Professional Documents
Culture Documents
01
01
01
! " # !$ !
% $ & '
% $ &
$" ! " !$ ! $ ( ! "
! ) * ' & ' +
$ ( ,+ $ *
$ ! " - ' +
! '& *
= ( ∈ ( . ( = (0/ * / − 1
& -
2 !
! ' + $ *
! ! *
' !
&δ
ρ& ( ! !
= ∈δ
δ
δ
ρ& = = ( = ρ& * [ρ ] = * −3
*
δ
&
! ! (
=4 4= = ρ& &
' !
≈ µ & ! "
! ' + ! '
! *
σ& ( ! !
δ
= =
δ
=σ& & * [σ ] = * −
*
=4 4= σ& & *
3 ' !
δ
! λ& ( = = &! !
δ
[λ ] = * −
*
= λ& &
λ&
2 =4 4= λ& &
2
2
! ! $
• +! ! (
! *& ! ! ! ) 5 ! !
! !
∂•
• 6 ! ! ! * = /*
∂
( ρ (σ ( λ ! ! ! *
2 ! '
7 ! " ( ( *
= *
$ ! " ! ! ! !
'
→ = *
! $ & >/
= = 1* / 1 79 & 8* * −
* ε/ ! ! *
:πε /
! ' ' ! + ! !
ε/ ε( ! *
ε = ε ε/ &ε ! ( !
ε = ! -ε = (///;< $ -ε = </ $ *
→ = = *
:πε / :πε /
3
& = *
:πε /
& ! ! $ * $
*
( → = & *
9
! $ $
*
& >/
$ ! ( = %+%! ! ! > !
!$ * 5 *
2 ! ! ! ' !
' ! 5
!5 ' ! ( ∈[ ( ]*
{ }→ = → = =
= = :πε /
=
= :πε /
{ }& { } ! { }→ = { }&
( { }& = = & *
= :πε / =
( !
! *
:
' !
& ) ! *
= ρ& & * ( (
& & = *
:πε /
$.
ρ&
= = =
&
& &
:πε / :πε /
" $' ! ( ?
( → = &
3 ' !
σ&
=
&
& *
:πε /
σ&
=
&
$. &
:πε /
: ' !
λ&
λ&
=
&
&
:πε /
2
2
;
7# # ! ! ' !
!5 ! ' ! {ρ }
{ρ } →
ρ&
@ !$" ∆ !$ α
∆
== ∆ (α &
!5
*
#
!= " ∆ ( != α
# {ρ } ⇔ ! $ ( ρ& = = ρ& *
# {ρ } ⇔ ! $ ( ρ& = = −ρ& *
& . == &
"
* ( * ! # ! ' ! *
* ( * ! # *
ρ/
# !$" ∆ !$ α ∈ [/( π [ - $
# # ! * ∆( # & !
! # {ρ }
0
2 7# # ! ! *
6 5 & !
7 π ! # {ρ }( $ { }(
& = %+%! ! $ ( & = = π & & - π #
BB
& = BB + ⊥
7 ∈π ( == π & =
& = π & & ( !$ . ⊥ =/
( ! π( & 5 *
7 π !$ # {ρ }( π !$ #
{ }* & ∀ ∈ε( & = =− π& &
π
− BB
BB π & &
& = BB + ⊥
A
3 "
∆
ρ =/
ρ/
6 π ∆ ! ! # {ρ }*
7 ∈∆ ⊂ π ( & BB π *
! " π ( π= ! ∆*
& ⊂ π ∩π=( ! & BB ∆
' ! λ& = λ/ θ*
! # {λ}
7 ! ( λ & = = λ/ &π − θ = −λ/ θ = −λ &
7 ( λ & = = / = −λ &
( ∈& ( & ⊥ *
) ( ∈& ( & BB *
9 # ! ! ' !$
9 ! ! *
{ρ } ! ! ⇔ ∀λ ∈ ( λ*
# {ρ }*
"
λ& = λ/
C ( ! ! ! λ/
* ! ' ! ! *
6 5
! ( ( ! ! ! !
! ! ! !$ ( *
<
∀ ∈ε( & = & ( ( = & ( (/ * + & ( (/ * + & ( (/ *
∀ ( ( ( =∈ ( & ( ( ( =& ( ( = ! $ (
= = & =− & *
$ # { }*
& = = & =−
& & = &
&C D
(
& = = & ( ( = + & ( ( = + & ( ( =
= & = & ( ( + & ( ( + & ( (
? ( *
@
! # ! & ρ (θ ( (! ' & ρ( θ (
& & ρ (θ ( = ρ & ρ (θ ρ + θ & ρ (θ θ + & ρ (θ
9 ! ∆=&
! {ρ } 5! # # ! + ∆
{ρ } ∆ (α ( α ∈ [/( π [ *
6 5
# ! ρ ( θ ( ! ! ! θ
& ( ! ! ! ) $ ! ! ρ ( θ
3 9 !$" *
! {ρ } 5! # " ∆
( α ∈ [/( π [ ( ∆ (α # {ρ }*
6 5
! & ( θ ( ϕ ! ! !
= - ) θ = ϕ = / * &E 3 !
" C *
!
!
! [ ]( ! = (
! *
1
( (
∀ ∈[ ]( λ & = λ/ *
! &
•π = ! # *
∈π ( & ∈π ( = & ⋅ = /*
•π == ! # *
∈π = ( & ∈π =( = & ⋅ =/
( & = & = & & ∈&
• = ! # *
== & * ! # (
& = = & & ( &− = & & = & & =− & *
*
! *
!5 ! !$'
( ! *
λ/ +
& = ( . = =
:πε /
& = & *
( & = & *
+
& = & ⋅ = & ⋅ - ⋅ = ⋅ = *
λ/ λ/ λ/
& = = =
:πε / & + 3B − :πε / & + 3B
:πε / − & + 3B
C ! *
& + 3B
+
/
λ/ − λ/
& = − =
:πε / + + :πε / +
λ/
7 & = *
:πε / +
7 >> ( ! + *
E
λ/ λ/
& = ≈ ≈
:πε / + :πε / :πε /
2 !
σ& = σ/
7#
! # {σ }( ! *
& =/
) ( & =/
& = & = &
! *
! ! ' !
θ
!5 & (θ !
( θ* = × θ & + !
! (! θ *
9 =σ& =σ/ × θ*
σ/ × θ
& = *
:πε /
& = & ( & = &
& (
& = & ⋅
& (
⋅
⋅ = =
σ/ × θ π σ/ × θ
& = =
& ( :πε / & + 3B θ =/ = / :πε &
/ + 3B
( !$' ! +θ
σ/
& = π
/ :πε / & + 3B
−
C !
& + 3B
+
πσ / −
& = +
:πε / +
πσ /
7 & = −
:πε / +
>> & >/
πσ / πσ / + −
& = − =
:πε / + :πε / +
=
πσ / ( + B − ) ≈
πσ / ( B )
:πε / + :πε /
πσ /
≈ =
:πε / :πε /