CRIM 502 CRIMINOLOGY (CRIMSOC)

TERMINOLOGIES

 Differential Association Theory (EDWIN SUTHERLAND) – dean of modern

criminology - believes that criminal behavior is learned and not inherited.

 Sociological Criminology - believe that society influences a person to

become a criminal.
 Auguste Comte (1798–1857)—often called the “father of sociology”—
first used the term “sociology” in 1838 to refer to the scientific study of
society. Dynamics (society changes) and Statics (society endures)
 Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) German political philosopher and
economist - compared society to a living organism with interdependent
parts. The “organism” of society – healthy.
 Karl Marx (1818–1883), who observed society's exploitation of the poor
by the rich and powerful. Society is toxic and unhealthy.
 Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) A French philosopher and sociologist -
systematically apply scientific methods to sociology as a discipline.
Stressed the importance of studying social facts, or patterns of behavior
characteristic of a particular group.
 Max Weber (1864–1920) German sociologist - “Verstehen” put
themselves into “the other person's shoes” and thus obtain an
“interpretive understanding” of the meanings of individuals' behaviors.

 Strain Theory – ROBERT KING MERTON (1938) - Which maintains that the
failure of man to achieve a higher status of life caused them to commit crimes in
order for that status/goal to be attained.

 Cesare Lombroso Classification of Criminals:

 Atavist – Born Criminals, considered the most dangerous.
 Insane Criminals – idiots, imbeciles, paranoias, epileptic and alcoholics.
 Criminoloid - occasional criminals, whose crimes are explained primarily
by opportunity.

 Positivist theory of Criminology

CESARE LOMBROSO (FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY)
 ITALIAN SCHOOL
 That man is occasionally subdued by strange and morbid phenomenon,
which contains him to Do wrong, in spite or contrary to his volition.
 looks to internal or external influences on individuals as the primary
cause of criminal behavior.
 The M’naghten Rule;
 person may be insane if at the time of committing the crime,
 the accused person was under the effect of mental illness and
 did not know the nature and quality of the act he was doing .

 Sexual Sadism - represents the most extreme form of sexual violence,

involving acts such as coercion, torture, humiliation, and the infliction of pain for
sexual pleasure

 Acquitted - after a jury trial or a bench trial, the trial judge or jury finds the
defendant not guilty.

 Classical: free will; Retribution

 Positivist: Determinism; Rehabilitation

 Biosocial theory - behavioral and social science that describes personality

disorders and mental illnesses and disabilities as biologically-determined
personality traits reacting to environmental stimuli.

 Neuroendocrine system - sets of neurons, glands and non-endocrine tissues,

and the neurochemicals, hormones, and humoral signals they produce and
receive, that function in an integrated manner to collectively regulate a
physiological or behavioral.

 Behavioral modelling (ALBERT BANDURA) - when violent acts occur to

sometimes explain the reason behind those acts.

 CESARE BECARRIA - in order for the punishment to be effective, it should be

Swift and certain. (Classical)

 Extrovert - sociability, excitement, and stimulation.

 Sociological theories - the study of crime focused on the group of people and
society as a whole
 believe that society influences a person to become a criminal.

 Behavioral theory - a form of conditioning, where behavior is learned and

reinforced by rewards or punishment.

 Victim precipitation - analyzes how a victim's interaction with an offender may

contribute to the crime being committed.

 Rational choice theory – who weigh means and ends, costs and benefits, in
order to make a rational choice.
 SIGMUND FRAUD “Structure of Personality” (Tripartite Personality)
 ID - impulse of instinct of social drives
 EGO – physical organization between sensory stimuli and his motor
activity.
 SUPER- EGO – conscience of man

 Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

 Oral stage (0-18 months) - infant derives pleasure from the mouth by
performing gratifying activities.
 Anal Stage (18m-3yrs) - the child begins to toilet train, which brings about the
child's fascination in the erogenous zone of the anus.
 Phallic Stage (3-6yrs) - wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon their
genitalia as the erogenous zone.
 Genital Stage (11y-so on) - begins with the onset of puberty, person seeks
ways of satisfying sexual impulses.

 Active precipitation (Marvin Wolfgang1958) - source of many criminal

occurrences is the provocative or aggressive behavior of the offended party.

