, and Protozoa.

Animalia Plantae
● The cell wall is ● The cell wall is
absent. absent.
● Heterotrophic mode ● Heterotrophic mode
of nutrition. of nutrition.

Limitations of Three Kingdom Classification System

● No separation of Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
● Both unicellular and multicellular organisms are
classified under Protista
Five Kingdom Classification: R.H. Whittaker (1969)

Cell structure

Phylogenetic MAIN Mode of

relationships CRITERIA nutrition

Body/Thallus
Reproduction organisation
Five Kingdom Classification: R.H. Whittaker (1969)

KINGDOM

Monera

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia
 Three-domain system

Monera into two domains, leaving the remaining

eukaryotic kingdoms in the third domain and thereby a
six kingdom classification
 Kingdom Monera

CHARACTERS KINGDOM : MONERA

Cell type Prokaryotes

Cell wall Non cellulosic

Nuclear envelope Absent

Body organization Cellular

Mode of Nutrition Autotrophic (chemosynthetic and

photosynthetic) and Heterotrophic
(saprophytic/parasitic)
 Kingdom Protista
CHARACTERS KINGDOM :PROTISTA

Cell type Eukaryotes

Cell wall Cell wall present in some

Nuclear envelope Present

Body Cellular
organization

Mode of Nutrition Autotrophic

(Photosynthetic) and
Heterotrophic
 Kingdom Fungi

CHARACTERS KINGDOM :FUNGI

Cell type Eukaryotic

Cell wall Present with chitin

Nuclear Present
envelope

Body Multicellular/ loose tissue

organization

Mode of Heterotrophic
Nutrition (Saprophytic/ Parasitic)
 Kingdom Plantae

CHARACTERS KINGDOM :PLANTAE

Cell type Eukaryotic

Cell wall Present ( Cellulose)

Nuclear envelope Present

Body Tissue / Organ

organization

Mode of Nutrition Autotrophic

(Photosynthetic)
 Kingdom Animalia

CHARACTERS KINGDOM :ANIMAL

Cell type Eukaryotic

Cell wall Absent

Nuclear envelope Present

Body organization Tissue / Organ/ Organ system

Mode of Nutrition Heterotrophic (Holozoic/

Saprophytic etc.)
Five Kingdom Classification: R.H. Whittaker (1969)

● Earlier classification systems included bacteria, blue

green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and
the angiosperms under ‘Plants’.

● The character that unified this whole kingdom was that

all the organisms included had a cell wall in their cells.

● This placed together groups which widely differed in

other characteristics.

● It brought together the prokaryotic bacteria and the blue

green algae (cyanobacteria) with other groups which
were eukaryotic.
Five Kingdom Classification: R.H. Whittaker (1969)

● It also grouped together the unicellular organisms and

the multicellular ones, say, for example,
Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together
under algae.

● The classification did not differentiate between the

heterotrophic group – fungi, and the autotrophic green
plants, though they also showed a characteristic
difference in their walls composition

● The fungi had chitin in their walls while the green plants
had a cellulosic cell wall.
Five Kingdom Classification: R.H. Whittaker (1969)

● When such characteristics were considered, the fungi

were placed in a separate kingdom – Kingdom Fungi.

● All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under

Kingdom Monera and the unicellular eukaryotic
organisms were placed in Kingdom Protista.

● Kingdom Protista has brought together

Chlamydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in Algae
within Plants and both having cell walls) with
Paramoecium and Amoeba (which were earlier placed in
the animal kingdom which lack cell wall).

● It has put together organisms which, in earlier

classifications, were placed in different kingdoms.
Five Kingdom Classification: R.H. Whittaker (1969)

● This happened because the criteria for classification

changed.

● This kind of changes will take place in future too

depending on the improvement in our understanding of
characteristics and evolutionary relationships.

● Over time, an attempt has been made to evolve a

classification system which reflects not only the
morphological, physiological and reproductive
similarities, but is also phylogenetic, i.e., is based on
evolutionary relationships.

● In this chapter we will study characteristics of

Kingdoms Monera, Protista and Fungi of the Whittaker
system of classification.
 Homework Question
Five kingdom system of classification sug
gested by R.H. Whittaker is not based on

(a) presence or absence of a well defined

nucleus
(b) mode of reproduction
(c) mode of nutrition
(d) complexity of body organisation
 Today’s we discussed

● Different system of classifications

● Five Kingdom Classification
 Next session

Kingdom Monera
● Archaebacteria
● Eubacteria
 Menti Link & Code

https://www.mentimeter.com/s/042dfcca8feb6
66e32fab2e15dc7f316/097c6be66302/edit

93 83 61 97
 NCERT 11th & 12th Schedule

Mon Tue Wed Thurs Fri Sat

01:00 PM 01:00 PM 1:00 PM

1:00 PM 1:00 PM 1:00 PM

Class 11 Class 12 General

 amrit_rj

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