Kwame Nkrumah University 1-1

of Science and Technology

MATH 158: CALCULUS

Dr. Eric Nimako Aidoo

en.aidoo@yahoo.com
19-01-2018
 1-2
Differentiation
• Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a
function.
• Derivative of a function at a point is the slope of the tangent
line to graph of the function at that point.

The derivative is:

• Used to find the “slope” of a function at a point.

• Used to find the “slope of the tangent line” to the graph of a

function at a point.

• Used to find the “instantaneous rate of change” of a

function at a point.
 1-3
Derivative

The derivative of a function is the slope at a given point.

y  f ( x)

y

x

x
 1-4
Derivatives
Various Symbols or notations for the Derivative

dy df ( x)
or f '( x) or
dx dx

dy y
Definition:  lim
dx x 0 x
 1-5
Example
Piecewise Linear Function (Continuous).
(a) y  f ( x) Continuous Function

x
 1-6
Example
Slope of a Piecewise Linear Segment

dy y2  y1
 slope 
dx x2  x1
 1-7
Basic Rules of Differentiation

Working with the definition of the derivative is important

because it helps you really understand what the derivative
means.

1. Derivative of a Constant
2. The Power Rule
3. Derivative of a Constant Multiple Function
4. The Sum Rule
 1-8
Rule 1: Derivative of a Constant

d
1. c  0  c is a constant 
dx
Ex f ( x )  5
f ( x )  0

• The derivative of a constant function is zero.

 1-9
Rule 1: Derivative of a Constant
• We can see geometrically why the derivative of a constant
must be zero.

• The graph of a constant function is a straight line parallel to

the x axis.

• Such a line has a slope that is constant with a value of zero.

y

f(x) = c

x
 1-10
Rule 2: The Power Rule

2.
d n
dx
 
x  nx n 1  n is a real number 

Ex. f ( x)  x 7 f ( x)  x

f ( x)  7 x 6
f ( x ) 
d
dx
 
x  x 
d 1/2
dx
yx 9
1 1/21 1 1/2
 x  x
2 2

1

2 x
 1-11
Example

Practice Examples:
d
• If f(x) = x, then f ( x )   x   1  x 11
 x 0
1
dx

• If f(x) = x8, then

f ( x ) 
d 8
dx
 x   8  x 81  8 x 7

f ( x ) 
dx

d 5/2
x  x
5 5/21 5 3/2
2
 x
2
• If f(x) = x5/2, then
 1-12
Example

• Find the derivative of

1
f ( x)  3
x

d  1  d 1/3
f ( x )     x 
dx  x  dx
3

1
  x 1/31
3

1 4 / 3 1
 x   4/3
3 3x
 1-13
Example

• Find the derivative of

f ( x)  x

f ( x ) 
d
dx
 
x  x 
d 1/2
dx

1 1/21 1 1/2
 x  x
2 2

1

2 x
 1-14
Rule 3: Derivative of a constant multiple

d d
 cf ( x)   c  f ( x)   c is a constant 
dx dx
Ex. f ( x )  3 x8

 
f ( x )  3 8 x 7  24 x 7

The derivative of a constant times a function is equal

to the constant times the derivative of the function.
 1-15
Example

• Find the derivative of

f ( x )  5x 3

f ( x ) 
d
dx
 5 x 3

 5 x 
d 3
dx

 5  3x 2 

 15 x 2
 1-16
Example

• Find the derivative of

3
f ( x) 
x

f ( x) 
d
dx
 3 x 1/ 2 

 1 
 3   x 3/ 2 
 2 

3
  3/ 2
2x
 1-17
Rule 4: Derivative of sum of functions

d d d
4.  f  x   g  x     f ( x)    g ( x) 
dx dx dx
Ex. f ( x)  7  x12

f ( x)  0  12 x11  12 x11

The derivative of a sum is the sum of the derivatives.