 Lifestyle theory (Glenn Walters1990) - certain people may become the victims
of crimes because of their lifestyles and choices

 Edwin M. Lemert Societal Reaction Theory (SRT) of Deviant Behavior

 Primary deviance – acts which have not been publicly labelled, and are
thus of little consequence
 Secondary deviance - alters a person's self-regard and social roles,
violation or drift from the accepted social norms.

 Complete the equation – DISCONTENTMENT + lack of political solution =

crime

 Postmodern theory (Jean-François Lyotard1979)– associated with relativism

and a focus on ideology in the maintenance of economic and political power.

 Crime of reduction - diminishing the number of criminal events and the

consequences of crime

 Liberalism (John Locke) - political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing
the freedom of the individual to be the central problem of politics

 Behavioral - focuses on those external activities of the organism that can be

observed and measured.

 Social anxiety disorder - social phobia, is a long-term and overwhelming fear

of social situations.
 Defense mechanism - unconscious psychological operation that functions to
protect a person from anxiety.

 KAI ERIKSON - believed that human personalities continued to develop past

the age of five (5)
 he believed that the development of personality depended directly on the
resolution of existential crises like trust, autonomy, intimacy, individuality,
integrity, and identity

 Delusional disorder - type of mental health condition in which a person can't

tell what's real from what's imagined.

 Vaginismus - involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the vagina

that prevent penetration of the male sex organ.

 The stage at which children seek conformity and become part of groups
(Erik Erikson's theory) - adolescence, from about 12-18 years.

 RA 7610 – Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation

and Discrimination Act. (Approved June 17, 1992).

 RA 9344 - THE JUVENILE JUSTICE AND WELFARE ACT OF 2006

 Recognizance – undertaking in lieu of a bond assumed by a parent or custodian

who shall be responsible for the appearance in court of the child in conflict with
the law, when required.

 Child in conflict with the law - child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudged
as, having committed an offense under Philippine laws

 DOLI INCAPAX – Incapable of criminal intent

 Emotional abuse – intentional infliction of distress, anguish or intimidation

through non-physical acts.

 Juvenile delinquents – immature or one whose mental as well as emotional

faculties are not fully developed thus making them incapable of taking full
responsibility of their actions.

 House of Refuge - large fortress-like congregate style institution located in

urban areas for youth designated as abandoned, delinquent or incorrigible

 Neurotic delinquents - anti-social behavior of the youth is a direct result of

internal conflict and pre-occupation with his own emotion and mood.

 Biogenic approach - human misconduct is a result of faulty biology.

 RA 7658 – act prohibiting the employment of the children below 15 Years of
age in public and private undertaking amending for this purpose section 12,
article 8 Of R.A 7610(Approved November 9, 1993)

 IACP – INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE

 Sexual harassment - unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors,

and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature in the workplace or
learning environment
 RA 11313 (Bawal Bastos Law) The Safe Spaces Act

 Sexual misconduct – type of violence that uses power, control, and/or

intimidation to harm another.

 Physical abuse - intentional bodily injury

 Primary victim - a person who is directly victimized by a crime

 Secondary victim - A person who is present at the scene of an act of violence

and who is injured as a direct result of witnessing the act

 Tertiary victim - families of victims, or even witnesses to terror attacks. While

they may not be the intended victim or primary target

 Marital manipulation - occurs when someone attempts to sway their partner's

thoughts, behaviors

 Financial abuse - “the deliberate intent to deceive with the promise of goods,
services, or other financial benefits that in fact do not exist or that were never
intended to be provided

 Anti-social personality - characterized by continuing violation of the rights of

others through aggressive,

 P.D 1508 - ESTABLISHING A SYSTEM OF AMICABLY SETTLING DISPUTES

AT THE BARANGAY LEVEL (June 11 1978)

 Self-realized Character - people have their own identity

 Patriotism - feeling of attachment and commitment to a country, nation, or

political community

 kind of patriotism –
 first, impartial patriotism,
 second, sports patriotism,
  third, loyalty patriotism.

 Apolinario Mabini - first as a legal and constitutional adviser to the

Revolutionary Government, and then as the first Prime Minister of the Philippines
upon the establishment of the First Philippine Republic

 Republic Act No. 7077 - Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act
(JUNE 27 1991)

 CULTURE – norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs,

arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.

 Manuel Quezon - passage of the Jones Act that provided for the grant of
Philippine independence

 Father of the Filipino Language – MANUEL QUEZON

 Nationalism -loyalty and devotion to a nation

 Allegiance - loyalty and obedience owed to one's country or government

 Empirical RESEARCH - an article which reports research based on actual

observations or experiments.

