Chapter 1 - Background of the National
Service Training Program (NSTP) mandated program on the curricula of all
The preamble serves as an introduction to our 1987
Philippine Constitution. It is stated that we, Filipino
people, must live morally upright and value our
existence as one family under God in order to
develop and uphold a just and humane society.
The Republic Act No. 7077
This act is known as the “Citizen Armed Forces of the
Philippines Reservist Act” which aims to organize,
train, develop and maintain a support unit to the
Armed Forces of the Philippines to help protect our
country and citizens in the event of war, invasion or
rebellion; assist in relief and rescue during disaster or
calamities, in socioeconomic development and in
the operation and maintenance of essential
government or private utilities in the furtherance of
overall mission.
Pursuant to this act, graduates of Reserve Officer’s
Training Corps (ROTC) component shall form part of
the Citizen Armed Force subject to Department of
National Defense (DND) requirements; whereas,
graduates of the the non- ROTC components (
Civic Welfare Training Service or CWTS) and Literacy
Training Service (LTS) shall belong to the National
Service.
Reserve Corps (NSRC) and could be tapped by the
State for literacy and civic welfare activities in times
of calamities.
The Republic Act No. 9163
Otherwise known as the NSTP Act of 2001, also
states that the prime duty of the government is to
serve and protect its citizens who, in turn, shall also
protect and defend the State for their security; and
to fulfill this, the government may require each
citizen to render personal, military or civil service.
The National Service Training Program or NSTP
The National Service Training Program (NSTP) is a
baccalaureate degree and in at least two (2) year
technical-vocational or associate courses in all
state universities and colleges (SUC’s), private
higher and technical-vocational education
institutions. All incoming male and female students,
starting school year (SY) 2002-2003, are required to
complete one (1) NSTP component of their choice
as a requirement for graduation in compliance with
Section 4 of the Republic Act 9163, otherwise
known as the National Service.
Training Program Act of 2001 and Section 4, Rule III
of the Implementing Rules and Regulations. This law
started in all colleges and universities in 2002.
The NSTP Act of 2001 or Republic Act 9163 was
conceptualized by the former Commission on
Higher Education (CHED) Chairman now the
President of the University of the East, Ester A.
Garcia, and has been signed into law by former
President Gloria-Macapagal-Arroyo in response to
the public clamor for the reform in the Reserve
Officer’s Training Corps ( ROTC).
The NSTP LAW is geared towards enhancing civic
consciousness and defense preparedness in the
youth by developing in them the ethics of service
and patriotism while undergoing training in any of
its three (3) program components, especially
designed to develop the youth’s active
participation and contribution to the general
welfare.
Program Components of the NSTP
The students are free to choose the program they
want to enroll in. These three (3) components are as
follows:
1. The Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC)
- was designed to provide military training to tertiary
level students in order to motivate, train, organize
and mobilize them for national defense
preparedness.
2. The Literacy Training Service (LTS)
- serves to train the students to teach literacy and
numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school
youths and other segments of society in need of
these services.
3. The Civic Welfare Training Service
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- Designs activities that will contribute to the general
welfare and betterment of life for the community as
well as enhancing its facilities and improving the
health condition of the community. This can be
done by focusing on providing the members of the
community basic skills on health, environmental
sanitation, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and
enhancing the moral values of the constituents.
Chapter 2 - Citizenship Training
Development of Citizens
Citizens are inhabitants of a city or town, or natives
or naturalized members of a state or nation who
owe allegiance to its government and are entitled
to its protection and privileges. Like in the
Philippines, inhabitants of any area in the country
who are residing since birth or have been
naturalized by virtue of conversion of nationality are
called Filipino citizens.
Article 14, Section 1- Citizenship of the 1987
Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines
provides criteria in becoming a Filipino citizens as
follows:
a. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at
the time of the adoption of this constitution;
b. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens
of the Philippines;
c. Those born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine
citizenship upon reaching the age of
maturity; and
d. Those who are naturalized in accordance
with the law.