The derivative of a difference is the difference of the

derivatives.
 1-18
Example

• Find the derivative of f ( x )  4 x 5  3x 4  8 x 2  x  3

f ( x )   4 x 5  3 x 4  8 x 2  x  3
d
dx
 4  x   3  x   8  x    x    3
d 5 d 4 d 2 d d
dx dx dx dx dx

 4 5x 4   3  4 x 3   8  2 x   1  0

 20 x 4  12 x 3  16 x  1
 1-19
Example

• Find the derivative of t2 5

g (t )   3
5 t

d  t2 5  d  1 2 
g (t )    3    t  5t 3 
dt  5 t  dt  5 

  t   5 t 
1 d 2 d 3
5 dt dt

  2t   5  3t 4 
1
5
2t 15 2t 5  75
  4 
5 t 5t 4
 1-20
Applied Example
• A group of marine biologists at the Neptune Institute of
Oceanography recommended that a series of
conservation measures be carried out over the next
decade to save a certain species of whale from
extinction.
• After implementing the conservation measure, the
population of this species is expected to be

N (t )  3t 3  2t 2  10t  600 (0  t  10)

where N(t) denotes the population at the end of year t.
• Find the rate of growth of the whale population when
t = 2 and t = 6.
• How large will the whale population be 8 years after
implementing the conservation measures?
 1-21
Solution

Solution
• The rate of growth of the whale population at any time t
is given by
N (t )  9t 2  4t  10
• In particular, for t = 2, we have
N (2)  9  2  4  2   10  34
2

• And for t = 6, we have

N (6)  9  6  4  6  10  338
2

• Thus, the whale population’s rate of growth will be 34

whales per year after 2 years and 338 per year after 6
years.
 1-22
Solution

Solution
• The whale population at the end of the eighth year will
be
N  8  3 8  2 8  10 8   600
3 2

 2184 whales
 1-23
The Product Rule
d d d
 f  x   g  x     f ( x)  g ( x)   g ( x)  f ( x)
dx dx dx

Ex. f ( x )  x 3
 2 x 5 3 x 7

 8 x 2
1 

    
f ( x)  3 x 2  2 3 x 7  8 x 2  1  x 3  2 x  5 21x 6  16 x 
Derivative of the first Derivative of the second
function function


f ( x)  30 x  48x  105x  40 x  45x  80 x  2
9 7 6 4 2
 1-24
Example
• Find the derivative of
f ( x)  x3  
x 1

f ( x )  x 3
dx

d 1/2
x  1   x  1 x
1/2 d 3
dx
 1 1/2 
 x  x    x1/2  1 3x 2
3

2 

1 5/2
 x  3x 5/2  3x 2
2
7 5/2
 x  3x 2
2
 1-25
Example

• Find the derivative of

f ( x)   2 x 2  1 x 3  3

f ( x )   2 x 2  1      2 x 2  1
d 3 d
x  3  x 3
 3
dx dx

  2 x 2  1 3x 2    x 3  3  4 x 

 6 x 4  3x 2  4 x 4  12 x
 x 10 x 3  3x  12 
 1-26
The Quotient Rule
d d
d  f  x   g ( x) dx  f ( x)   f ( x) dx  g ( x) 
 
dx  g ( x)   g ( x) 2

3x  5
Ex. f ( x)  2
x 2 Derivative of the
denominator
Derivative of the
numerator

f ( x ) 
 
3 x2  2  2 x 3x  5

x 
2
2
2

3x  10 x  6
2

x 
2
2
2
 1-27
Example

• Find the derivative of

x
f ( x) 
2x  4

d d
 2 x  4 ( x)  x  2 x  4 
f ( x )  dx dx
 2 x  4
2


 2 x  4 1  x  2 
 2 x  4
2

2x  4  2x 4
 
 2 x  4 2 x  4
2 2
 1-28
Example

• Find the derivative of

x2  1
f ( x)  2
x 1

 x 2  1 d 2
 x  1   x 2
 1 d 2
 x  1
f ( x )  dx dx
 x  1
2 2


 x 2
 1  2 x    x 2  1  2 x 
x  1
2 2

2 x3  2 x  2 x3  2 x 4x
 
x  1 x  1
2 2 2 2
 1-29
Applied Ex. Rate of Change of DVD sales

• The sales ( in millions of dollars) of DVD at t years from

the date of release is given by
5t
S (t )  2
t 1
• Find the rate at which the sales are changing at time t.
• How fast are the sales changing at:
• The time the chemical was released (t = 0)?
• And two years from the date of release (t = 2)?
 1-30
Applied Ex. Rate of Change of DVD sales