 Action research - particular approach to the research process in which

researchers engage in an active partnership

 Exploratory research - seeks to identify the underlying meaning behind actions

and individual behavior.

 RESEARCH - Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection

of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of
that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific
professional fields and academic discipline.

 Variable - a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure
in some way.

 Descriptive design - type of research design that aims to obtain information to

systematically describe a phenomenon, situation, or population

 primary data - Data that has been generated by the researcher himself/herself,
surveys, interviews, experiments, specially designed for understanding and
solving the research problem at hand

 secondary data - data collected by someone else earlier.

 Research Design - framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a
researcher to conduct a study

 correlation Design - investigates relationships between variables without the

researcher controlling or manipulating any of them

 Children exploited in prostitution - designates the use of children for sexual

activities in exchange

 Temporary Protection Order (TRO) - the protection order issued by the court
on the date of filing of the application after ex parte determination that such order
should be issued

 Histrionic personality disorder - characterized by immaturity, excitability,

emotional instability and self-dramatization.

 Multiple personality disorder - dual personalities.” The reason manifests two or

more symptoms of personality usually dramatically different.

 Emile Durkheim – anomie theory

 Borderline personality disorder - drastic mood shifts and behavior problems.

The person usually displays intense anger outburst with little provocation and he
is impulsive, unpredictable, and periodically unstable.

 Containment theory - WALTER RECKLESS - assumes that for every

individual there exists a containing external structure and a protective internal
structure, both of which provide defense, protection or insulation against crime or
delinquency

 Mesomorphic - athletic type, predominance of muscle, bone and connective

tissue, normally heavy, hard and firm, sting and tough. They are the people who
are routinely active and aggressive, and they are the most likely to commit
crimes.

 Ectomorphic - thin physique, flat chest, delicacy through the body, slender,
poorly muscled. They tend to look more fatigue and withdrawn

 Endomorphic - type with relatively predominance of soft, roundness throughout

the regions of the body. They have low specific gravity. Persons with typically
relaxed and comfortable disposition.

 Asthenic - lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders

 Crime - an act committed or omitted in violation of public law forbidding or
commanding it.

 Incapacitation - assumes that the state has a duty to protect the public from
future wrongs or harms, 

 Victimology - assumes that the state has a duty to protect the public from future
wrongs or harms, 
 scientific process of gaining substantial amounts of knowledge on offender
characteristics by studying the nature of victims.

 Enrico Ferri - He was the best-known Lombroso’s associate. His greatest

contribution was his attack on the classical doctrine of free will, which argued that
criminals should be held morally responsible for their crimes because they must
have made a rational decision to commit the crime
.
 Penology - the study that deals with punishment and the treatment of criminals

 Anomie - lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group

 Static crime - crimes that are committed only in one place

 Acquisitive crime - offender acquires something as a consequence of his

criminal act.

 Extinctive crime - the result of criminal act is destruction

 Instant crime - committed the shortest possible time

 nature of criminology - Understanding crime is as complex as other fields of

interest. It requires therefore a systematic and balanced knowledge in the
examination of why they exist

 SCHOOL OF THOUGHT IN CRIMINOLOGY

 Neo-classical School (GABRIEL TARDE)- situations or circumstances that

made it impossible to exercise freewill are reasons to exempt the accused
from conviction children and lunatics should not be regarded as criminals and
free from punishment
 Classical School (CESARE BECARRIA) - Freewill (Beccaria) – a
philosophy advocating punishment severe enough for people to choose, to
avoid criminal acts (18TH)
 Positivist school (CESARE LOMBROSO) - looks to internal or external
influences on individuals as the primary cause of criminal behavior (19TH)
 Subjective approach - deals mainly on the biological explanation of crimes,
focused on the forms of abnormalities that exist in the individual criminal before,
during and after the commission of the crime

 Opportunistic Offender - may not be looking to commit a crime but will commit
one when the opportunity arises.
 White collar crimes – committed by a person of responsibility and of upper
socio-economic class in the course of their occupational activities.
 Blue Collar Crimes- are those committed by ordinary professionals to maintain
their livelihood.