Components of Citizenship Training and
Development
The underlying elements of citizenship shall include
the following:
I. Provision of National and Universal Rights
and Privileges of the Citizens
II. Performance/Delivery of Duties of a Citizen
III. Development and Formation of Desired
National Values
IV. Development of Citizens Sense of
Volunteerism
Here are the specific discussions under the
aforementioned elements:
1. Provision of National and Universal Rights for the
Citizens
- This shall cover the various rights and privileges of
the Filipinos as provided for by the
Articles III and IV, the Bill of Rights and Citizenship,
respectively, of the 1987 Constitution of the
Republic of the Philippines.
2. Performance/ Delivery of Duties of a Citizen
- Duties expected from every Filipino are contained
in the following laws:
a. The National Service Law
b. Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines
Reservist Act
c. The Flag and Heraldic Code of the
Philippines
3. Development and Formation of Desired National
Values
- The desired values, qualities and kind of citizens
that a country desires to produce are also vividly
expressed in the various laws of the land such as:
a. Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines
(RA 8491). The National Motto which is
MAKA-DIYOS, MAKATAO, MAKAKALIKASAN
AT MAKABANSA.
b. CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 26
series of 2005. The good citizenship values as
indicated in the National Motto of RA 8491
are also suggested in the Program of
Instruction on Values Formation of the CMO
No. 26 series of 2005.
4. Development of Citizens Sense of Volunteerism
- Republic Act No. 9418, otherwise known as the
“Volunteer Ac of 2007”, provides ways and
practices to strengthen and inculcate the essence
of volunteerism.
Values Formation and Development
1. What is/are Values?
Values can be defined as broad preferences
concerning appropriate courses of action or
outcomes. Values reflect a person’s sense of
choice-what he or she wants or “ought” to be.
Values tend to influence attitudes and behavior.
How are Values being Developed or Learned?
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According to Morris Massey, values are formed
during three significant periods:
 Imprint Period- from birth to 7 years of age
 Modeling Period- from 8-14 years
 Socialization Period- from 15-21 years
Values can be learned or developed through:
 Modeling
 Communication of attitudes
 Unstated but implied attitudes
 Religion
Culture
- is a social system that shares a set of common
values, in which such values permit social
expectations and collective understanding of the
good, beautiful, constructive etc.
Cultural Values
- are the modes of conduct of a group or society.
Behavioral Values
- are the inner personal responses or incentives,
which prompt a person to act in a certain way
Chapter 3 - Drug Abuse and Its Prevention
Lesson 1 - Basic Concept in Drug Dependence
Drug Dependence
It is the ultimate disastrous consequence of drug
abuse. The World Health Organization (WHO)
defines drug dependence as a state, psychic or
also sometimes physical, resulting from the
interaction between living organism and a drug,
and characterized by behavioral and other
responses that always include a compulsive desire
or need to use the drug on a continuous basis in
order to experience its effects and/or avoid the
discomfort of its absence.
Simply stated, drug dependence is the situation or
condition a person finds himself in which he uses or
abuses a drug to the point that the drug becomes
the main focus of his life.
Two (2) Types of Drug Dependence
a. Physical Dependence - certain
psychoactive drugs-alcohol, heroin and
cocaine, to mention a few cause a change
in the body chemistry when taken
frequently in large doses over a long period
of time. The human body becomes used to
the presence of the drug.
b. Psychological Dependence - the state or
behavior that the drug abuser is convinced
in his mind that he needs the drug. It is more
of a mental or emotional need. This kind of
dependence is known as drug habituation
or psychological dependence. Examples of
drugs that produce this kind of dependence
are hallucinogens and nicotine.
Phases of Drug Dependence
1. Experimentation Phase - new user
experiments with or tries a drug for the first
time.
2. Occasional or Social Use - some teenagers,
assured by their drug-using friends that the
unpleasant effects are normal and would
pass away, decide to continue using drugs.
3. Regular Use - in this stage, he actively seeks
the drugs of abuse of his choice. He tries to
make sure that he has a ready supply of the
drug or that he can readily obtain it.
4. Drug Dependence -in this stage, he no longer
just takes the drug every now and then but
uses them day-by-day. The drug has
become a major part of his life.