Solution
• The rate of change at which the sales are changing at
time t is given by
d  5t 
S (t )   2
dt  t  1 


  1  5  5t  2t 
t 2

t  1
2 2

5t  5  10t
2 2 5 1  t 2 
 
t  1 t  1
2 2 2 2
 1-31
Applied Ex. Rate of Change of DVD sales

Solution
• The rate of change at which the sales are changing
when the DVD was released (t = 0) is

5 1   0   5 1
 2

S (0)    5
1
2 2
 0   1
2
 

That is, sales are increasing by $5 million per year.

 1-32
Applied Ex. Rate of Change of DVD sales

Solution
• The rate of change two years after the DVD was
released (t = 2) is

5 1   2   5 1  4 
 2

S (2)    
15 3
     0.6
 4  1
2 2
 2   1
2 25 5
 

That is, sales are decreasing by $600,000 per year.

 1-33
The Chain Rule

If h( x)  g  f ( x)  then

h( x)  g   f ( x)   f ( x)

Note: h(x) is a composite function.

Another Version:
If y  h( x)  g  u  , where u  f ( x), then
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 1-34
Example

7
Ex G ( x)   2 x  1 
 
.  3x  5 
 2x 1 
6   3 x  5  2   2 x  1 3 
G( x)  7    
 3x  5    3 x  5 
2 
 

91 2 x  1
6 6
 2x 1  13
G( x)  7   
 3x  5   3x  5  3x  5
2 8
 1-35
Example

Ex. yu 52
, u  7 x  3x
8 2

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
5 32

 u  56 x 7  6 x
2
 Sub in for u

5
   
32
 7 x  3x
8 2
 56 x 7  6 x
2
  15x  7 x  3x 
32
 140 x 7 8 2
 1-36
Try it your self

Use combinations of the two techniques to take

derivatives of the following

f (x)  x5
3
x
h( x ) 
x4

p( x )  x 3
g( x )  x 2 / 3
 1-37
Try it your self

y  t  2t  3
2

y'  ? f ( x)  3  5  x 
2

f '( x)  ?
2 x 2  3x  1
h( x ) 
x
h '( x)  ?
 1-38
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
Consider the function y  sin  
We could make a graph of the slope:  slope

 1

 0
2
0 1

0
Now we connect the dots! 2
The resulting curve is a cosine curve.  1

d
sin  x   cos x
dx
 Derivative of Trigonometric Functions1-39
We can do the same thing for y  cos  
 slope

 0

 1
2
0 0

1
2
The resulting curve is a sine curve that has
been reflected about the x-axis.  0

d
cos  x    sin x
dx
 1-40
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
Slope of y = cos x
 Derivative of Trigonometric Functions1-41
We can find the derivative of tangent x by using the
quotient rule.

d cos 2 x  sin 2 x
tan x
dx cos 2 x

d sin x 1
dx cos x cos 2 x

cos x  cos x  sin x    sin x 

sec 2 x
cos 2 x

d
tan  x   sec 2 x
dx
 1-42
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
Derivatives of the remaining trig functions can be
determined the same way.

d
d
sin x  cos x cot x   csc 2 x
dx dx

d d
cos x   sin x sec x  sec x  tan x
dx dx

d d
tan x  sec 2 x csc x   csc x  cot x
dx dx
 1-43
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
• Differentiate y = x2 sin x.