 Theory of biological inferiority - most crime was committed by individuals who

were “biologically inferior,” “organically inadaptable,” “mentally and physically
stunted and warped,” and “sociologically debased

 Criminal physical anthropology - an attempt to explain criminal behavior as a

product of physical characteristics.

 Father of Modern Criminology” – CESARE LOMBROSO

 Criminal Sociology - believe that society influences a person to become a

criminal.

 Theory - a carefully thought-out explanation for observations of the natural world

that has been constructed using the scientific method, and which brings together
many facts and hypotheses.

 Social norms - rules and standards that are understood by members of a group,
and that guide or constrain social behaviors without the force of law” 

 Folkways - behaviors that are learned and shared by a social group that we

often refer to as “customs” in a group that are not morally significant, but they can
be important for social acceptance

 Professional Conduct - Professional behavior in the workplace is a combination

of attitude, appearance and manners

 Republic Act 6713 - AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND

ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES

 Ethical Standard - set of principles established by the founders of the

organization to communicate its underlying moral values.

 Police Misconduct - inappropriate conduct and illegal actions taken by police

officers in connection with their official duties. Types of misconduct
 Moral virtue - key intellectual virtues are wisdom, which governs ethical
behavior, and understanding

 Valor - strength of mind or spirit that enables a person to encounter danger with
firmness: personal bravery.

 Stockholm Syndrome - hostages develop a psychological bond with their

captors during captivity.

 Habitual Delinquency - he allegation in the information that the accused was

already convicted four times of similar crimes, 

 Criminal etiology - attempt at scientific analysis of the study of causes or

reasons for crime

 Indeterminate sentence - term of imprisonment with no definite duration within a

prescribed maximum

 Reformation - The act of bringing back a criminal to such a sense of justice, so

that he may live in society without any detriment to it.

 Behavior modeling - Modeling theory was developed by Albert Bandura and

is used by criminologist when violent acts occur to sometimes explain the
reason behind those acts. Bandura felt like that people learned their behavior
from other people, especially the aggressive behavior.

 Histrionic personality disorder (1765–1834) - Ernst von Feuchtersleben.

- It is characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional instability and self-
dramatization.

 Multiple personality disorder - It is also called “dual personalities.” The

reason manifests two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically
different.
 Mary Reynolds (1815) – First case of Multiple Personality Disorder.
 Benjamin Rush - The origins of the history of multiple personality in the United
States.

 Emile Durkheim (1938)- advocated the “Anomie Theory”, the theory that
focused on the sociological point of the positivist school, which explains that the
absence of norms in a society provides a setting conductive to crimes and other
anti-social acts.

 Borderline personality disorder (1938) - Otto F. Kernberg. United States

by Adolph Stern. also known as emotionally unstable personality
disorder (EUPD). It is characterized by instability reflected in drastic mood
shifts and behavior problems. The person usually displays intense anger outburst
 with little provocation and he is impulsive, unpredictable, and periodically
unstable.

 Containment theory Walter Reckless (1899 - 1988) - assumes that for every
individual there exists a containing external structure and a protective internal
structure, both of which provide defense, protection or insulation against crime
or delinquency.

 Inner Containment - refers to the person’s self-control ensured by

strong ego, good self-image, well developed conscience, high frustration
tolerance and high sense of responsibility.
 Outer Containment - are the external pressures such as poverty,
unemployment and blocked opportunities.

 Sociological Criminology - the study of crime focused on the group of people

and society as a whole.

 Enrico Ferri - He was the best-known Lombroso’s associate. His greatest

contribution was his attack on the classical doctrine of free will, which argued
that criminals should be held morally responsible for their crimes because
they must have made a rational decision to commit the crime.

 Acquisitive Crime - is one which when committed, the offender acquires

something as a consequence of his criminal act.

 Extinctive crime - when the result of criminal act is destruction.

 Aristotle - defined crime as the act of free will, stimulated by desire. Thus, he
argued that children, idiots, the mentally ill, and individuals in a state of ecstasy
should not be held responsible for criminal actions.

 R.A 9285 - an act to institutionalize the use of an alternative dispute resolution

system in the Philippines. It gives parties in dispute the opportunity to work
through disputed issues with the help of a neutral third party.

 Victim rights - A victim will have access where necessary to available welfare,
health, counselling and legal assistance responsive to the victim's needs. A
victim will, on request, be informed of the progress of the investigation of the
crime, unless the disclosure might jeopardize the investigation.

