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Chapter 1-1 Introduction
Chapter 1-1 Introduction
Chapter 1-1 Introduction
Fundamentals of Vibration
Introduction
Vibration: Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time is
called vibration or oscillation.
EX. Swinging of pendulum.
The theory of vibration deals with the study of
oscillatory motions of bodies and the forces associated
with them.
In this curse the subject of vibration is introduced in a
relatively simple manner
This chapter describes the modelling of spring, mass and damping
elements, their characteristics and the combination of several
springs, masses or damping elements appearing in a system.
Then, the concept of harmonic analysis are presented.
Importance of the Study of Vibration
Most human activities involve vibration in one form or other.
1
kinetic energy 𝑚 𝑣2
2
If the system is damped, some energy is
dissipated in each cycle of vibration
Number of Degrees of Freedom
The minimum number of independent coordinates required to determine
completely the positions of all parts of a system at any instant of time defines
the number of degrees of freedom of the system.
Two degrees x, y
One degree. x, y or θ
Single-degree-of-freedom systems
Two-degree-of-freedom systems
Three degree-of-freedom systems
Discrete and Continuous Systems
Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom are called discrete or
lumped parameter systems.
Systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are called continuous
or distributed systems.
The procedure of finding the equivalent spring constant of elastic members is illustrated
through the following examples.
Spring Constant of a Rod
Find the equivalent spring constant of a uniform rod of length l, cross-sectional area A, and
Young’s modulus E subjected to an axial tensile (or compressive) force F as shown:
Solution: The elongation (or shortening) of the rod under the
axial tensile (or compressive) force F can be expressed as
Solution: We assume, for simplicity, that the self weight (or mass) of the beam is
negligible and the concentrated load F is due to the weight of a point mass (W=mg).
From strength of materials, we know that the end deflection of the beam due to a
concentrated load F = W is given by
where E is the Young’s modulus and I is the moment of inertia of the cross
section of the beam about the bending or z-axis (i.e., axis perpendicular to
the slide).
Hence the spring constant of the beam is
Combination of Springs
Case 1: Springs in Parallel
If keq denotes the equivalent spring constant of the combination of the two springs, then for
the same static deflection δst we have
In general, if we have n springs with spring constants k1, k2, ……., kn in parallel, then the
equivalent spring constant keq can be obtained:
Combination of Springs
Case 2: Springs in Series
From Newton’s second law of motion, the product of the mass and its
acceleration is equal to the force applied to the mass.
Parallel dampers
Series dampers
Frequency of oscillation. The number of cycles per unit time is called the frequency of
oscillation or simply the frequency
Circular frequency