• Solution:
• Using the Product Rule
 1-44
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

1
f ( x)  5sin x  sec x  x tan x  7 x 2  3
2
1
f ( x)  5cos x  sec x tan x  x sec2 x  tan x(1)  14 x
2

1  sin x ( x  cos x)
d d
(1  sin x)  (1  sin x) ( x  cos x)
f ( x) 
x  cos x f ( x)  dx dx
( x  cos x) 2

( x  cos x)(cos x)  (1  sin x)(1  sin x)

f ( x) 
( x  cos x) 2
( x cos x  cos 2 x)  (1  sin 2 x) x cos x  cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x
f ( x)  
( x  cos x) 2
( x  cos x) 2

x cos x
f ( x) 
( x  cos x)2
 1-45
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
• Trigonometric functions are often used in modeling
real-world phenomena. In particular, vibrations,
waves, elastic motions, and other quantities that
vary in a periodic manner can be described using
trigonometric functions. In the next example we
discuss an instance of simple harmonic motion.
 1-46
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

• An object at the end of a vertical spring is stretched 4

cm beyond its rest position and released at time t = 0.
Its position at time t is

• s = f(t) = 4 cos t

• Find the velocity and acceleration

at time t and use them to analyze
the motion of the object.
 1-47
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

• The velocity and acceleration are

 1-48
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

• The object oscillates from the lowest point (s = 4 cm)

to the highest point (s = –4 cm). The period of the
oscillation is 2, the period of cos t.
 1-49
Higher Derivatives
• The derivative f ′ of a function f is also a function.

• As such, f ′ may also be differentiated.

• Thus, the function f ′ has a derivative f ″ at a point x in

the domain of f.

• The function f ″ obtained in this manner is called the

second derivative of the function f, just as the
derivative f ′ of f is often called the first derivative of f.

• By the same token, you may consider the third, fourth,

fifth, etc. derivatives of a function f.
 1-50
Higher Derivatives

Derivative Notations
d2y
Second f  dx 2
d3y
Third f  dx 3
(4) d4y
Fourth f dx 4
n dny
nth f
dx n
 1-51
Higher Derivatives
Example

Given f ( x)  3x5  2x3  14 find f ( x).


f ( x)  15x  6x
4 2

f ( x)  60 x3 12 x


f ( x)  180 x 12
2
 1-52
Higher Derivatives
Example

2x 1
Given f ( x)  find f (2).
3x  2

2  3 x  2   3  2 x  1 7 2
f ( x)    7  3 x  2 
 3x  2   3x  2 
2 2

3 42
f ( x)  14  3x  2   3 
 3x  2 
3

42 42 21
f (2)   3 
 3(2)  2 
3
4 32
 1-53
Higher Derivatives

Practice Examples:
• Find the third derivative of the function f(x) = x2/3 and
determine its domain.
Solution
 
2 1/3 2  1  4/3 2 4/3
• We have f ( x ) x and f ( x )  3   3  x   9 x
3  
• So the required derivative is
2 4 8 7/3 8
f ( x )      x 7/3  x 
9 3 27 27 x 7/3

• The domain of the third derivative is the set of all real

numbers except x = 0.
 1-54
Higher Derivatives

Practice Examples:
• Find the second derivative of the function
f(x) = (2x2 +3)3/2

Solution
• Using the general power rule we get the first
derivative:
f ( x )   2 x  3  4 x   6 x  2 x  3
3 2 1/2 2 1/2

2
 1-55
Higher Derivatives
Practice Examples:
• Find the second derivative of the function f(x) = (2x2 +3)3/2
Solution
• Using the product rule we get the second derivative:

f ( x )  6 x   2 x  3   2 x  3   6 x 
d 1/2 1/2 d
 2 2

dx dx
1
 6 x     2 x  3  4 x    2 x  3  6
2 1/2 2 1/2

2
 12 x  2 x  3  6  2 x  3
2 2 1/2 2 1/2

 6  2 x  3  2 x 2   2 x 2  3 
2 1/2

 
6  4 x 2  3

2 x2  3
 1-56
Higher Derivatives
Examples
• Find dy/dx for the equation x2  y 2  x2  5