 Marvin Wolfgang - first person to empirically investigate victim precipitation

was Marvin Wolfgang (1957) in his classic study of homicides occurring in
Philadelphia from 1948 to 1952. He examined some 558 homicides to see to
what extent victims precipitated their own deaths.
 Victim assistance support - refers to the activities carried out in reaction to
victimization with the goal of alleviating suffering and easing recovery.
Information, assessments, individual interventions, case advocacy, system
advocacy, public policy, and program creation are all examples of this.

 BSU of FBI - Behavioral Science Unit (BSU) is the original name of a unit
within the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Training Division at Quantico,
Virginia.

 Rational Choice theory Cornish and Clarke- adopts a utilitarian belief that
humans are reasoning actors who weigh means and ends, costs and benefits,
in order to make a rational choice.

 Capable guardian - is usually a person who, by their mere presence, would

deter potential offenders from perpetrating a crime.

 Moral Virtue Aristotle- a disposition to behave in the right manner and as a

mean between extremes of deficiency and excess, which are vices. We learn
moral virtue primarily through habit and practice rather than through reasoning
and instruction.

 Police Misconduct - types of conduct covered by this law can include, among
other things, use of excessive force, discriminatory harassment, false
arrests, coercive sexual conduct, and unlawful stops, searches or arrests.

 Resentment - a negative emotional reaction to being mistreated/treated

unfairly.

 Social Crisis - is a crisis in which the basic structure of a society experiences

some drastic interruption or decline.

 Public relations - This is designed to maintain harmony and mutual support

between the police and the community.

 Theory of Reciprocity - is one of the basic laws of social psychology: It says

that in many social situations we pay back what we received from others.

 Dilemma - negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless

which course of action is chosen.

 Rapport - harmonious relationships between people. It's the sense of connection

that you get when you meet someone you like and trust, and whose point of view
you understand.
 Meta-Ethics Theory - is a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status,
foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words, focuses on what
morality itself.

 Child trafficking – RA 7610 is where children and young people tricked, forced
or persuaded to leave their homes and are moved or transported and then
exploited, forced to work or sold.

 Protection Order - A form of protective custody in which a child welfare or police

agency order an adult suspected of abuse to leave the home.

 Community based program - refers to the programs provided in a community

setting developed for purposes of intervention and diversion, as well as
rehabilitation of the child in conflict with the law, for reintegration into his/her
family and/or community.

 Habitual Delinquency - is when a person who, with in a period of ten years from
the date of his release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious
physical injuries, robbery, estafa, or falsification, is found guilty of any of the said
crimes or a third time offender.

 Recidivist - is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been
previously convicted by final judgment of another crime embraced in the same
title of the Revised Penal Code.

 Family – is a group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or

adoption who live together; all such related persons are considered as members
of one family. Evidence shows that strong family relationships play a key role in
reducing the possibility of criminality.

 Omerta - the mafia’s code of secrecy, and informal, unwritten code of organized
crime, which demand silence and loyalty, among other thing, of family members

 Lupong Tagapamayapa - term of office for appointed members composed of

the Punong Barangay as chairman and (10 - 20) members. The lupon shall be
constituted every three (3) years in the manner provided herein.

 Stockholm Syndrome - with operates when there is an extended period of time,

not being isolated from one’s captor and the positive contact between the
hostages and the hostage taker

 Grass eaters or Vegetarian cop - engaged in petty graft like receiving free
meals and various types of discounts from stores, traffic stops bribes, etc.
 National Uniform Crime Reporting System (1930) - is a nationwide,
cooperative, statistical effort of more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies
voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention.

 the margin of error in research is 5% (0.05)

 the level of confidence in research is 95% (0.95)

 Professionalism - refers to the conduct and qualities that characterize a

particular profession. Professionalism in policing necessitates viewing the
position of police officer as a profession, rather than simply as a job.

 Intervention research - is the systematic study of purposive change strategies.

It is characterized by both the design and development of interventions. Design
involves the specification of an intervention.

 Background of the study - It contains the rationale, the key problem statement,
and a brief overview of research questions that are addressed in the rest of the
paper.

 Variable - is a characteristic that can be measured and that can assume different
values.

 Insane criminals - are those who commit crime due to abnormalities or

psychological disorders. They should be exempted from criminal liability.

 Demonological Theory - that criminal behavior was believed to be the result of

evil spirits and demons something of natural force that controls his/her
behavior.

