S.

NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION

ACTIVITY
1. To introduce 1 min INTRODUCTION
the topic An arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat. If you
have an arrhythmia, your heart may beat faster
or slower than others without arrhythmia. There
are several different conditions might cause
your heart to beat abnormally, and treatment
depends on the cause. Talk to your healthcare
provider if you feel like your heart is racing, if
you feel dizzy or lightheaded, or you have chest
2. To define 2 pain. LECTURE LCD
arrhythmia mins DEFINITION
A heart arrhythmia (uh-RITH-me-uh) is an
irregular heartbeat. Heart rhythm problems
(heart arrhythmias) occur when the electrical
signals that coordinate the heart's beats don't
work properly. The faulty signaling causes the
heart to beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow
(bradycardia) or irregularly.

3. To explain the 2
types mins TYPES

In general, heart arrhythmias are grouped by the

speed of the heart rate. For example:

 Tachycardia (tak-ih-KAHR-dee-uh) is a
fast heart. The resting heart rate is greater
than 100 beats a minute.

 Bradycardia (brad-e-KAHR-dee-uh) is a
slow heartbeat. The resting heart rate is
less than 60 beats a minute.
S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION
ACTIVITY
Fast heartbeat (tachycardia)
Types of tachycardias include:

 Atrial fibrillation (A-fib). Chaotic heart

signaling causes a rapid, uncoordinated
heart rate. The condition may be
temporary, but some A-fib episodes may
not stop unless treated. A-fib is associated
with serious complications such as stroke.

 Atrial flutter. Atrial flutter is similar

to A-fib, but heartbeats are more
organized. Atrial flutter is also linked to
stroke.

 Supraventricular
tachycardia. Supraventricular
tachycardia is a broad term that includes
arrhythmias that start above the lower
heart chambers (ventricles).
Supraventricular tachycardia causes
episodes of a pounding heartbeat
(palpitations) that begin and end abruptly.

 Ventricular fibrillation. This type of

arrhythmia occurs when rapid, chaotic
electrical signals cause the lower heart
chambers (ventricles) to quiver instead of
contacting in a coordinated way that
pumps blood to the rest of the body. This
serious problem can lead to death if a
normal heart rhythm isn't restored within
minutes. Most people who have
ventricular fibrillation have an underlying
heart disease or have experienced serious
trauma.
S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION
ACTIVITY
 Ventricular tachycardia. This rapid,
regular heart rate starts with faulty
electrical signals in the lower heart
chambers (ventricles). The rapid heart
rate doesn't allow the ventricles to
properly fill with blood. As a result, the
heart can't pump enough blood to the
body. Ventricular tachycardia may not
cause serious problems in people with an
otherwise healthy heart. In those with
heart disease, ventricular tachycardia can
be a medical emergency that requires
immediate medical treatment.
Slow heartbeat (bradycardia)

Although a heart rate below 60 beats a minute

while at rest is considered bradycardia, a low
resting heart rate doesn't always signal a
problem. If you're physically fit, your heart may
still be able to pump enough blood to the body
with fewer than 60 beats a minute at rest.

If you have a slow heart rate and your heart isn't

pumping enough blood, you may have a type of
bradycardia. Types of bradycardias include:
S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION
ACTIVITY
 Sick sinus syndrome. The sinus node is
responsible for setting the pace of the
heart. If it doesn't work properly, the heart
rate may alternate between too slow
(bradycardia) and too fast (tachycardia).
Sick sinus syndrome can be caused by
scarring near the sinus node that's
slowing, disrupting or blocking the travel
of impulses. Sick sinus syndrome is most
common among older adults.

 Conduction block. A block of the heart's

electrical pathways can cause the signals
that trigger the heartbeats to slow down or
stop. Some blocks may cause no signs or
symptoms, and others may cause skipped
beats or bradycardia.
Premature heartbeats

Premature heartbeats are extra beats that occur

one at a time, sometimes in patterns that
alternate with the normal heart beat. The extra
beats may come from the top chamber of the
heart (premature atrial contractions) or the
bottom chamber (premature ventricular
contractions).
S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION
ACTIVITY
 A premature heartbeat may feel like your heart
skipped a beat. These extra beats are generally
not concerning, and they seldom mean you
have a more serious condition. Still, a
premature beat can trigger a longer-lasting
arrhythmia, especially in people with heart
disease. Occasionally, very frequent premature
beats that last for several years may lead to a
weak heart.