Solution d 2 2 1/2 d 2
dx
x  y  
dx
x  d
dx
 5
2 1/2  dy 
2

1 2
x  y  

2 x  2 y   2x  0
dx 
 dy 
x  y
2

2 1/2


2 x  2 y   4x
dx 

 2x  x  y 
dy 2 1/2
x y 2

dx

 2x  x  y   x
dy 2 2 1/2
y
dx

dy 2x  x  y 
2 1/2
2
x

dx y
 1-57
Implicit Differentiation
• Up to now we have dealt with functions in the form
y = f(x)
• That is, the dependent variable y has been expressed
explicitly in terms of the independent variable x.
• However, not all functions are expressed explicitly.
• For example, consider
x2y + y – x2 + 1 = 0
• This equation expresses y implicitly as a function of x.
• Solving for y in terms of x we get
( x 2  1) y  x 2  1
x2  1
y  f ( x)  2
x 1
 1-58
Implicit Differentiation

• Now, consider the equation

y4 – y3 – y + 2x3 – x = 8
• With certain restrictions placed on y and x, this
equation defines y as a function of x.
• But in this case it is difficult to solve for y in order to
express the function explicitly.
• How do we compute dy/dx in this case?
• The chain rule gives us a way to do this.
 1-59
Implicit Differentiation
• Consider the equation y2 = x.
• To find dy/dx, we differentiate both sides of the
equation:
d
dx
 y    x
2 d
dx

• Since y is a function of x, we can rewrite y = f(x) and

find: d
dx
 y    f ( x )
2 d
dx
2

 2 f ( x ) f ( x )
dy
 2y
dx
Using chain rule
 1-60
Implicit Differentiation

• Therefore the above equation is equivalent to:

dy
2y 1
dx

• Solving for dy/dx yields:

dy 1

dx 2 y
 1-61
Implicit Differentiation

• To find dy/dx by implicit differentiation:

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with
respect to x.
(Make sure that the derivative of any term
involving y includes the factor dy/dx)

2. Solve the resulting equation for dy/dx in terms of

x and y.
 1-62
Implicit Differentiation
Examples
• Find dy/dx for the equation y 3
 y  2 x 3
x 8

Solution
• Differentiating both sides and solving for dy/dx we get
d
dx
 y  y  2 x  x   8
3 3 d
dx
d
dx
 y    y    2 x    x    8
3 d
dx
d
dx
3 d
dx
d
dx
dy dy
3y2   6x2  1  0
dx dx
dy
dx
 3 y 2
 1  1  6 x 2

dy 1  6 x 2
 2
dx 3 y  1
 1-63
Implicit Differentiation
Examples
• Find dy/dx for the equation x y  6 x  y  12
2 3 2

• Then, find the value of dy/dx when y = 2 and x = 1.

Solution    
d 2 3
x y
dx

d
6 x 2

d

dx
y  
d
12 
dx dx

x2 
d
dx
 y 3
  y 3 d

dx
 x 2
  12 x 
dy
dx
dy dy
3x 2 y 2  2 xy 3  12 x 
dx dx

 3x y  1 dx  2 xy 3  12 x
2 2 dy

dy 2 xy 3  12 x

dx 1  3x 2 y 2
 1-64
Implicit Differentiation
Examples
• Find dy/dx for the equation x y  6 x  y  12
2 3 2

• Then, find the value of dy/dx when y = 2 and x = 1.

Solution
• Substituting y = 2 and x = 1 we find:
dy 2 xy 3  12 x

dx 1  3x 2 y 2
2(1)(2)3  12(1)

1  3(1)2 (2) 2
16  12

1  12
28

11
 1-65
Implicit Differentiation
Examples
• Find dy/dx for the equation x2  y 2  x2  5

Solution d 2 2 1/2 d 2
dx
x  y  
dx
x  d
dx
 5
2 1/2  dy 
2

1 2
x  y  

2 x  2 y   2x  0
dx 
 dy 
x  y
2

2 1/2


2 x  2 y   4x
dx 

 2x  x  y 
dy 2 1/2
x y 2

dx

 2x  x  y   x
dy 2 2 1/2
y
dx

dy 2x  x  y 
2 1/2
2
x

dx y