 Alphonse Bertillon - a French police officer and biometrics researcher who

applied the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement
creating an identification system based on physical measurements.

 Typology of crime - criminals are categorized based on their age, sex, current
offense, personality type, and social class.

 Criminal Epidemiology - Demographic Predictors of Crime. Demographic

factors such as age, sex, and race play an important role in understanding
variation in crime rates across time and place.

 Charles Goring (1870 - 1919) - medical officer in prison in England who

contradicted the Lombroso’s idea that criminality can be seen through features
alone.
 Culture conflict theory - suggests that crime is caused due to the clash of
values that arises when different social groups have different ideas of acceptable
behavior.

 Strain - strains lead to negative emotions, such as frustration and anger. These
emotions create pressure for corrective action, and crime is one possible
response.

 William Sheldon - Somatotyping Theory belief of inheritance as the primary

determinants of behavior and the physique is a reliable indicator of personality.
principle of “Survival of the Fittest”

 Liberal Feminism - is that women should receive. the same rights and treatment
as men.

 Radical Feminism - focuses on male oppression of females both privately

and politically.
 Marxist Feminism - women's liberation can only be achieved by
dismantling the capitalist systems in which they contend much of women's
labor is uncompensated.
 Socialist Feminism - views capitalism and not just the patriarchy as a
source of gender oppression.

 Psychodynamic theory - centers on a person's early childhood experience and

how it influences the likelihood for committing crime.
 Behavioral Theory - focuses on how perception of the world influences
behavior. 
 Cognitive Theory - focuses on how people manifest their perceptions can
lead to a life of crime.

 House of Refuge - large fortress-like congregate style institution located in

urban areas for youth designated as abandoned, delinquent or incorrigible. The
average number of youths in a house of refuge was 200, but some, like the New
York House of Refuge, housed over 1,000 youth.

 Neurotic delinquents - are groups of mild functional personality disorders in

which there is no gross personality disorganization, the individual does not lose
contact with reality, and hospitalization is not required.

 Biogenic approach - suggests that criminality is genetically transmitted through

the family. Psychological theories also focus on the individual.

 RA 7658 (July 26, 1993) - Prohibits employment of children below 15 except

when employed directly by the child's parents or legal guardian, provided that the
work does not endanger the child's health and morals, and that the child is
provided with primary and/or secondary education.
 Parens patriae - is Latin for "parent of the nation" means the public policy
power of the state to intervene against an abusive or negligent parent, legal
guardian, or informal caretaker, and to act as the parent of any child, individual or
animal who is in need of protection.
- Legal doctrine establishing "parental" role of state over welfare of its citizens,
especially its children. A 19th century idea first articulated in Prince v.
Massachusetts (1944).
 Neglect of duty - also known as non-feasance; is the omission or refusal,
without sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which was the officer's legal
obligation to perform.

 Misconduct - wrong or immoral behavior of someone in a position of authority or

responsibility. It is any kind of bad, unethical, or illegal activity.

 Moonlighting - is the practice of an employee or PNP personnel working

secretly on another job other than his/her official job, typically after regular
working hours.

 Gratuity - are material favors or gifts in return for service; the universal code
of ethics for law enforcers disapproves of gratuities. The lingo” pasasalamat”
“padulas” and “pabagsak” are commonly used term for gratuities.

 Ethics of care - is primarily concerned with caring for others, it refers to ideas
concerning both the nature of morality and normative ethical theory.

 John Rawl’s Theory of Justice – recommends equal basic liberties, equality of

opportunity, and facilitating the maximum benefit to the least advantaged
members of society in any case where inequalities may occur.

 Difference Principle – any inequality that is permitted in society should

only be permitted on the basis that it benefits the least favored in
society.
 Equal Opportunity Principle - fair equality of opportunity, requires that
citizens with the same talents and willingness to use them have the same
educational and economic opportunities regardless of whether they were
born rich or poor.

 Natural law (St. Thomas Aquinas) - is a system of law based on a close

observation of human nature, and based on values intrinsic to human nature that
can be deduced and applied independently of positive law.

 Motivated offender - any type of person who has true intent to commit a crime
against an individual or property.
 Routine active theory (Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen) - looks at
crime from an offender's point of view;
 a motivated offender,
 an attractive target, and
 the absence of capable guardian

 Crisis intervention - urgent and temporary care given to an individual in order

to interrupt the downward spiral of maladaptive behavior and return the individual
to their usual level of pre-crisis functioning.