Signs and Symptoms:
A. Subtle Symptoms
 Secrecy
 Increasing Isolation
 Change in friends
 Change in dress and appearance
 Change in interest or activities
 A drop in grades
 Change in behavior
B. Not So-Subtle Symptoms
 Periods of deep depression
 Increased, unexplained absenteeism
 Money problems
 Extreme loss or gain of weight
 Expulsion from school
 Physically hurting younger brothers and/ or
sisters
 Rebellious or offensive behavior
 Appearance of new, usually older friends
 Acting queerly
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  Long periods of time in the bathroom School:
 Avoiding the issue of drug when asked
1. The absence of a basic drug education on
about it.
the proper use of drugs in the school.
C. Sure-Fire Indicators 2. Some schools are not giving the right basic
drug education to the students.
 Possession of drugs and drug paraphernalia
3. Teachers have not been well-trained or have
in his room or belongings.
not acquired the necessary teaching
 Needle marks on the arms.
knowledge.
 Spending time with known drug users
4. Teachers are not aware of personal conflicts
 Defending teen use of drugs
of their students.
 Mention of suicide or an attempt of suicide
5. Teachers are not sensitive to the needs of their
 Arrest due to alcohol or drug-related
students
incidents.
6. Teachers are oftentimes concerned only with
 Possession of unusually large sum of money
the academic achievement of the child while
 Repeatedly having bloodshot eyes
their personality growth is neglected.
 Dilated or pinpoint eye pupils.
 Puffy or droopy eyelids that partially hang Community:
over the iris.
1. Drugs are easily available in the community.
Classification of Dangerous Drugs: 2. Increasing number of pushers in the
community poses a grave threat
As contained in the manual of the Comprehensive
3. No sports or recreational facilities are
Drugs Act of 2002, the following are the
available in the community
classification of the dangerous acts:
4. No vocational or skills training for out-of-school
a. Marijuana youth is being offered to keep them gainfully
b. Inhalants occupied.
c. Stimulants
Media
d. Depressants
e. Hallucinogens Over sensationalization of news stories on illegal
f. Narcotics drugs and drug abuse by the media.

Lesson 2 - Primary Causes and Contributory Factors Contributory Factors to Drug Abuse
to Drug Abuse
Biological Factors:
Primary Causes of Drug Abuse
1. Some individual health conditions such as
Family: fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia, physical
distress and mental disorders are usually
1. Escape from strict and domineering parents.
relieved with the use of drugs. The improper
2. Parents lack of communication with
use of drugs will then lead to drug abuse.
children.
2. With the use of certain drug, the body works
3. Parents are frequently quarreling in their
actively; but with the continued improper
presence.
use of such drug, it will result in physical
4. Over protective parents.
dependency.
5. Neglected children.
6. Parents are busy in their work and have no Psychological Factors:
time for the children.
1. Low Self-Esteem and Poor Self-Image. This
7. Children prefer to be with their peer group
easily contributes to drug abuse.
(barkada) because they feel nobody wants
2. Need for acceptance or belongingness. To
them at home.
some people, using drugs provided by their
friend and using them together are ways of
winning friends acceptance and of

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 compensating for having no one associate
with.
3. Feeling for more freedom and autonomy.
Drug users feel that their freedom and
independence are very much suppressed.
They want to be free in their decisions. To
prohibit them is to make them do it.
4. Escape from reality. The drug user simply
wants to get away from reality.
5. Mental Problem. Illegal drugs use has been
associated with a variety of psychiatric
problems such as depression and anxiety. It is
viewed as an expression of personality
deficiency or symptoms of psychotic
disturbance.
6. Attention getting. Using drugs is a way to get
the attention of either their parents or loved
ones, thus, to become the center of
attraction in the family.
Parental Negligence:
1. Over domineering parents
2. Lack of parental concern and closeness.
3. Parental permissiveness.
4. Rejection by the parents
5. Abuse by the parents
6. Family instability and disorganization.
7. Harsh physical punishment
8. Childhood stress and trauma.
Sociological Factors:
1. Availability of the over-the-counter drugs.
2. Influence of media.
3. Impact of affluent lifestyle and high
unemployment problem,
4. Effect of increased travel and exposure to
different cultures and societal values.