Premature heartbeats may occur when resting.

Sometimes premature heartbeats are caused by
stress, strenuous exercise or stimulants, such as
4. To explain the 5
causes mins caffeine or nicotine.
CAUSES
To understand the cause of heart arrhythmias, it
may be helpful to know how the heart typically
works.
How does the heart beat?
The heart is made of four chambers — two
upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers
(ventricles).
The heart's rhythm is normally controlled by a
natural pacemaker (the sinus node) in the right
upper chamber (atrium). The sinus node sends
electrical signals that normally start each
heartbeat. These electrical signals move across
the atria, causing the heart muscles to squeeze
(contract) and pump blood into the ventricles.
S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION
ACTIVITY
 Next, the signals arrive at a cluster of cells
called the AV node, where they slow down.
This slight delay allows the ventricles to fill
with blood. When the electrical signals reach
the ventricles, the chambers contract and pump
blood to the lungs or to the rest of the body.

In a healthy heart, this heart signaling process

usually goes smoothly, resulting in a normal
resting heart rate of 60 to 100 beats a minute.

Things that can cause an irregular heartbeat

(arrhythmia) include:

 Current heart attack or scarring from a

previous heart attack

 Blocked arteries in the heart (coronary

artery disease)

 Changes to the heart's structure, such as

from cardiomyopathy

 Diabetes

 High blood pressure

 Infection with COVID-19

S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION

ACTIVITY
  Overactive thyroid gland
(hyperthyroidism)

 Sleep apnea

 Underactive thyroid gland

(hypothyroidism)

 Certain medications, including cold and

allergy drugs bought without a
prescription

 Drinking too much alcohol or caffeine

 Drug abuse

 Genetics

 Smoking

5. To discuss th 3  Stress or anxiety

risk factors mins
RISK FACTORS
Things that may increase the risk of heart
arrhythmias include:

 Coronary artery disease, other heart

problems and previous heart
surgery. Narrowed heart arteries, a heart
attack, abnormal heart valves, prior heart
surgery, heart failure, cardiomyopathy
and other heart damage are risk factors
for almost any kind of arrhythmia.
 High blood pressure. This condition
increases the risk of developing coronary
S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION
ACTIVITY
  Congenital heart disease. Being born
with a heart condition may affect the
heart's rhythm.

 Thyroid disease. Having an overactive or

underactive thyroid gland can raise the
risk of irregular heartbeats.

 Obstructive sleep apnea. This condition

causes pauses in breathing during sleep. It
can lead to a slow heartbeat (bradycardia)
and irregular heartbeats, including atrial
fibrillation.

 Electrolyte imbalance. Substances in the

blood called electrolytes — such as
potassium, sodium, calcium and
magnesium — help trigger and send
electrical impulses in the heart. An
imbalance in electrolytes — for example,
if they are too low or too high — can
interfere with heart signaling and lead to
irregular heartbeats.
Certain drugs and supplements. Some
prescription drugs and certain cough and cold
medications bought without a prescription can
cause arrhythmias

S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION

ACTIVITY
6. To enumerate 2 SYMPTOMS
the symptoms mins

Heart arrhythmias may not cause any signs or

symptoms. A doctor may notice the irregular
heartbeat when examining you for another
health reason.

In general, signs and symptoms of arrhythmias

may include:

 A fluttering in the chest

 A racing heartbeat (tachycardia)

 A slow heartbeat (bradycardia)

 Chest pain

 Shortness of breath

Other symptoms may include:

 Anxiety

 Fatigue

 Lightheadedness or dizziness

 Sweating

 Fainting (syncope) or near fainting

S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION

 ACTIVITY
7. To discuss the 2 PREVENTION
prevention mins

Lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of heart

disease may help prevent heart arrhythmias. A
heart-healthy lifestyle includes:

 Eating a heart-healthy diet

 Staying physically active

 Maintaining a healthy weight

 Not smoking

 Limiting or avoiding caffeine and alcohol

 Reducing stress, as intense stress and

anger can cause heart rhythm problems

 Using medications as directed and telling

your doctor about all the medicines you
take, including those bought without a
prescription
S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION
ACTIVITY
 DIAGNOSIS
To diagnose a heart arrhythmia, the doctor will
usually do a physical exam and ask questions
about your medical history and symptoms.
Tests may be done to confirm an irregular
heartbeat and look for conditions that can cause
arrhythmias, such as heart disease or thyroid
disease.
Tests to diagnose heart arrhythmias may
include:

 Electrocardiogram (ECG or
EKG). During an ECG, sensors
(electrodes) that can detect the electrical
activity of the heart are attached to the
chest and sometimes to the arms or legs.
An ECG measures the timing and
duration of each electrical phase in the
heartbeat.
 Holter monitor. This
portable ECG device can be worn for a
day or more to record your heart's activity
as you go about your routine.
 Event recorder. This
wearable ECG device is used to detect
sporadic arrhythmias. You press a button
when symptoms occur. An event recorder
may be worn for a longer period of time
(up to 30 days or until you have an
arrhythmia or typical symptoms).
 Echocardiogram. In this noninvasive
test, a hand-held device (transducer)
placed on the chest uses sound waves to
produce images of the heart's size,
structure and motion.
S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION
ACTIVITY
8. To explain the 5 TREATMENT
treatment mins

Treatment for heart arrhythmias depends on

whether you have a fast heartbeat (tachycardia)
or slow heartbeat (bradycardia). Some heart
arrhythmias do not need treatment. Your doctor
may recommend regular checkups to monitor
your condition.

Heart arrhythmia treatment is usually only

needed if the irregular heartbeat is causing
significant symptoms, or if the condition is
putting you at risk of more-serious heart
problems. Treatment for heart arrhythmias may
include medications, therapies such as vagal
maneuvers, cardioversion, catheter procedures
or heart surgery.

Medications

Medications used to treat heart arrhythmias

depend on the type of arrhythmia and potential
complications.

For example, drugs to control the heart rate and

restore a normal heart rhythm are often
prescribed for most people with tachycardia.

S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION

ACTIVITY
 If you have atrial fibrillation, blood thinners
may be prescribed to prevent blood clots. It's
very important to take the medications exactly
as directed by your doctor in order to reduce the
risk of complications.
Therapies
Therapies to treat heart arrhythmias include
vagal maneuvers and cardioversion to stop the
irregular heartbeat.

 Vagal maneuvers. If you have a very fast

heartbeat due to supraventricular
tachycardia, your doctor may recommend
this therapy. Vagal maneuvers affect the
nervous system that controls your
heartbeat (vagus nerves), often causing
your heart rate to slow. For example, you
may be able to stop an arrhythmia by
holding your breath and straining,
dunking your face in ice water, or
coughing. Vagal maneuvers don't work
for all types of arrhythmias.
 Cardioversion. This method to reset the
heart rhythm may be done with
medications or as a procedure. Your
doctor may recommend this treatment if
you have a certain type of arrhythmia,
such as atrial fibrillation.

S.NO OBJECTIVES TIME CONTENT TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS EVALUATION

ACTIVITY
 Treatment for heart arrhythmias may also
involve catheter procedures or surgery to
implant a heart (cardiac) device. Certain
arrhythmias may require open-heart surgery.
Types of procedures and surgeries used to treat
heart arrhythmias include:

 Catheter ablation. In this procedure, the

doctor threads one or more catheters
through the blood vessels to the heart.
Electrodes at the catheter tips use heat or
cold energy to create tiny scars in your
heart to block abnormal electrical signals
and restore a normal heartbeat.
 Pacemaker. If slow heartbeats
(bradycardias) don't have a cause that can
be corrected, doctors often treat them
with a pacemaker because there aren't any
medications that can reliably speed up the
heart.

A pacemaker is a small device that's

usually implanted near the collarbone.
One or more electrode-tipped wires run
from the pacemaker through the blood
vessels to the inner heart. If the heart rate
is too slow or if it stops, the pacemaker
sends out electrical impulses that
stimulate the heart to beat at a steady rate.

BIBLIOGRAPHY