 Terrorist’s negotiations - United States that we will not negotiate with terrorists
and we will not pay ransom money to free hostages. The reasons for this policy
are obvious; paying ransoms incentivizes the taking of more hostages.

 Bomb threat plan - Emergency Management Plan is the Bomb Threat Plan. A
bomb is any device capable of producing damage to material, and injury or death
to personnel,

 Proactive Crisis Management - requires a commitment to assessment,

planning, and putting into action a crisis management plan before a crisis
begins.

 Stages in performance of the crisis management plan when a crisis

situation occurs
 Pre-crisis stage (prodromal phase) This first stage occurs before the
crisis itself hits. ...
 Crisis stage (acute phase) This is the point that your organization starts
to notice the first signs of a crisis unfolding. ...
 Response stage (chronic phase) ...
 Post-crisis stage (resolution phase)

 Bipolar disorder - (also known as manic depression) is a serious mental

illness that causes unusual and severe mood changes. The person may
experience 'highs' (clinically known as mania) and 'lows' (known as
depression)

 Qualitative Research - defined as the study of the nature of phenomena, from

first-hand observation. aimed at gaining a deep understanding of a specific
organization or event, rather a than surface description of a large sample of a
population.

 Hypothesis - a proposition made as a basis for reasoning, without any

assumption of its truth. Wise Guess

 Independent variable cause - a variable that stands alone and isn't changed
by the other variables you are trying to measure.
 dependent variable - the variable that changes as a result of the independent
variable manipulation

 Contemporary Police Problems

 Excessive use of physical or deadly force.
 Discriminatory arrest.
 Physical or verbal harassment.
 Selective Enforcement of the law.
 False arrest and imprisonment.
 Perjured testimony about illegal searches.

 primary data - Data that has been generated by the researcher himself/herself

 survey - a list of questions aimed for extracting specific data from a particular
group of people.

 Empirical - research that is based on observation and measurement of

phenomena, as directly experienced by the researcher

 Nonfeasance - failure to perform an act that is required by law.

 Misfeasance - a transgression, especially the wrongful exercise of lawful

authority.

 Malfeasance - wrongdoing, especially by a public official.

 Brain lesion theory - a colloquialism which generally refers to the idea that brain
lesions and traumatic brain injury are associated with aggressive and violent
behavior, criminality and anti-sociality

 Determinism - Free will is an illusion, and our behavior is governed by internal or

external forces over which we have no control, ultimately determined by
causes external to the will.

 Strain Theory (Robert K. Merton) - assume people will commit crime because
of strain, stress, or pressure.

 The M’naghten - was the first legal test for criminal insanity. The test
originated in England 1843

 Sexual Sadism - characterized by taking sexual pleasure from humiliation, fear,

or another form of mental harm to a person.
 Neuroendocrine system - Neuroendocrine systems can be defined as the sets
of neurons, glands and non-endocrine tissues, and the neurochemicals,
hormones, and humoral signals they produce and receive, that function in an
integrated manner to collectively regulate a physiological or behavioral state.

 Lifestyle theory - certain people may become the victims of crimes because of
their lifestyles and choices.

 Bourgeoisie - the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means
of production.

 Lumpenproletariat - the unorganized and unpolitical lower orders of society

who are not interested in revolutionary advancement.

 John Rawls - an American political philosopher in the liberal tradition. His theory
of justice as fairness describes a society of free citizens holding equal basic
rights and cooperating within an egalitarian economic system.

 Egoism - the habit of valuing everything only in reference to one's personal

interest; selfishness
 Altruism - selfless concern for the well-being of others.

 Chicago Area Project (Clifford Shaw, 1930) - empowers residents to work

together to improve neighborhood conditions and to ensure the physical, social,
and moral well-being of children.

 Recognizance - is a conditional pledge of money undertaken by a person

before a court which, if the person defaults, the person or their sureties will forfeit
that sum.

 Bipolar disorder - is a serious mental illness that causes unusual and severe
mood changes.

 step in hostage taking crisis

 approach the area cautiously;
 attempt to isolate,
 contain, and evaluate the situation;
 provide an initial report; and
 request additional resources.

 Indigenization - is the act of making something more native; transformation of

some service, idea, etc. to suit a local culture, especially through the use of
more indigenous people in public administration, employment and other fields.