5. Modeling by parents or key influences who
are drug users.
6. Social pressures exerted by peer groups.
7. Collapse of religious values.
8. Feeling of powerlessness.
9. Lower value on academic achievement.
10. Corruption of public officials, especially police
elements.
Chapter 4 - Disaster Management
Lesson 1 – Disaster
Disaster
- A sudden event, such as an accident or a natural
catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of
life. It can be caused by natural, man-made and
technological hazards, as well as various factors
that influence the exposure and vulnerability of a
community.
Effects of disaster:
 loss of life
 injury or other health impacts
 property damage
 loss of livelihoods and services
 social and economic disruption
 environmental damage
Types of Disasters:
1. Natural Disasters – can cause great damage
on the environment, property, wildlife and
human health
Earthquake – a sudden movement of rock materials
beneath the Earth's surface that causes a weak to
violent shaking of the ground.
Types of Earthquake
1. Tectonic Earthquake
2. Volcanic Earthquake
Ways in measuring earthquake
1. Magnitude
2. Intensity
Tsunamis – a massive ocean wave that is usually
caused by a submarine earthquake, a landslide, or
a volcanic eruption.
Types of tsunami
- Local tsunami
- Far field or distant tsunami
Natural signs of an approaching tsunami
1. A felt earthquake
2. unusual sea level change
3. Rumbling sound of approaching waves
Landslides – are caused by disturbances in a slope's
natural stability. It is the gravity-driven mass
movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope.
The movement may range from very slow to rapid.
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They can occur as a result of heavy rains, droughts,
earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions.
Typhoons – is another name for a cyclone, which is
a large storm that forms in the world's warm,
tropical ocean waters. Typhoons are storms that
rotate or spin around a center called an eye and
occur in the western and northern Pacific Ocean.
Types of typhoon
Floods – occurs when water overflows onto
normally dry land. This can occur as a result of a
variety of factors, including heavy rain, a breached
dam, rapid melting of snow or ice, or even a poorly
designed beaver dam.
Common types of flood
Drought – a long period of dryness in the natural
climatic cycle that can occur anywhere on the
planet. It is a slow-onset disaster caused by a lack
of precipitation, which results in a water shortage.
Different ways that drought can be defined
Volcanic Eruptions – happens when magma is
discharged from a volcano. Volcanic eruptions can
be fairly peaceful and effusive, or they might be
explosive. Effusive eruptions produce lava flows,
whereas explosive eruptions produce ash and
pyroclastic density currents.
2. Human-Made Disaster – have an element of
human intent, negligence, or error involving a
failure of a man-made system, as opposed to
natural disasters resulting from natural hazards.
Air Pollution - The presence of unwanted
gases/particles in the atmosphere. Man-made
factors, such as factories or cars, may cause the
gasses to be emitted. It has a significant impact
on air quality, making it dangerous to breathe
and, in some cases, extremely toxic.
Water Pollution - another sort of pollution in which
undesirable creatures are abundant in the water.
The dumping of waste items at the depths of rivers
and lakes has also contributed to water
contamination.
Red Tide – Chemicals from farms, industry,
sewage treatment facilities, and other sources
can dissolve in groundwater. This water, known as
runoff, ultimately makes its way into the ocean,
where it can encourage algae to bloom quicker,
resulting in red tides.
Industrial Accidents (Oil spill) - any accident that
occurs during the course of employment and
causes injury. Industrial accidents are frequently
avoided, but both employees and management
must be aware of adequate safety practices.
When an industrial disaster occurs, it can have
serious and frequently long-term consequences.
Oil Spill - is a distinct mass of oil that floats on the
surface of bodies of water and is moved by the
wind, currents, and tides
Fire - When a source of fire, such as a candle
flame, cigarette, electric spark, or any other
source of heat, comes into contact with
combustible material, fire occurs.
Civil Disturbance - any occurrence that disrupts a
community and necessitates involvement to
ensure public safety. Demonstrations, riots, strikes,
public nuisances, and criminal activity are some
examples.
War - a disaster caused by leadership's failure to
manage disagreements constructively, and it
frequently brings out the worst in opponents via
the objective of destroying each other.
