FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LABORATORY REPORT
CHM420

SESSION 1 2021/2022

Experiment No. : 2 (ACID AND BASES)

Name of Student &

Student No. : NUR LUTFIYAH MELYNA BINTI MOHD JAMIL(2021627736)

Program : AS251

Group : AS251 1M1

Date of Submission : 28/1/2022

Name of Lecturer : DR. HAIRUL AMANI ABDUL HAMID

OBJECTIVE:
- to study the properties of acidic / basic substances using indicators and a pH meter

INTRODUCTION:

When acid and base are dissolved in water, they ionise completely or partially,
resulting in four different conditions: strong acid, weak acid, strong base, and weak base.
Typically, indicators or pH metres are used to determine the pH number of a solution in
an experimental setting. Phenolphthalein, Thymol Blue, Bromophenol Blue, and Methyl
Orange are some of the indicators that can be utilised in this experiment.

In titrations, an equivalency point is reached when the acid and base are applied in
equal proportions. When graphed, a rapid change in pH can be seen. In this lab, pH
indicators such as thymol blue, bromophenol blue, methyl orange, and phenolphthalein,
which is clear in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions, were used. Hydrochloric
acid, a strong acid, was mixed with sodium hydroxide, a strong base. Strong acids and
bases completely ionise in solution, resulting in water and salt. In a weak acid, only
minor ionisation occurs. A strong base/strong acid titration curve was stretched out
because it started with a little continuous change in pH and rapidly increased until it
reached the equivalence point. The graph below shows the titration curve of a strong
base/strong acid was stretched out, starting with a small steady shift in pH and steadily
increasing until the equivalence point was reached. As it approached the equivalence
point, the titration curve of a strong base/weak acid displayed a slow and gradual increase
in pH.

Furthermore, an acid-base extraction works on the same concept but allows for
more specific adjusting. The solubility of acidic and basic components in a mixture to be
separated can be changed using simple acid-base reactions. An acidic or basic chemical
that is ether soluble but water insoluble can be changed to be ether insoluble but water
soluble by undergoing an acid-base reaction. The solubility of acidic and basic
compounds can thus be changed at will. Once the layers have been separated as
previously, another acid-base reaction can be used to recreate the neutral acid or base.

OH¯+ HA → H₂O + A¯
Ka = [Hᐩ][A]/[HA] = [Hᐩ] = 10¯ᵖᴴ
CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS:

Sample solution A Test tubes

Sample solution B Conical flask

Unknown acid solution Beaker

Indicators(thymol blue , bromophenol blue, Pipet (25 mL)

methyl orange , phenolphthalein)
Buret

pH meter

METHOD:

A. pH using indicator

1. 1-2 mL of sample solution was placed in small test tubes and 1-2 drops of one of
the indicator was added given in Table 6.1 .
2. The colour of solution after the indicator added was recorded in Table 6.1 .
3. Step 1-2 are repeated for other indicator .
4. Step 1-3 are repeated for other sample solutions .

B. Determination of Ka for a weak acid

1. The buret was filled with 0.2M NaOH solution.

2. 25 mL of an unknown weak acid solution (0.2M) pipette into a conical flask , 3-4
drops of phenophthalen indicator was added and acid solution are titrated until a
faint persistent pink colour appears .
3. 25 mL of unknow acid solution was added into the neutralized solution (step 2)
and stir well . The pH of the solution was being recorded .

C. Strong acid-base titration

1. The buret was filled with 0.2M HCl.
2. Transfer 25mL of NaOH into the 100 mL beaker by using pipet and 3-5 drops of
phenophthalen was added .
3. Calibrate a pH meter at pH7 and pH 4.
4. The pH of NaOH was measured and being recorded in Table 6.2 . The tip of the
pH meter should be submerged for the entire experiment .
5. 10 mL of HCl (buret) was added carefully into the NaOH solution . The solution
was mixed slowly and the pH are measured.
6. The acid was being added continuly and pH was measured as indicated in the
Table 6.2 of the data sheet .
 DATA:

DATASHEET:

DATASHEET EXPERIMENT 6 :
ACIDS AND BASES
Name : NUR LUTFIYAH MELYNA BINTI MOHD JAMIL

Date : 23 JANUARY 2022

Student ID : 2021627736

Group : AS251 1M1

A . pH using indicator

Table 6.1 : pH using indicator

Indicator Colour change pH of colour Colour change in Colour change in

change sample 1 Sample 2

Thymol Blue Red- yellow 1.2-2.8 pink blue

Bromophenol blue Yellow- blue 3-4.7 yellow purple

Methyl Orange Red-yellow 3.2-4.4 red yellow

B .Determination of Ka for a weak acid .

