TABLE OF CONTENT

 INTRODUCTION
 THEORY
 APPARATUS REQUIRED
 CHEMICALS REQUIRED
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATION
 RESULT
 PRECAUTION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUTION
Digestion in stomach result from action of gastric fluids, which includes the
secretions of digestive enzymes, mucous and hydrochloric acid. The acidic
environment in the stomach make it possible for digestive enzymes to be
converted in active forms and dissolve minerals and kill bacteria which may
enter to our body with food however excessive acid production leads to the
unpleasant system of heartburn and may result in the formation of ulcer in
stomach lining.

Antacids are the weak bases (most commonly carbonates, bicarbonates and
hydroxides that neutralize excess stomach acids and thus alleviate symptoms of
heartburn.

The general neutralization reaction is:

ANTACID + HCL  SALT + H2O + CO2

(Weak base) (Stomach acid)
THEORY
1.ANTACIDS
Antacids are medicines that counteract (neutralize) the acid in your stomach to
relieve indigestion and heartburn.

They come as a liquid or chewable tablet and can be bought from pharmacies

and shops without a prescription.

2.WHEN ARE ANTACIDS USED

Antacids may help if you have:
 Indigestion
 Heartburn or acid reflux – also known as gastro-esophageal reflux disease
(GORD)
 A stomach ulcer
 Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining)

They can quickly relieve your symptoms for a few hours. But they do not
treat the underlying cause and long-term use is not recommended.

3.COMMON TYPES OF ANTACIDS

Many different types of antacid are available. Some are sold under a brand name
and others are named after their main ingredient. Brands include Gaviscon
(alginic acid) and Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate).

Ingredients to look for include:

 Aluminium Hydroxide
 Magnesium Carbonate
 Magnesium Trisilicate
 Magnesium Hydroxide
 Calcium Carbonate
 Sodium Bicarbonate
Some antacids also contain other medicines, such as an alginate (which coats
your gullet with a protective layer) and simeticone (which reduces flatulence).

4.IDEAL ANTACIDS
 They should be Water-insoluble.
 It should not be easily absorbable.
 It should have a fine particle size.
 It should not cause constipation.
 It should not act as a laxative.
 It should have rapid effects.
 It should not also cause any systemic alkalosis.
 pH range from 4-6
 Should inhibit pepsin
 There should be a long-term impact.
 Non toxic
 Should not have side effects

5.ANTACID MECHANISM
Antacids perform neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric acid, raising the
pH to reduce activity in the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the
nerves in gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal pain to the central nervous system.
This happens when these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers. Antacids are
commonly used as to neutralize the stomach acids. The actions of antacids are
based on the facts.

6.SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTACIDS

Antacids do not usually have many side effects if they're only taken occasionally
and at the recommended dose.

But sometimes they can cause:

 Diarrhoea or constipation
 Flatulence (wind)
  Stomach cramps
 Feeling sick or vomiting

These should pass once you stop taking the medicine.

Speak to a pharmacist or a GP if side effects do not improve or are troublesome.

You may need to switch to another medicine.

7.CHEMISTRY OF ANTACIDS
The chemistry of antacid is simple – the reduction of hydronium ion
concentration with reaction of base stronger than water
H3O+ + BI- → HBI + H2O

The extent to which the function exceeds is a function of relative strengths of

water as a base and antacid as a base.
Different antacids react with HCl to form chlorides, water and carbon dioxide,
neutralizing reaction by following reaction:

HCl + Al(OH)3 → H2O + AlCl3

Mg(OH)3 + 3HCl → MgCl3 + 3H2O

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl + CO2 + H2O

HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + CO2 + H2O

SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS

Alka–Seltzer
Gaviscon Eno

Disene Milk
Of Magnesia Gas
O Fast
APPARATUS REQUIRED

Beakers Weight box Burette

Titration flask Volumetric flask

Pipette

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
1. Various samples of antacids
2. Sodium Hydroxide
3. Sodium Carbonate
4. Hydrochloric Acid
5. Phenolphthalein
6. Methyl Orange
PROCEDURE
1. Standardization of NaOH: First we took 20ml of 0.1m HCl in titration flask
and added 2 drop of methyl orange, then titrated it against unknown
concentration solution of NaOH and found the concentration of NaOH
solution and recorded the actual molar concentration of NaOH.

2. We took the antacid tablet and grinded it with the help of a mortar and pestle
and got the powder of it. Then we measured 0.2gram of antacid powder.

3. We took 1gram of grinded antacid powder in a 250ml Conical Flask. Then we

pipette out 40ml of standardize 0.1M HCl (stomach acid equivalent) into the
same flask and swirled it. We warmed the solution and then filtered it. Finally
we got the required antacid solution for this experiment.

4. We prepared the burette for titration by rinsed the clean burette with 3ml to
5ml portion of a standard NaOH solution. Then we filled the burette with the
NaOH solution and waited for few couple of seconds and took the reading of
its initial volume.

5. We titrated the sample. For that we took the antacid solution and once it
cooled down, we added 2 drops of phenolphthalein and then we titrated it
against standard NaOH.

6. Once the colour had changed we readed the final volume of NaOH solution in
the burette.

7. We repeated 2-3 times the titration of the same sample and got the concordant
reading and noted all the required data.

8. After recorded all the data for 1st sample, we performed the experiment again
in similar manner with another antacid sample and recorded the data.
OBSERVATION

Standardization of NaOH solution using 0.1M HCl

S.No Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant
Solution(ml) Solution(ml) Volume(ml) Value
Initial Final
1. 20 0 11.2 11.2
2. 20 11.2 22.5 11.3 11.2
3. 20 22.5 33.7 11.2

Titration of DIGENE using 0.1M HCl

S.No Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant
Solution(ml) Solution(ml) Volume(ml) Value
Initial Final
1. 40 0 15.4 15.4
2. 40 15.4 30.6 15.2 15.4
3. 40 30.6 46 15.4

Titration of ENO using 0.1M HCl

S.No Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant
Solution(ml) Solution(ml) Volume(ml) Value
Initial Final
1. 40 0 13.5 13.5
2. 40 13.5 26.8 13.3 13.3
3. 40 26.9 40.2 13.3

Titration of GAS-O-FAST using 0.1M HCl

S.No Pipette Burette Titrate Concordant
Solution(ml) Solution(ml) Volume(ml) Value
Initial Final
1. 40 0 15.7 15.7
2. 40 15.7 31.4 15.7 15.7
3. 40 31.4 47.3 15.9
RESULT
16

15.5

15

14.5

14

13.5

13

12.5

12
DIGENE ENO GAS-O-FAST

Clearly from the graph ENO required least amount of NaOH for
reaching end point thus it is more effective than other antacid products
used.
Arranging in descending order our antacids are in order:-
ENO > Digene > Gas-O-Fast
PRECAUTION
 All apparatus should be clean and washed properly.
 Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the respective solution to be put in
them.
 Air bubbles must be removed from the burette and jet.
 Last drop from the pipette should not be removed by blowing.
 The flask should not be rinsed with any of the solution, which is being
titrated.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 Comprehensive practical manual in chemistry for class XII