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 Poverty - a situation in which a family's
fundamental necessities, such as food, housing,
clothes, and education, are not fulfilled.
Bomb Threats - a threat to explode an explosive
or incendiary device in order to inflict property
damage, death, or injury, regardless of whether
such a device exists.
Accidents - something bad that happens that is
not expected or intended and that often
damages something or injures someone.
Types of accident
1. Transports - an incident directly caused by the
driving of a motor car or motor vehicle, a
railway train or a tram.
2. Nuclear - An accident taking place in any
nuclear facility of the nuclear fuel cycle
including the nuclear reactor, or in a facility
using radioactive sources, leading to a large-
scale release of radioactivity in the
environment.
3. Biological - occurs with an accidental or
intentional (bioterrorism) release of a
biological agent.
3. Categories of Severity
Accident (individual) - An unfortunate incident that
occurs unexpectedly and unintentionally that
causes severe injury, loss, or harm. Determined by
the severity of the damage to the most severely
injured individual.
Emergency (limited) - an urgent, unexpected, and
usually dangerous situation that poses an
immediate risk to health, life, property, or
environment and requires immediate action.
Disaster (widespread) - a serious problem occurring
over a short or long period of time that causes
widespread human, material, economic or
environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its
own resources.
Small-scale disaster - a type of disaster only
affecting local communities which require
assistance beyond the affected community.
Large-scale disaster - a type of disaster affecting a
society which requires national or international
assistance.
Frequent and infrequent disasters - depend on the
probability of occurrence and the return period of
a given hazard and its impacts. The impact of
frequent disasters could be cumulative, or become
chronic for a community or a society.
Catastrophe (collapse) – A specific type of disaster
– one that is extremely large and is outside the
coping ability of a community.
Key Concepts that can be Helpful
1. Risk. The probability that a disaster will occur.
2. Hazard. The specific nature of a threat.
3. Vulnerability. The inability to withstand, protect
oneself or recover rapidly from a potentially
damaging event.
4. Prevention. Measures designed to avert a
potential hazard.
5. Preparedness. Measures that ensure an effective
disaster response.
6. Mitigation. Measures that reduce the harmful
effects of a disaster.
7. Response. Actions taken in the aftermath of a
disaster to assist victims and to rehabilitate society.
Lesson 2 - Disaster Situation in the Philippines and
Assessment Reporting on Preparedness
Situations in the Philippines
There are contributing factors that make disaster
happens and cause severe damages to lives and
properties. These are as follows:
1. Poverty and Marginalization
- Poverty is about not having enough money
to meet basic needs including food,
clothing and shelter.
- Marginalization occurs when a person or
groups of people are less able to do things
or access basic services or opportunities.
Malnutrition - refers to deficiencies, excesses or
imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or
nutrients. (WHO, 2020)
Poor Health - a condition of the body that makes
an individual susceptible to illnesses.
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Inadequate basic services: water, sanitation,
drainage, light and education.
Unemployment and low wages
2. Resource Depletion - the exhaustion of raw
materials within a region. Resources are commonly
divided between renewable resources and non-
renewable resources. Use of either of these forms of
resources beyond their rate of replacement is
considered to be resource depletion.
Forest Denudation - the procedure of leaching,
erosion, reducing, and stripping of the mainland.
This is because of the removal of material starting
from areas that are higher to the areas that are
lower, such as lakes, rivers, valleys, seas, and more
that have an everlasting filling of the lowlands.
Soil Erosion - the movement of the topsoil, which is
the upper-most layer of the ground, from one spot
to another.
Genetic Erosion - Loss of genetic diversity (genetic
erosion), including the loss of individual genes or
particular combinations of genes, and loss of
varieties and crops occur rapidly in crops mainly
because of replacement of traditional landraces
by modern, high-yielding cultivars, natural
catastrophes, and large-scale destruction and
modification of natural habitats harboring wild
species.
Marine Pollution - a combination of chemicals and
trash, the majority of which originates on land that is
washed or blown into the ocean.