Determination of Ka for a weak acid :4.159 x 10⁻¹⁰

pH of half neutralized solution of unknown weak acid : 5.04

C. Strong acid- base titration

Table 6.2 : Strong acid-base titration

a HCl 0 10 15 20 23 25 26 27 29 31 33 35
added(mL)

b Measured pH 12.0 12.14 12.12 11.99 11.63 7.25 3.00 2.64 2.31 2.24 2.15 2.10
RESULTS , CALCULATION AND QUESTIONS:

QUESTIONS

1 . Estimate the pH of Sample 1 and Sample 2.

-sample 1 : pH 3.00 - 3.20
-sample 2 : pH 4.00

2. Which indicators bracketed the pH colour change of Sample 1 ?

-Bromophenol Blue

3. Which indicators bracketed the pH colour change of Sample 2 ?

-Methyl Orange

4. From the observed pH of the unknown weak acid (experiment B) , calculate

a) [H⁺] in the solution and Ka.
 b) Percent ionization

5. Construct a titration curve by plotting measured pH versus volume HCl (mL) added (refer to
table 6.2)
a) What is the pH range for the colour change of phenolphthalein as shown in the plotted
graph?

-pH 3.00 - pH 11.63

b) What is the pH of the equivalence point in this titration?

-
c) Explain why phenolphthalein was used in this experiment

-Because phenolphthalein changes colour depending on the pH of the chemicals, it was

used in this experiment. When titrating a strong acid with a strong base, pH 7 is the
equivalency point. The amount of base needed to achieve a pH of 7 is almost equivalent
to the amount needed to turn phenolphthalein pink. As a result, when performing an
acid-base titration, the change in pH can be visually observed by observing the colour of
the solution.
DISCUSSION:

The pH value was obtained in step A using three different indicators: thymol blue,
bromophenol blue, and methyl orange. Thymol blue is a crystalline powder that is
brownish-green or reddish-brown in colour. It has the ability to dilute alkaline solutions and is
soluble in alcohol but not water. Thymol blue is a colour indicator that transforms from red to
yellow at pH 1.2-2.8 and from yellow to blue at pH 8.0-9.6, where it is blue in alkaline, yellow in
neutral, and red in acidic solutions.The colour of both samples has been changed with thymol
blue, with sample 1 turning pink and sample 2 becoming blue. This indicates that sample 1 is
acidic and sample 2 is alkaline. Bromophenol blue is a colour indicator that changes from yellow
to blue at pH 3.0-4.7, with blue in alkaline solutions, green in neutral solutions, and yellow in
acidic solutions. Bromophenol blue has affected the colour of both samples, turning sample 1
into a yellowish color and sample 2 into a purplish color. This demonstrates that sample 1 is
acidic and sample 2 is alkaline.Next, methyl orange is a popular indicator because it produces a
clear and identifiable colour variation at various pH levels. At pH 3.2-4.4, the colour of methyl
orange shifts from red to yellow, where it is yellow in alkaline solution, yellow in neutral
solution, and red in acidic solution. The colour of both samples has been changed by methyl
orange, with sample 1 becoming red and sample 2 becoming yellow. This demonstrates that
sample 1 is acidic and sample 2 is alkaline.

The determination of Ka for a weak acid in step B produced a result of 4.159 x 10⁻¹⁰, using
5.04 being the pH of a half-neutralized solution of an unknown weak acid. A strong acid-base
titrated in step C. Different amounts of mL of HCL were added to 25mL of 0.2M NaOH solution
in 12 trials. The pH value was then determined using a pH metre. We may deduce from the
results that the pH value increased slightly when 0mL to 15mL of HCL was added and then
began to decrease when 20mL to 35mL of HCL was applied.

CONCLUSION:

Thymol blue, Bromophenol blue, and Methyl orange are used in this titration solution
experiment to indicate that the acid-base reaction is complete. When the substance reacts with
Thymol blue, it becomes clear pink, when it reacts with Bromophenol blue, it becomes yellow,
and when it reacts with Methyl orange, it becomes red. Acidic substances are those that are
classed as such. When the material reacts with Thymol blue, it becomes clear blue, when it reacts
with Bromophenol blue, it becomes purple, and when it reacts with Methyl orange, it becomes
yellow. These substances are referred to as "basic substances." Acidic substances have a pH
value that ranges from 0 to 7, whereas basic substances have a pH value that ranges from 7 to 14.
REFERENCES (LITERATURE CITED):
● https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/3019-acids-and-bases-introduction#:~:text=The%20ch
emical%20difference%20between%20acids,to%20water%20an%20alkaline%20solution.
(2021 , April 7)

● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx73J3zMkSM
(2020 , May 24)