Agrochemicals - biological compounds that are
applied to fields to boost the nutrient content of the
soil or crops. They boost agricultural growth by
eradicating pests that wreak havoc. They are used
in horticulture, dairy farming, poultry farming, crop
switching, commercial planting, and other farming
activities.
Air and Water Pollution
Due to these factors, it can lead to the following:
1. Human-made disaster
a. Flood - Damaged watersheds, massive
squatter colonies living in danger zones and
the neglect of drainage systems are some of
the factors that have made the chaotic city
of 15 million people much more vulnerable to
enormous floods. (Macaraig, 2012)
b. Civil War - a violent conflict between a state
and one or more organized non-state actors
in the state's territory.
2. Natural Forces
a. Typhoons (more than 20 per year) -
According to DRRMC, the Philippines is visited
by an average of 20 typhoons every year,
with five having the potential to be
destructive ones.
b. Drought - PAGASA defines drought as "three
consecutive months of way below normal
rainfall (60-percent reduction from average)
or five consecutive months of below-normal
rainfall condition (21- to 60-percent reduction
from average).
c. Torrential Rain with flooding - The Philippine’s
geographical structure, being an
archipelago, increases the potentials of
storm formation that produces heavy rains
and eventually lead to flash floods.
d. Earthquakes - The Philippines lies along the
Pacific Ring of Fire, which causes the country
to have frequent seismic and volcanic
activity. Many earthquakes of smaller
magnitude occur very regularly due to the
meeting of major tectonic plates in the
region.
e. Volcano terrain - The Philippines sits on a
unique tectonic setting ideal to volcanism
and earthquake activity. Volcanic terrain is
built by the slow accumulation of erupted
lava.
Assessment/ Reporting on Preparedness
As a response to the occurrence of natural and
human-made disasters, there is a need to learn how
to assess and report the disaster situations.
The need for preparedness in damage assessment
and reporting involves:
1. Knowledge of pre-disaster situation - to reduce
the potential for human, material or
environmental losses caused by hazards and to
ensure that these losses are minimized when the
disaster actually strikes.
Here in the Philippines, we have Republic Act No.
10121 or "The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management (PDRRM) Act of 2010. It
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acknowledges the importance of adopting a
disaster risk reduction and management approach
that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and
proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and
environmental impacts of disasters including
climate change, and promote the involvement
and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders
concerned, at all levels, especially the local
community (Section 2, RA No. 10121).
2. Capability to assess:
a. Medical/nutritional situation - providing health
services during emergencies as necessary,
and organizes reaction teams in hospitals,
clinics and sanitary and other health
institutions
b. Agricultural situation - undertakes surveys in
disaster areas to determine the extent of
damage of agricultural crops, livestock and
fisheries and renders technical assistance to
disaster victims whose crops or livestock have
been destroyed
c. Infrastructure situation - restores destroyed
communication and transportation facilities
such as railroads and vertical structures, and
organizes emergency transport services from
the national down to the barangay level
d. Structural stability - promoting earthquake-
resistant buildings, public facilities,
infrastructures and lifelines; strengthening
institutional capacity for implementing
preparedness and mitigation measures; and
establishing emergency transportation system
e. Relief Operation Capabilities - extends relief
assistance and social services to the victims as
necessary.
3. Established lines of communication
4. Established data collection points
5. Established format of reporting
6. Established confirmation/ verification procedures
- This is to verify the completion or non-completion
of the activities in each of the priority area and the
suitability of the method. These are the information
or data required to assess the progress against the
indicators.
7. Established Authority to releasing reports - The
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council (NDRRMC) is the agency in the Philippines
tasked with preparing for and responding to natural
calamities. It also uses strategies to mitigate the
impact of disasters and increase the resiliency of
the national government and local government
(LGUs) in the face of disasters.
National Agencies involved
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is a service institute of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that
is principally mandated to mitigate disasters that
may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
tsunami and other related geotectonic
phenomena.
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) is
the National Meteorological and Hydrological
Services (NMHS) agency of the Philippines
mandated to provide protection against natural
calamities and to insure the safety, well-being and
economic security of all the people, and for the
promotion of national progress by undertaking
scientific and technological services in
meteorology, hydrology, climatology, astronomy
and other geophysical sciences.
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